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Medical  and  dental 

C()lle(;es  of  the  West 


HISTORICAL  AND   BIOGRAPHICAL 


.y 


ILLUSTRATED   IN    PHOTOGRAVURE   AND   STEEL 


CHICAGO 


EDITED   BY 

H.  G.  CUTLER 

{Foniicr/v  of  fin'  Medical  Dcpartuwiit  of  Ibc  Ncicbcrrv  Library) 


CHICAGO 

THE    OXFORD    PUBLISHING    COMPANY 
1896        . 


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si 

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COP  ^^ 


-  PREFACE 


The  cause  of  education  has  made  great  progress  within  a  comparatively 
recent  period,  because  of  its  scientific  classification  into  specialties,  which  is 
in  line  with  that  division  of  labor  universally  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the 
chief  signs  of  the  times.  In  accord,  also,  with  the  national  requirement, 
intellectual  training  in  America  has  been  steadily  tending  toward  the  practical. 

With  the  development  of  the  West  and  the  formation  of  important  metro- 
politan centers  the  demand  for  skilled  professionals  has  attracted  many 
educators  from  the  East,  and  great  colleges  and  hospitals  have  been  established 
on  home  ground.  Not  only  have  the  institutions  of  the  Eastern  States  con- 
tributed to  the  founding  and  growth  of  our  own,  but  the  experience  and 
learning  of  the  Old  World  have  assisted  professional  education  in  the  West  to 
its  present  high  plane,  whether  considered  theoretically  or  in  its  application  to 
the  practical  duties  of  life. 

Neither  is  the  phenomenal  growth  of  Chicago  evinced  in  any  more  striking 
manner  than  in  the  development  of  her  facilities  for  furnishing  students  with 
the  most  modern  medical  training — Dentistry  being  included  in  the  larger  term 
of  Medicine.  Practitioners  now,  as  well  as  pupils,  come  from  all  sections  of 
the  West  to  pursue  special  lines  of  study  and  investigation.  In  fact,  no  city 
in  the  country  can  offer  more  complete  clinical  advantages  than  Chicago,  and 
the  faculties  of  her  colleges  embrace  not  a  few  specialists  whose  fame  is  inter- 
national. Further,  it  is  cause  for  just  pride  that  not  only  have  the  practical 
energy  and  executive  ability  of  her  people  already  raised  several  of  her  insti- 
tutions to  an  unusual  condition  of  material  prosperity,  but  that  from  the 
intellectual  vigor  and  foresight  of  her  educators  have  sprung  valued  innova- 
tions in  the  methods  of  medical  and  dental  instruction. 

It  therefore  seems  appropriate  that  this  remarkable  progress  should  be 
traced  historically  and  biographically.  In  furtherance  of  this  plan  the  medical 
and  dental  institutions  of  Chicago  are  here  presented  in  chronological  order, 
those  who  have  given  them  life  and  strength  being  grouped  around  the  works 
with  which    they    are  most    closely   identified.      In  this  class  are  included  grad- 


lU 


iv  PREFACE. 

uates  not  now  connected  with  any  faculty,  but  who  have  been  thus  identified, 
in  times  past,  or  who  simply  as  practitioners  have  honored  both  profes- 
sion and  Alma  Mater.  As  a  rule,  also,  members  of  the  profession  who  have 
favored  the  publishers  with  the  collegiate  histories  are  those  who  have  been  as 
prominent  as  any  in  making  those  very   records  of  which  they  write. 

Finally,  the  publishers  are  pleased  to  here  acknowledge  the  many  cour- 
tesies extended  to  them  in  the  preparation  of  this  work,  and  particularly  the 
invaluable  assistance  rendered  by  the  following:  Norman  Bridge,  E.  Fletcher 
Ingals,  John  B.  Murphy,  Truman  VV.  Brophy,  Nathan  Smith  Davis,  A.  E. 
Hoadley,  James  H.  Etheridge,  John  Edwin  Rhodes,  Samuel  J.  Jones,  W. 
Franklin  Coleman,  Edgar  D.  Swain,  John  E.  Oilman,  Joseph  S.  Mitchell, 
Allen    C.    Cowperthwaite,    Anson    L.     Clark,     Marie    J.    Mergler    and    Frances 

Dickinson. 

THE  OXFORD  PUBLISHING  COMPANY. 


CONTENTS. 


HISTORIES.  Page 

Alexian   Brothers'  Hospitai 547 

Augustan  A  Hospital 551 

Battle  Creek  (Mich.  )  Sanitarium 617 

Bennett  College   of  Eclectic   Medicine  and   Surgery.      Eclecticism   in 

Chicago 233 

General    History 235 

Origin  of  the   College. 236 

First  Course  of    Lectures   (1869-70) 238 

Charter   Granted 238 

Coming  of  the  Great  Fire , 239 

First  Permanent   Building 240 

The  Hospital 240 

The  West  Side  Buildings 240 

The  Present   Faculty 241 

Chicago  Baptist  Hospital 553 

Chicago  College  of    Dental   Surgery 409 

Attempts  at  Founding  a  Dental    College 411 

Chicago  Dental   Infirmary  Chartered  (1883) 413 

First  Regular  Session 413 

The  Chicago  College  of   Dental  Surgery  (1884) 415 

Innovations  and   Improvements 416 

Growth  by    Statistics 419 

Officers  and  Faculty    for   1883- 1895 4^9 

Changes    in  Location 423 

Chicago  Homeopathic  College    and   Hospitai ■ 289 

Organization   in    1 876 291 

A  College  Edifice 292 

*Alphabetically  arranged. 


vi  CONTENTS. 

Page 

Growth  of  the  Coheoje 292 

Individual  Mention 293 

Homeopathy  Recognized   in  Cook  County 294 

Central    Homeopathic  Free    Dispensary 294 

The  Hospital 297 

CniCAc;o  Opiithalmtc   College 511 

CiiTCAco  Policlinic 451 

The    Organization  ( 1 886) . .  453 

The  Present  Structure 454 

Method  of    Instruction 455 

College  of  Physicians   and  Surgeons 339 

Preliminary    Steps 341 

The  Original  Faculty 342 

First  Regular    Session   (1882-83) 345 

Permanent   Faculty 345 

History  from    1882- 1890 346 

The  Reorganization  of   1890 347 

Increased  Requirements   for  Admission 349 

The  Laboratory    Buildings 350 

Death  of    President    Jackson   ( 1893) 351 

Death  of  President  Farle  ( 1894) 35^ 

The  Present  Curriculum .„ 352 

Purchase  of   Post-Graduate    Building  (1896) 353 

Columbus   Medical  LABoRAroRv 537 

Cook    County   Hospitai 547 

German  Hospital  of   CiiiCACio -. 552 

Hahnemann  Medical   College    and   Hospitai 199 

Preliminary 201 

First  Officers  and  Course  of  Lectures  ( 1 860) 202 

First  Removal  ( 1 868) 202 

Permanent  Home  ( 1 870) 203 

The   Scammon   Hospital 204 

Faculty    1 86 1  - 1 876 205 

The  Building  of   1870  Outgrown ,  .  206 

The  Hahnemann  (Scammon)    Hospital 207 

New  Hospital    Building 212 

Resume 212 


CONTENTS.  vii 

Pagic 

Harvev  Medical  College 493 

A  Demand  Met . , 495 

Organization  ( 1 89 1 ) _ 495 

Rapid    Growth 495 

General   Plan    496 

Present  Officers  and  Faculty 499 

Illinois  Charitable  Eye   and  Ear  Infirmary 544 

Illinois  Medical  College 521 

Illinois  Training  School    for   Nurses 548 

Lake  Geneva   Sanatorium 637 

Mary   Thompson  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children 546 

Mercy  Hospital.' 541 

Michael  Reese  Hospital 548 

Northwestern  University  Dental    School 437 

School    Founded  (1887) 439 

The   Curriculum 440 

First  Graduating    Class  ( 1 890) 442 

Affiliation   and  Reorganization  (1891) 442 

Growth  During   1891-1896 443 

Present  Accommodations 444 

Consolidation  with  American  School  of  Dentistry 444 

The  Faculty    1 887- 1 896 445 

Nortliwestern    University  Medical    School 155 

Four  Reforms  in   Medical  Education 157 

The   First  Meeting 159 

Founders  of  the  School 160 

The   First  Year 161 

Becomes  an  Independent  Organization 163 

A  Department  of  Northwestern  University 163 

Erect  a  More  Commodious    Building   (1870) 164 

Clinics   at   Mercy    Hospital 164 

Extension  of    Clinical    Instruction 165 

Extension  of  Curriculum 166 

A  Post-Graduate    Course    Established 166 

Present  School    Buildings 166 

Prenest  Clinical  Advantages.  .      168 


viii  CONTENTS. 

Page 

The  Curriculum    in  General 169 

The    Faculty  (1859- 1896) 170 

Growth  of   the  School   (1859- 1895) ■ ^75 

Northwestern  University  W(.)man's  Medicat  School 253 

Founders  of  the  School 255 

The  College  Founded  (1870) 256 

Its  Own    Building 256 

Faculty  for  1873- 1874 257 

Faculty  for  1877-1878 258 

Another  College    Building 258 

Women  Admitted  to  Competitive  Examinations 258 

The  Edifice  of   1 890 259 

Alliance   with   the   Northwestern   University 259 

Financial  Support 260 

Growth  of    the  School 261 

Present  Condition,   and  Faculty  of   1893-94 263 

Oakwood   Strings    Sanitarium 611 

Passavant  Memorial  (Emergency)    Hosittai 544 

Post-Graduate  Medical   School  and   Hospitai 457 

General  Demand   for  a  School 459 

The  Policlinic   Established 459 

The  New  Post-Graduate    School 460 

The  First    School  Building 460 

The   Second  Permanent  Building 461 

Officers  and  Official  Record  of    the  School 461 

7 /if   jVo/i//  American   Practitioner 467 

Hospital  and  School  Clinics 467 

Attendance  by  Years 468 

Latest    Official  Home , 468 

Presbyterian   Hospital , 551 

Rush  Medical  College xix 

Chicago  in    1 836 , i 

Dr.    Brainard  Appears 2 

The  First  College  Course 3 

Three  Years  of  College  Life 6 

The  Fifth    Session  ( 1 847-48) 9 


CONTENTS.  ix 

Page 

Chicago   and  Rush  College   in    1849 9 

A  Medical  School   Scandal 11 

History  During   1850-55 12 

Defense  of    Hospital- Ward    Clinical   Work 14 

From   1857    to    1859 14 

An  Offshoot    from    Rush 14 

Summer  School  of    Medicine 16 

During  War   Times 17 

Faculty  Changes  and  Building    Addition   (1866-67) 18 

Death   of    Dr.    Brainard 19 

" Professor  Moses  Gunn 20 

Drs.  J.  P.  Ross  and  Charles  T.  Parkes 21 

Spring  Courses  and  Changes  in  Faculty 21 

Retirement  of  Dr.  Blaney 22 

Work   of  the  Great    Fire 22 

College  ' '  Under  the  Sidewalk  " 24 

The  Structure  of   1876 24 

The  Spring  Faculty ....    . .  = 26 

Faculty   Changes — Death  of  President  Freer  (1877) 29 

Increase  of    Clinical  Work   (1877) 30 

Professor  W.  H.  Byford  (1879) 34 

Death  Record    for    1887- 1890 34 

Professor  Jonathan  A.   Allen 37 

Faculty    Changes   1889- 1891 t,'] 

Chicago  College  of   Dental  Surgery 38 

University  Alliances 41 

Conditions    for  Admission 42 

Reforms  in  the  Curriculum 45 

Graded  Studies 48 

Degrees  and  Prizes 51 

The    Laboratory  Building 55 

The  Presbyterian   Hospital 56 

Post-Graduate   Instruction 63 

The   College  Spirit 63 

A  Resume 69 

Present  Trustees  and  Faculty 71 

St.  Elizabeth  Hosptfai 552 

St.   Joseph's   Hospitai 548 

St.  Luke's  Hospital . ' '. 545 


X  CONTENTS. 

Page 

Streeter  Hospitai , 538 

U.  S.   Marine  Hospitat , 542 

Wesley   HosprrAi 552 


BIOGRAPHIES. 

J.  Adams  Allen  (deceased) 78 

Edmund  Andrews 183 

John  James  May  Angear 524 

Elmer  E.   Babcock 592 

Gideon  yon  Bachelle , 134 

Samuel  C.  Beach 132 

Felix  Behrendt 576 

Wm.  T.   Belfield 1 10 

Boerne  Bettman 388 

Arthur  D.  Beyan 120 

Seth  Scott  Bish(  )P 487 

Odelia  Blinn 605 

Martha  Almina  Bowerman 231 

Norman  Bridge 95 

C.  E.  Brinckerhoff 402 

Almon  Brooks 578 

Truman  W.  Brophy 427 

Daniel  R.  Brower 112 

Heman  H.  Brown 533 

James  P.  Buck 561 

George   Frank   Butler 392 

Henry  T.  Byford '; 382 

Wm.  Heath  Byford  (deceased) 265 

Anson  Luman  Clark 243 

Charles  Merrill  Clark 566 

W.   Franklin  Coleman 470 

John  Columbus    Cook 197 

Wm.  L.  Copeland 432 

Alphonso  L.  C(  )RY - 1 46 

Alfred  C.   Cotton 114 

Allen  C.    C^owperthwaite 301 

Charles  Gilbert  Davis 555 

Nathan  Smith    Dayis ijy 

Thomas  Archibald  Dayis 387 


CONTENTS.  xi 

Paue 

Richard  Dewey 472 

Frances  Dickinson 502 

John  M.  Dodson 119 

Charles  Warrington  Earle  (deceased).  ...           354 

Rosa  Engelmann.  .  .  • , 480 

James  H.  Etheridge 90 

Frederick   Evere;tt 32<S 

Edward  James   Farnluvf 248 

Christian  Fenger 1 86 

Elbert  C.   Fortner , 40 1 

Addison  Howard  Foster ,  .  573 

Adolph  Gehrmann 396 

John  Ellis   Oilman 218 

Albert  Goldspohn 475 

Carl  Theodor  Gramm 598 

Lemuel  Conant  Grosvenor 309 

Moses    Gunn  (Deceased) yy 

Edwin  M.    Hale 305 

John   B.    Hamilton 103 

Jr)iiN  Erasmus   Harper 575 

WxM.   Spencer  Harvey 227 

Albert   Edward  Hoadley T^yi^ 

Sarah  J.    Hogan 251 

Francis   Day  Hol.brook 332 

John  H.   Hollister 185 

Edward  E.  Holman 222 

Edward  L.  H(  )Lmes 80 

James  Nevins  Hyde 94 

E.   Fletcher  Ingals 109 

Richard'  Thornton  Isbester 399 

Abraham  Reeves    Jackson   (deceased) 358 

Samuel  J.   Jones 1 89 

JopiN  Harvey   Kellogg 630 

Oscar  A.   King 368 

Kate  Lindsay .  635 

Reuben   Ludlam 214 

G.    Frank    Lydston 367 

Henry  M.  Lyman 93 

John  R.  McCullough 586 

Augustus   Frank  McKay 581 

Alexander  Stuart  McLellan , 562 

Hiram  M.   Martin 514 


xii  CONTENTS. 

Page 

Frederick  W.  Mercer 605 

Marie  J.    Mergler 276 

DeLaskie  Miller 81 

Joseph  Sidney  Mitciieli 298 

Wm.    Teel   Montgomery 280 

John    B.    Murphy 372 

Daniel  T.   Nelson 85 

Henry  Parker  Newman 378 

Thomas   Teller  Oliver 588 

John    Ed\vin    Owens 1 94 

Charles  T.    Parkes  (deceased) 80 

NoRVAL  H.   Pierce 484 

Edwin  Hartley    Pratt 320 

Rev.    Isaac   Prince 225 

Wm.    E.    Quine , 364 

John  Edwin  Rhodes 122 

Frederick   W.    Rich 598 

Byron  Robinson 528 

Eliza   Hannah  Root 284 

Georgia  Sackett  Ruggles 508 

Prudence    B.    Saur 577 

Nicholas   Senn 96 

Emelie  K.    Siegmund 335 

J.    Charles  Anthony  Stamm 138 

Daniel  A.    K.  Steele 360 

Walter  Augustus    Stevens 593 

Willis    C.    Stone 126 

John  Williams  Streeter 316 

Edgar  D.    Swain 448 

Warren   M.   Sweetland 147 

A.  D.  Tagert 602 

Adelbert  H.  Tagert 141 

Jay  J.  Thompson 327 

Mary  Harris    Thompson   (deceased); 275 

Wm.  Porter  Verity 476 

Lucy  Waite 504 

Samuel  L.   Weber 126 

Cassius  D.   Wescott 1 30 

Edward    B.   Weston    138 

James  White  (deceased) 629 

Elbert  Wing 197 

Joseph    Zeisler 195 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


VIEWS.  P.,, 

Battle  Creek   (Mich.)    SANriARiuM. 

Bird's  Eye  View  of  the  Sanitarium 617 

View  of  the  Front  Drive 6 1 S 

The  Gymnasium „ 619 

A  Wheel-Chair  Social , 620 

The    Dining    Room   . , 621 

A  View  of  Sanitarium  Grounds .  622 

The  Grand  Parlor 623 

The  Cooking  School 626 

A  Typical   Scene 627 

Interior  Section  of  Sanitarium   Building 633 

Bennett  College  of  Eclectic  Medicine  and  SurCxEry. 

The  Building  of   1869 238 

After  the    Fire 239 

First  Permanent   Building 240 

Bennett  Medical  College  and  Hospital 241 

Chicago  Baptist  Hospitai 553 

Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery. 

First  Headquarters  of  the  College  on  Adams  Street 413 

Section  of  Dental   Infirmary 417 

Main  Entrance   of    College 421 

Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery  (Main  Building) 425 

Chicago  Homeopathic   College  and   Hospital. 

Chicago  Homeopathic   College 293 

Chicago  Homeopathic    Hospital 295 

Chicago  Ophthalmic  College 515 

xiii 


xi  V  ILL  US  TRA  TIONS. 

Page 

College  of    Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 343 

Surgical    Clinic 347 

Bacteriological    Laboratory 350 

Chemical   Laboratory 351 

Columbus  Medical  Laboratory , 537 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  and    Hospital, 

Hahnemann  Medical  College 209 

Hahnemann   Medical    Hospital 211 

Harvey  Medical  College  (Present   Building) 497 

Lake  Geneva  Sanatorium. 

Distant  View 637 

Landing  at  the  Sanatorium 639 

Mary  Thompson    Hospital  for  Women  and  Children 546 

Mercy   Hospital 541 

Northwestern  University  Medical  School. 

College    Seal 155 

Chicago  Medical  College    (1S70-94) 165 

Present  Northwestern  University  Medical  School  and  Laboratories  ...  171 

Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical  School. 

Improved  Accommodations 259 

Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical    School 261 

Garwood  Springs  Sanitarium. 

Main  Building 611 

Scene  on  Lake  Geneva.  , 612 

Many  Sails 614 

Lake  Elba 615 

Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital  (New  Building) 465 

Rush  Medical   College. 

College  Seal xix 


ILL  US  TRA  TIONS.  x  v 

Pake 

First  Lecture  Room  (Dr.   Brainard's  Office) 5 

First  College  Building  ( 1 844) 7 

The  Building  of   1855 15 

The  Building  of   1 867 18 

Ruins  of  Rush  College 23 

College    ' '  Under  the  Sidewalk  " 25 

Present  Medical  Clinic 31 

The  Late  Professor   Gunn's  Clinic ^ti 

Professor  Senn's  Surgical    Clinic 35 

Dr.   Hamilton's  Surgical  Clinic 39 

Dr.    Etheridges  Gynecological  Clinic 43 

The  Benjamin    Rush   Medal 52 

The  Daniel  Brainard  Medal 52 

Dissecting  Room 53 

The  J.   W.   Freer  Medal 55 

The  L,    C.    P.   Freer  Medal 55 

The  Laboratory    Building 56 

Laboratory  of    Chemistry 57 

Laboratory  of  Bacteriology 57 

Laboratory  of  Histology  and    Pathology 61 

Laboratory  of    Materia  Medica 61 

The  Class  of   '96 65 

College  Button 69 

Alumni  Pin 69 

Rush  Medical  College   ( 1 896) 71 

The  Class  of   '97 75 

St.   J(.)Sepii\s  Hospital 549 

St.    Luke's  Hospital 545 

Streeter   Hospitai 539 

U.    S.   Marine   Hospital 543 


PORTRAPrS. 

John  J.  M.   Angear 525 

Gideon   von    Baciielle 135 

Seth  S.  Bishop ,  489 

Odelia  Blinn 607 


X  vi  ILL  US  TRA  TIONS. 

Page 

Daniel  Brainard 2 

Norman   Bridge , , 95 

C.  E.  Brinckerhoff 403 

Truman  W.  Brophy 429 

James    P.   Buck 563 

George  F.  Butler , 393 

Henry  T.  Byford 383 

Wm.    Heath   Byford 267 

Anson  L.  Clark 245 

Charles  M.  Clark , , 571 

Wm.  L.  Copeland 433 

Alfred  C.  Cotton 115 

Allen    C.   Cowperthwali  e 303 

Charles  Gilbert  Dayis 557 

Thomas  A.  Dayis 389 

Frances    Dickinson .- 505 

Cpiarles  Warrington  Earle 355 

James  H.   Etheridge 91 

Frederick  Eyerett 329 

Edayard  J.    Farnum 249 

Christian  Fenger 187 

Adolph   Gehrmann 397 

John   E.    Gilman 219 

Albert  Goldspohn 477 

Carl    T.  Gramm 599 

Lemuel  C.  Grosyenor 311 

Edwin  M.  Hale 307 

John  B.  Hamilton 105 

Wm,  S.  Harvey 229 

Albert  E.  Hoadley >= 375 

Francis  D.  Holbrook 333 

Edward  E.  Holman 223 

Edward  L.  Holmes 49 

Samuel  J,   Jones 191 

John  H.  Kellogg 630 

Oscar  A.    King 369 

Reuben  Ludlam 215 

Augustus  F.   McKay 583 

Alex.  S.  McLellan 567 

Hiram  M.  Martin 519 

Marie  J.  Mergler 277 


ILLUSTRATIONS.  xvii 

Page 

DeLaskie  Miller 83 

Wm.  T.  Montgomery 2  S  i 

Daniel  T.  Nelson , 87 

Thomas  T.  Oliver  .  ,  , 589 

NoRVAL  H.  Pierce.      485 

Edwin  H  .  Pratt 


y 


2 1 


Wm.  E.   Quine 365 

John  E.  Rhodes 123 

Byron  Robinson 529 

Eliza  H.  Root , 285 

Benjamin  Rush xxi 

Prudence  B.  Saur 579 

Nicholas  Senn    97 

Emelie  K.   Siegmund 337 

J.  Charles  Antliony  Stamm 137 

Daniel  A.  K.  Steele 361 

Walter  A.  Stevens .  , 593 

Willis  C.  Stone 127 

John  W.  Streeter 317 

Warren  M.    Sweetland 1 49 

Adelbert  H.  Tagert 143 

A.   D.   Tagert 603 

Jay  J.  Thompson 325 

Mary  Harris  TH(l^^'S()N 273 

Wm.  p.   Verity 481 

Lucy  Waite .  , 509 

James  White 629 


Rush  Medical  College 


BENJAMIN   RUSH,   M.   D. 


/ 


*\- 


History  of  Rush  Medical  College 

BY  NORMAN  BRIDGE,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  AND  JOHN  EDWIN  RHODES,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 


CHICAGO  IN   1836. 

It  was  Anno  Domini,  1836.  The  village  of  Chicago  was  astir.  Citizen  Eli 
B.  Williams  was  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  that  had  governed  since 
August,  1833,  and  there  was  good  reason  for  the  village  to  be  astir  and  alert; 
but  the  activity  was  that  which  comes  of  the  enthusiasm  of  success,  and  the 
alertness  was  to  make  the  most  of  opportunities  that  were  at  hand,  not  to 
ward  of[  disaster  in  the  face  of  a  losing  battle.  The  battle  was  there,  but  with 
victory. 

Since  the  village  organization,  three  years  before,  the  population  had  in- 
creased more  than  seventeen-fold;  every  eight  months  it  had  more  than  doubled, 
and  it  was  now  three  thousand  souls.  People  seemed  to  come  from  every- 
where— they  came  by  steamboat  from  across  the  lake,  around  the  head  of  the 
lake  by  wagons  and  by  the  semi-weekly  stage,  often  through  the  annoyance  and 
hardships  of  a  sea  of  mud,  for  there  were  no  railroads  or  even  good  wagon 
roads.  It  was  like  the  growth  of  a  mining  camp — the  people  felt  the  touch  of 
destiny  upon  them.  But  it  was  of  a  modest  destiny.  They  would  jiut  on  airs 
after  three  years  of  village  life  and  become  a  city,  and  must,  they  said,  event- 
ually number  a  hundred  thousand. 

They  were  planning  to  send  a  delegation  to  Vandalia,  the  capital  of  the 
State,  with  a  petition  to  the  forthcoming  session  of  the  Legislature  for  a  city 
charter.  Yet  they  had  not  a  rod  of  street  pavement,  and  their  sidewalks  were 
of  wood,  uneven  and  shaky.  When  it  rained  mud  was  everywhere,  teams  often 
becoming  stalled  in  the  chief  streets — notably  Lake  Street,  near  Clark,  where 
more    than    once  a    "No  bottom"    placard   was   seen,   and   an  old  hat  with    the 


x.^'^^k 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


words,  "Keep  away,  I  went  down  here."  The  sidewalks  themselves  would  often 
gush  dirty  water  at  the  tread  of  a  ju-destrian.  There  were  no  sewers,  not  even 
a  common  drain,  and  the  public  water  supply  was  through  a  service  of  pails, 
barrels  and  other  containers  from  the  lake  and  river.  Two  rude  bridges  spanned 
the  creek — the  Chicago  River — along  the  banks  of  which  the  primeval  trees  and 
shrubbery  were  still  mostly  undisturbed.  The  houses  and  other  buildings  were 
of  wood,  and  built  with  an  evident  purpose  to  make  them  tenantable  at  the 
earliest  possible  moment.  But  the  country  back  of  the  town  was  fertile,  inviting 
and  great,  and  a  canal  was  to  be  dug  to  connect  the  lake  and  the  Mississippi. 
Prosperity  was  at  hand;  these  people  would  have  a  charter  and  be  a  city,  and, 
even  in  those  days,    to  determine  was  to  do.' 

'  DR.     BRAINARI)    AITEARS. 

One  of  the  accessions  of  that  year  was  a  young  doctor  from  the  E^ast,  who 
had  two  years  before  left  his  Alma  Mater,  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  at  his 
twenty-second  year,  with  the  full  measure  of  lore  and  wisdom  of  the  graduate 
of  that  day,  and  with  an  unusual  amount  of  professional  ambition  and  executive 

force.  With  a  fine  presence,  dignified, 
and  a  trifle  austere,  but  active  and 
industrious,  he  was  bound  to  succeed 
and  to  lead.  He  had  come  with  an 
ambition  that  had  seized  many  another 
young  practitioner,  a  desire  to  teach  his 
science  and  art  to  the  rising  profession. 
Such  an  ambition  seems  to  be  nearly 
inevitable  to  every  young  man  eager 
even  for  his  own  professional  develop- 
ment. In  a  crude  and  growing  town 
in  a  new  country  it  meant  the  organi- 
zation of  a  medical  school,  and  Daniel 
Brainard  would  not  be  slow  to  seize 
an  opportunity.  He  did  seize  it;  he 
would  have  a  charter,  also,  and  so  the 
Winter  of  1836-37  gave  a  charter  to 
the  City  of  Chicago  and  one  to  Rush 
Medical  College.  Dr.  J.  C.  Goodhue  materially  aided  in  procuring  the  charter. 
Its  issue  by  the  Legislature  antedated  that  of  the  City  of  Chicago  by  several 
days.  The  selection  of  the  name  was  characteristic  of  Brainard.  Rush  had  not 
only  been  a  leader  among  physicians,  but  a  leader  among  men,  and  had  signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence;  his  euphonious  name  had  all  good  associations 
and  no  bad  ones,  and  it  would  serve  the  purpose  well. 


DANIEL  BRAINARD,   M.   D. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  ■  3 

After  the  charter*  was  secured,  the  practical  chfficulties  of  f()undin<4  a 
medical  college,  even  for  that  time,  became  more  than  ever  apjiarent.  It  would 
not  do  to  start  till  it  could  have  a  faculty  respectable  in  numbers  and  ability, 
and  some  students,  to  say  nothing  of  a  suitable  building  and  equipment.  There 
was  a  college  in  Indiana  that  would  be  an  active  rival  of  this  one,  besides  other 
personal  efforts  at  medical  teaching  in  neighboring  towns,  and  the  school  must 
not  be  inaugurated  until  it  could  be  sustained.  But  the  greatest  obstacle  of  all 
was  the  hard  times.  This  is  an  experience  that  comes  to  organized  society 
periodically,  and  in  1837  it  settled  down  over  the  whole  country  like  a  pall. 
Most  of  the  people  were  really  poor  and  the  few  who  had  property  in  Chicago 
found  themselves  so  cramped  for  ready  funds  that  they  were  unable  to  devote 
a  dollar  to  any  cause  or  institution  not  an  absolute  necessity.  Many  were 
willing  to  help  start  the  college,    but  they  could  not. 

Although  Brainard  soon  began  to  teach  anatomy  and  surgery  privately  to 
a  few  students,  he  and  the  friends  of  the  movement  did  not  feel  secure  in 
launching  the  college  as  an  actuality  till  the  Autumn  of  1843,  and  then  half  of 
the  faculty  had  to  be  brought  from  distant  towns.  Dr.  John  McLean,  Profes- 
sor of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,  coming  from  his  home  in  Jackson, 
Mich.,  Professor  M.  L.  Knapp,  of  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women 
and  Children,  coming  from  Waynesville,  111.,  to  deliver  hurriedly  their  courses  of 
lectures  and  return  home.  Professor  James  V.  Z.  Blaney,  Professor  of  Chemistry 
and  Materia  Medica,  was  the  only  member  of  the  faculty  besides  Brainard  who 
resided  in  Chicago.  Some  appointments  of  professors  made  by  the  trustees  at 
a  previous  time,  in  anticipation  of  the  opening  of  the  school,  were  revoked  at 
a  meeting  held  on  October  14  of  this  year,  and  the  facult}^  finall}-  announced 
was  appointed.  Some  vacancies  had  occurred  in  the  board  of  trustees  in  the 
six  years  the  organization  had  lain  dormant,  and  these  also  were  iilled  at  this 
meeting. 

THE    FIRST    COLLEGE    COURSE. 

The  first  annual  announcement  of  the  Rush  Medical  College  was  issued 
about  the  end  of  October,  1843.  It  was  a  four-paged  leaflet,  the  pages  meas- 
uring four  by  six  and  one-half  inches,  and  set  forth  modestly,  among  other 
things,  and  with  some  errors  of  typography,  that:  "The  Rush  Medical  College 
was  chartered  by  the  Legislature  of  Illinois  in  1837,  but  its  organization  has 
been  deferred  to  the  present  time,  when  the  interest  of  the  medical  profession 
requires  its  being  carried  into  full  operation.  The  superior  facilities  for  medical 
instruction    presented    by  Chicago  cannot  be  denied    by  anyone  acquainted  with 


*This  is  the  first  charter  of  an  educational  institution  granted  by  the  Legislature  of  the 
State,  as  it  is  the  oldest  charter  under  which  any  school  of  any  sort  is  now  in  operation  in 
Illinois. 


4  RUSH   MEDICAL    COLLEGE 

the  different  towns  in  this  region.  Tlic  trustees  have  determined  to  lay  the 
foundation  of  a  medieal  school  whose  means  of  teaching  shall  be  ample  in  all 
the  different  branches,  which  shall  be  permanent  and  adecjuate  to  the  wants  of 
the  community;  which  shall  in  all  respects  advance  the  interests  and  honor  of 
the  profession,"  etc.  "Abundant  means  of  instruction  in  anatomy  have,  for 
several  years  past,    been  furnished  in  Chicago,"  etc. 

The  session  was  to  begin  on  December  4,  1S43,  and  continue  sixteen  weeks. 
The  requirements  lor  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  were:  Three  years  of 
study  with  a  respectable  physician,  two  courses  of  lectures,  the  last  in  this 
school  (two  years  of  practice  to  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  one  course);  the  candi- 
date to  be  tv/enty-one  years  old,  to  have  a  good  moral  character  and  to  present 
a  thesis  on  some  medical  subject,  of  his  own  composition  and  in  his  own  hand- 
writing,   which  should  be  approved  by  the  faculty.* 

The  regular  fees  aggregated  $65   and  the  graduating  fee  was  $20. 

The  first  course  was  delivered  to  a  class  of  twenty-two  students,  of  whom 
one  received  at  Commencement  the  ordinary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
The  honorary  degree  was  conferred  on  two  practitioners. 

The  lecture  room  was  one  of  the  apartments  of  Dr.  Brainard's  office,  in 
a  wooden  building,  at  present  No.  49  South  Clark  Street,  near  Randolph.  A 
shed  in  the  rear  served  for  a  dissecting  room,     and  rude  benches  for  seats. 

Brainard's  address,  introductory  to  this  course,  was  dignified  in  tone  and 
masterful  in  scope  and  treatment.  He  discussed  the  general  subject  of  medi- 
cal education,  and  touched  upon  the  question  then  agitating  the  profession,  of 
the  creation  of  a  National  Board  of  Examiners  for  the  medical  students  seek- 
ing diplomas.  His  conclusion  was  that  there  was  no  legal  power  to  appoint 
such  a  board.  His  final  words  deserve  quoting  in  full:  "We  believe  the 
school  we  this  day  open  is  destined  to  rank  among  the  permanent  institutions 
of  the  State.  It  will  pass  in  time  into  other  and  better  hands;  it  will  live  on, 
identified  with  the  interests  of  a  great  and  prosperous  city."f 

The  teaching  of  the  first  course  was  all    done    by    four   men,    and  there  is 

*  The  Faculty  was  as  follows:  Daniel  Brainard,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Sur- 
gery ;  James  V.  Z.  Blaney,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Materia  Medica  ;  John  McLean, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  ;  M.  L.  Knapp,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children.  The  Board  of  Trustees  consisted  of  :  William 
B.  Ogden,  President ;  Grant  Goodrich,  Secretary  ;  T.  W".  Smith,  James  H.  Collins,  Justin 
Butterfield,  E.  S.  Kimberly,  M.  D.,  Hon.  John  D.  Caton,  Rev.  S.  S.  Whitman,  J.  H.  Kinzie, 
E.  D.  Taylor,  Mark  Skinner,  John  Gage,  Julius  Wadsworth,  Hugh  T.  Dickey,  Walter  L.  New- 
berry, George  W^  Snow,  Norman  E.  Judd.  Executive  Officers  :  Hon.  Thomas  Ford,  Gov- 
ernor ;  Hon.  John  Moore,  Lieutenant  Governor  ;  Hon.  Samuel  Hackleton,  Speaker  House  of 
Representatives. 

|The  city  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  college  had  a  population  of  7,850;  129  deaths 
had  occurred  during  1843. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


5 


nothing  to  indicate  that  the  subject  of  physiology  was  taught  at  all,  although 
it  was  probably  more  or  less  dwelt  upon  by  the  teacher  of  Practice  of 
Medicine.  There  were  delivered  each  day,  on  an  average,  four  lectures,  the 
non-resident  professors  being  naturally  anxious  to  finish  their  work  and  get 
back  home  at  the  earliest  moment  possible.  Anatomy  was  well  taught,  with 
dissections,    but  chemistry  was  taught  wholly  theoretically. 

The  first  announcement  stated    that  good    board    and    room    could  be    ob- 


FIRST  LECTURE   ROOM    (DR.   BRAINARD'S  OFFICE). 


tained  in  Chicago  at  from  $2  to  $2.50  per  week.  In(}uircrs  were  referred  for 
information  to  Professor  Brainard  in  Chicago,  Professor  McLean  in  Jackson, 
Mich.,  and  Professor  Knapp  in  Waynesville,  111.  Students  were  recommcMided 
to  bring  with  them  a  standard  work  on  each  of  the  branches  taught. 

During  the  Summer  of  1S44  a  building  for  the  college  was  erected  at  the 
southeast  corner  of  Indiana  and  Dearborn  streets,  at  a  cost  of  $3,500.  A  lot 
had  been  given  for  the  juirpose  by  a  number  of  generous  citizens.  The 
building  was  a  one-story  wooden  structure,     with     a  circular  roof  having  a   sky- 


6  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

light  in  the  center,  that  gave  an  appearance  at  a  distance  and  in  a  picture 
that  suggested  to  the  late  Professor  Allen  ( '  'Uncle"  of  a  generation  of  stu- 
dents and  graduates)  the  name  of  the  "rat-trap."  The  building  had  a  lecture 
room  with  seats  in  amphitheater  arrangement,  and  ante-rooms,  dissecting  room 
and  chemical  laboratory,  and,  although  rude,  and  cheap,  was,  for  that  day, 
truly  sumptuous.  This  building  was  to  serve  without  change  for  eleven  years. 
The  cost  of  the  structure  was  defrayed  "partly  by  loan,  partly  by  subscrip- 
tion,   and  the  remainder  made  u]i  hy  the  faculty. " 

THREE    YEARS    OF    COLLEGE    LIFE. 

The  second  course  ot  lectures  was  given  in  the  new  building.  Dr.  Austin 
Flint,  later  of  Buffalo,  and  finally  of  the  City  of  New  York,  with  fame  and 
honors,  had  become  Professor  of  the  Institutes  and  Practice  of  Medicine.  The 
word  institutes  sounds  queer  in  our  end-of-the-century  ears,  but  then,  as  now, 
it  meant  the  "  prmciples "  of  medical  science.  Flint  delivered  the  address 
introductory  to  this  course,  and  took  for  his  subject,  "The  Reciprocal  Duties 
and  Obligations  of  the  Medical  Profession  and  the  Public, "  and  uttered  many 
of  the  doctrines  of  ethics  which,  later,  were  incorporated  into  the  code  of 
the    American  Medical  Association. 

Dr.  McLean  became  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  Dr. 
Graham  N.  Fitch,  of  Logansport,  Ind. ,  took  the  place  of  Professor  Knapp  in 
the  chair  of  Obstetrics,  etc.,  and  Blaney  was  relieved  of  all  but  the  Department 
of  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy.  Dr.  W.  B.  Herrick  became  Lecturer  on  Anatomy, 
thus  allowing  Brainard  to  devote  his  energies  exclusively  to  Surgery. 

This  year  witnessed  the  omission  from  the  published  list  of  trustees  the 
names  of  J.  D.  Caton,  Rev.  S.  S.  Whitman  and  E.  D.  Taylor.  The  name 
of  Daniel  Brainard,  President  of  the  College,  as  an  cx-ojjicio  member  of  the 
board  here  appears  for  the  first  time.  It  was  in  accordance  with  a  provision 
of  the  charter,    but  was  omitted  from  the  first  annual  announcement. 

The  course  was  a  successful  one.  Forty-six  students  attended,  one  coming 
from  the  territory  of  Iowa  and  one  from  the  territory  of  Wisconsin,  and  there 
were  at  the  close   eleven  new  graduates. 

The  third  annual  circular,  entitled  the  "Announcement  and  Catalogue  of 
Rush  Medical  College,"  was  issued  in  the  Summer  of  1845,  and  bore  the 
imprint,  as  for  a  3-ear  or  more  other  college  publications  had,  of  a  printing  firm 
in  "The  Saloon  Building,  southeast  corner  Clark  and  Lake  streets."  It  was 
an  eight-page  8"  pamphlet,  the  first  page  of  the  cover  displa3'ing  a  cut  of  the 
college  building,  and  on  its  back  contained  an  advertisement  of  the  Illinois 
Medical  mid  Surgical  Joiinial.  It  heralded  the  fourth  number  of  its  second 
volume,  and  Professor  Blaney  was  its  editor.  The  price  was  a  dollar  a  year, 
' '  all  communications  to  be  directed  to  the  editor  postpaid, "  and  all  subscriptions 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


were  '  'to  be  sent  in  advance,  free  of  postage. "  We  learn  also  from  the 
advertising  pages  that  Messrs.  S.  F.  Gale  &  Co.  were  booksellers  and  stationers 
at  No.    146  Lake  Street. 

From  the  board  of  trustees  the  names  of  T.  W.  Smith  and  Gage  had 
disappeared.  Brainard  was  announced  in  the  faculty  for  the  first  time  as 
"President  and  Professor  of  Surgery;"  Herrick  became  Professor  of  General 
and    Descriptive    Anatomy;    Flint  had  gone    off    to    more 


inviting    holds  in  the 


FI^ST   COLLEGE   BUILDING   (1844). 

East,     and    was    succeeded    by    Professor    Fitch,     who    resigned    the    chair    of 
Obstetrics,    etc.,    to  Dr.    John  Evans,    of  Attica,    Indiana. 

The  fees  for  the  respective  departments  were  separate,  for  each  of  the  six 
branches  $io,  which,  with  the  matriculation  ticket,  aggregated  $65.  The 
dissecting  ticket  was  $5,  and  coupled  with  its  announcement  was  this  remarkable 
statement:  "This  is  optional  with  the  student  to  take  or  decline,  but  it  is 
strongly  recommended  that  each  student  practice  dissection  at  least  once  during 
his  course  of    studies."     One  is  left  in  wonder  whether  this    hesitation  is  due  to 


8  RUSH  ATE  Die  A  L    COLLEGE. 

some  debasing  influence  of  rival  schools  or  to  difficulty,  through  popular  preju- 
dice, in  procuring  material.  Brainard,  anatomist  that  he  was,  must  have  felt  a 
sense  of  outrage  at  the  need  of  such  a  letting  down;  the  necessity  was  dire 
indeed  that  could  bring  him  to  it. 

The  college,  we  are  told,  had  among  additions  to  its  apparatus  "a  fine 
microscope  of  sufficient  power  to  exhibit  the  blood  of  globules,  spermatic  animal- 
culge,  the  elementary  tissues  and  pathological  structures. "  Good  board  and 
room,  with  fuel,  lights  and  attendance,  could  be  had  in  Chicago  for  $1.50  to  $2 
per  week — so  said  the   circular. 

Students  were  referred  to  resident  members  of  the  faculty  and  to  Fitch  at 
Logansport,  Evans  at  Attica,  Indiana,  and  McLean  at  Jackson,  Michigan.  Still 
one-half  of  the  faculty  resided  and  practiced,  except  during  a;  few  weeks  in  the 
Winter,  outside  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  yet  Chicago,  in  1845,  has  a  population 
of  over  twelve  thousand  souls  (12,088). 

During  the  session  of  1846-47  there  were  exhibited  to  the  class  fifty-one 
surgical  cases  and  operations;  so  the  college  surgical  clinic  was  growing.  Here 
was  an  average  of  more  than  three  cases  for  each  week  of  the  term. 

Among  the  students  at  this  term  appeared  Joseph  W.  Freer,  who,  a  third 
of  a  century  afterward,  dies  full  of  years  and  usefulness,  President  of  the  College, 
and  Ephraim  Ingals,  destined  also  to  serve  the  institution  for  many  years  and 
in  manifold  directions,  and  to  long  outlive  his  fellow  student.  Seventy  students 
were  enrolled  at  this  session. 

The  fifth  annual  announcement,  issued  in  1847,  ^^ve  a  list  of  Curators,*  with- 
out any  statement  of  their  duties,  if  they  had  any.  They  were  representative  mem- 
bers of  the  profession  in  seven  different  towns  of  the  Northwest,  and,  like  the 
collaborators  of  some  modern  medical  journals,  were  simply  a  list  of  strong  men 
willing  to  be  announced  as  friends  of  the  institution;  for,  in  that  day  of  struggle, 
it  needed  friends  if  it  ever  did.  The  list  of  Curators  was  published  only  two  or 
three   years. 

Now,  at  the  end  of  four  years  of  college  life,  is  announced  the  establishment 
of  a  public  hospital  to  be  under  the  care  of  the  members  of  the  faculty,  "who 
will  give  a  regular  course  of  clinical  instruction."  From  December  i,  1846,  to  June 
23,  following,  four  hundred  and  forty-two  cases  had  attended  at  the  hospital 
and  the  dispensary  connected  with  it.  Probably  a  large  majority  of  the  cases 
were  those  of  the  dispensary.  During  the  season  following  we  learn  that  there 
were   eighty  patients  in  the  hospital  at  one  time. 

During    this  year  no  changes  occurred   in  the  faculty,    and  none  in  the  fees 

*Theywere:  Drs.  L.  D.  Boone,  Chicago;  Geo.  Hulett,  Rockton,  111. ;  J.  Brinckerhoff,  Chi- 
cago; R.  S.  Malony,  Belvidere,  III;  E.  S.  Kimberly,  Chicago;  S.  B.  Thayer,  Battle  Creek, 
Mich.;  C.  V.  Dyer,  Chicago;  Oliver  Everett,  Dixon,  III;  P.  Maxwell,  Chicago;  Geo.  Haskell, 
Rockford,  111.;   D.  G.  Clark,  Beloit,  Wis.  Ter. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  9 

or  other  requirements.      But  students  were  told  that   "a  credit  of  one  year  will 
be  given  on  Professors'  tickets,    if  secured  by  endorsed  notes." 

A  Summer  course  of  instruction  was  promised  for  the  season  of  1848,  but 
it  did  not  materialize  in  any  notable  success. 

THE    FIFTH    SESSION    ( 1 847-48). 

There  were  in  attendance  during  the  fifth  session  (1847-48),  one  hundred 
and  forty-two  students,  and  thirty-three  were  graduated  at  its  close. 

An  addition  to  the  college,  to  provide  ampler  facilities  for  dissecting,  was 
made  in  the  Fall  of   1847. 

During  the  Summer  of  1848  it  was  determined  to  establish  a  chair  of 
Physiology  and  Pathology,  although  it  was  not  filled  at  once,  and  was  left  blank 
in  the  annual  announcement.  No  changes  were  made  in  the  personnel  of  the 
faculty  except  the  appointment  of  Dr.  J.  B.  Herrick,  a  brother  of  Professor 
Wm.  B.  Herrick,  as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  but  Dr.  Geo.  Haskell  was 
dropped  from  the  list  of  Curators.  The  announcement  says  that  during  the 
ensuing  term  there  would  be  seven  lectures  daily,  including  one  hour  in  the 
morning,  at  the  Chicago  Hospital.  Students  were  advised  to  apply  for  infor- 
mation to  Professor  Brainard,  to  Professor  Evans,  who  had  moved  to  Indianapolis, 
and  to  Dr.  J.  B.  Herrick,  at  Vandalia. 

The  college  had  an  eye  to  business  as  well  as  to  dignity,  and  now  reduced 
the  munificence  of  its  favors  to  impecunious  students.  It  announced  that  this 
year  ' '  a  credit  of  twelve  months  will  be  given  for  half  the  Professor's  ticket 
only,  if  secured  by  a  joint  note  bearing  interest. "  The  following  year  the  con- 
ditions of  credit  to  students  were  again  changed,  and  made  to  read  as  follows: 
"A  twelve-month  credit  given  on  a  secured  note  bearing  interest.  A  reduction 
of  one  dollar  on  each  ticket  will  be  made  to  those  who  pay  in  advance." 

The  lecture  course  began  on  the  first  Monday  in  November,  a  month  later  than 
usual,  and  continued  sixteen  weeks.  One  hundred  students  attended,  of  whom 
twenty-one  were  graduated. 

A  Spring  course  of  lectures  was  announced  to  begin  on  the  last  Monday  in 
February,  1849,  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Winter  course,  and  to  continue  eight 
weeks.  Professor  W.  B.  Herrick  was  to  lecture  on  Practical  Anatomy,  Physiology 
and  Pathology,  and  Professor  Brainard  on  Clinical  Medicine  and  Surgery,  and 
Auscultation  and  Percussion.      The  fee  for  each  teacher  was  $10. 

There  is  no  doubt  this  course  was  given,  but  to  how  large  a  class  we  are 
unable  to  say. 

CHICAGO    AND    RUSH    COLLEGE    IN     1 849. 

Chicago  was  now — in  the  year  1849 — increasing  rapidly  in  population,  more 
than  twenty  per  cent,  having  been  added  in  a  single  year  (so  that  the  pop- 
ulation had  reached  twenty-three  thousand).      Business  was  correspondingly  active. 


lo.        -  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Its  stirrino;  men  were  then,  as  afterward,  reaching  out  for  every  advantage.  New  and 
fresh  blood  and  talent  were  sought  for  Rush  Medical  College,  and  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis 
came  from  New  York  City  to  be  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Pathology,  and 
Professor  Thomas  Spencer,  previously  of  the  Geneva  Medical  College,  from 
Geneva,  N.  Y. ,  to  take  the  place  of  Dr.  G.  N.  Fitch  in  the  chair  of  Principles 
and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

The  bow  of  the  new  professors  is  made  for  them  by  the  college  announce- 
ment in  the  following  fashion:  "It  may  be  added  that  he  (Professor  Spencer) 
is  familiar  with  the  various  forms  of  '  Malarious '  diseases,  from  observation  in 
the  Western  States,  as  well  as  in  the  district  of  his  former  practice. "  Dr.  Davis, 
"late  editor  of  the  New  York  Anna/ isf,"  etc.,  "was  the  originator  of  a  plan  for 
a  National  Association  whose  influence  in  the  cause  of  reform  and  improvement 
has  already  been  beneficially  felt." 

In  the  new  Western  country,  at  this  time,  ague  and  other  forms  of  malarial 
disease  were  remarkably  prevalent.  Nearly  everybody  had  it  sooner  or  later, 
and  a  doctor,  young  or  old,  was  of  little  account  to  the  people  if  he  could 
not  combat  that  class  of  disorders.  The  only  good  treatment  was  that  of 
quinine,  l)ut  for  some  unaccountable  reason*  not  all  doctors  used  it;  so 
there  was  a  vast  ditlerence  in  the  success  of  different  practitioners,  and  those 
who  were  bold  enough  to  use  quinine  in  large,  albeit  safe,  doses,  were  much 
sought  and  very  prosperous.  Of  course  the  effect  of  cinchona  bark  on 
malarious  diseases  was  well  enough  known  to  everyone  who  had  given  any 
study  to  the  science  of  medicine,  but  the  diagnostic  powers  of  many  of  the 
early  practitioners  were  probably  not  very  discriminating,  educated  as  they  had 
been  without  scientific  clinical  instruction.  Many  cases  of  malarial  disease, 
supposed  not  to  be  such,  were  allowed  to  go  untreated  with  quinine;  and  then 
many  physicians  had  brought  from  the  East  a  fear  of  the  effect  of  large  doses, 
and  were  timid.  A  doctor  with  Western  experience  and  boldness  in  the  use  of 
the  drug  outshone  them  at  once,  and  captured  their  business  without  intending 
to.  An  old  practitioner,  long  since  retired,  a  few  years  ago  boasted  that  about 
the  time  in  question  he  was  one  of  the  first  physicians  practicing  along  the 
Wabash  River  to  use  the  quinine  treatment  for  chills  and  fever.  It  was  to  be 
expected  that  the  college  would  impress  on  the  public  and  profession  that  it 
could  deal  with  this  subject.  Not  only  was  the  new  Professor  of  Medicine 
capable  in  this  line,  but  the  annual  circular  said  there  had  been  one  hundred 
and  forty  cases  of  malarial  disease  treated  in  the  college  and  hospital  the  previous 
year,  or  thirty-seven  per  centum  of  the  entire  number  in  the  city. 

In  the  annual  circular  issued  in  1849,  students  were  referred  for  information 

*One  reason  lay  in  the  difficulty  in  getting  the  money  to  buy  it.  It  used  sometimes 
to  cost  $5  an  oz.      Five  dollars  then  was  equal  to  the   King's  exchequer  now. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  -        ii 

to  Drs.  Brainard,  Blaney,  Herrick  and  Evans,  at  Chicago,  McLean,  at  Jackson, 
Mich.,  Spencer,  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y. ,  Davis,  at  New  York  City,  and  Herrick,  at 
Vandaha. 

The  session  of  1849-50  began  on  Monday,  October  15,  two  weeks  earher 
than  usual  It  witnessed  an  attendance  of  one  hundred  and  four  students, 
of    whom  forty-two  were  graduated  at  its  close. 

Thus  the  classes  were  gradually  increasing;  the  college  was  becoming  more 
favorably  known  each  year,  and  the  clinical  work,  especially  in  the  demonstrative 
branch  of  surgery,  might  fairly  have  been  expected  to  increase  in  even  a  greater 
ratio.  Yet,  curiously,  this  was  not  the  case,  for  in  the  session  of  1846-47,  the 
number  of  operations  before  the  class  was  51;  in  that  of  1847-48,  there  were  50; 
in  1848-49,  l)ut  57,  and  in  that  of  1849-50,  only  39.  In  those  four  years  the 
city  doubled  in  population  and  reached  more  than  twenty-eight  thousand  souls; 
there  must  have  been  an  increasing  class  of  indigent  people  to  whom  free  surgical 
services  would  be  a  great  boon;  the  surgeon  was  the  most  renowned  and  able  in 
the  whole  Northwest,  and  yet  the  college  clinical  work  actually  decreased.  The 
explanation  is  difficult.  Was  it  due  to  the  sharp  line  the  surgeon  drew  between 
those  able  and  those  unable  to  pay,  and  the  rejection  of  the  former  class 
entirely?  Or  was  there  in  the  growing  town  an  increasing  prejudice  against  a 
medical  college  on  the  part  of  the  poor?  Certainly  it  was  not  due  to  lack  of 
fame  or  skill  on  the  part  of  the  professor. 

A    MEDICAL    SCHOOL    SCANDAL. 

About  this  time  the  community  a  few  miles  west  of  Chicago  was  greatly  scan- 
dalized by  the  discovery  that  a  private  medical  school  at  St.  Charles  had  in  its 
anatomy  room,  and  perhaps  partly  dissected,  the  body  of  a  young  lady  from  a 
prominent  family,  with  hosts  of  friends,  that  had  been  taken  from  a  grave  near 
Sycamore,  111.  The  despoilment  of  the  grave  had  been  discovered  soon  after  the 
burial.  On  a  hurried  investigation  suspicion  rested  upon  this  school,  and  a 
large  posse  of  citizens  marched  to  the  place,  demanded  the  body,  and,  failing 
to  get  satisfaction,  promptly  stormed  the  premises  with  stones — they  had  fire- 
arms but  refrained  from  using  them.  The  principal  and  a  few  students  made 
a  vigorous  defense,  but  on  several  of  them  being  wounded,  the  principal  him- 
self being  one  of  the  number,  they  finally  made  terms  by  promising  that  the 
body  should  be  found  at  a  designated  spot  not  far  distant  at  a  hxed  hour  the 
following  day;  whereupon  the  posse  withdrew.  The  agreement  was  faithfully  car- 
ried out  and  the  excitement  finally  subsided,  but  it  could  not  fail  to  have  reached 
and  influenced  the  public  sentiment  of  Chicago,  and  the  whole  country  for  that 
matter,    and  to  have  created  a  prejudice  against  medical   schools  everywhere. 

Through  a  century  of  medical  teaching  in  this  country  it  has  been  the  mis- 
fortune of    the  study  of    human  anatomy    that    ardent,    often   unscrupulous  men, 


12  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

have  occasionally  violated  the  proprieties  and  needlessly  shock  public  sentiment 
by  exhuming  subjects,  where,  if  known,  the  feelings  of  the  living  would  be  out- 
raged. Rush  College  has  more  than  once  suffered  directly  or  indirectly  in  this 
way.  Such  occurrences  have  helped  to  wring  from  a  reluctant  public  wholesome 
anatomy  laws,  but  probably  gentler  infiuences  alone  would  have  sooner  or  later 
attained  the  same  end.  Whatever  excuse,  if  any,  there  may  have  been  for  the 
foolhardiness  of  some  of  the  body-snatchers,  there  was  always  some  extenuation 
for  the  anatomists  in  the  baseness  of  the  law,  if  not  of  the  courts,  that  made 
it  an  offense  for  a  surgeon  to  be  wanting  in  a  knowledge  that  it  was  a  crime 
for  him  to  gain. 

iiiS'rok\'   FOR    1850-52. 

The  next  announcement  of  the  college,  the  eighth  annual,  issued  in  the 
Summer  of  1850,  contained  a  number  of  innovations.  The  opening  of  the  course 
was  set  back  again  to  the  beginning  of  November.  I3eyond  the  appointment  of 
Dr.  John  W.  Freer  to  be  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  ever  J.  B.  Herrick,  no 
changes  occurred  in  the  faculty.  "The  College  Clinique"  (sic),  it  was  declared, 
'  'and  the  dissecting  room  will  be  open  on  the  second  Monday  of  (3ctober, "  etc. 
The  conditions  of  the  graduation  were  re-stated  and  put  more  systematically 
and  clearly.  The  thesis  "of  his  own  composition  and  in  his  own  handwriting" 
was  changed  to  "written  by  himself."  "Graduates  of  other  respectable  schools 
of  medicine  will  l)e  entitled  to  an  Ad  Eu7idem  degree  by  passing  a  satisfactory 
examination,  paying  the  graduation  fee  and  giving  evidence  of  good  moral  and 
social  character." 

The  most  striking  innovation,  however,  was  a  marked  reduction  in  the 
fees  that  was  made  in  this  and  two  following  years,  and  an  argument  in 
favor,  or  in  justification  of  it,  in  such  terms  as  to  indicate  that  a  new  theory 
of  the  highest  purpose  of  a  medical  college  for  the  general  good  had  been 
adopted  by  the  faculty  and  trustees,  or  that  they  had  concluded  to  make  this 
experiment  in  the  hope  of  advancing  the  fortunes  of  the  institution.  The 
original  fees  of  $65  were  cut  down  to  $35;  the  dissecting  ticket  was  $5,  and 
the  tickets  of  matriculation  and  for  clinical  work  in  the  hospital  were  free. 
All  graduates  of  respectable  schools  might  attend  free.  The  reduction,  it  was 
stated,  was  to  enable  men  '  'who  will  practice  medicine  to  properly  qualify 
themselves;"  "and  to  get  rid  of  the  many  evils  attached  to  the  system  of 
credits  which  has  been  too  long  practiced  by  the  medical  schools  of  the 
Northwest,"  etc.  "No  credit  will  be  given  for  lecture  fees  unless  by  special 
agreement  with  the  secretary  of  the  faculty.*" 

The  next  year  a  hospital  ticket  of    $5  was    added  to  the  list  of  fees,   with 

*The    secretary  of   tlie   faculty  was    now    Dr.    N.    S.    Davis,  who   continued    to    occupy   the 
position  till  his  resignation  from  the  college  in  1859. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  13 

the  distinct  disclaimer  that  the  money  went  to  the  hospital  and  not  to  the 
college.  But  the  following  year  (1852)  the  general  tickets  were  reduced  to 
$25,  but  "must  be  paid  invariably  in  advance  by  all  except  those  who  have 
previously  attended  two  full  courses  in  this  institution."  The  reduction  of 
fees,  it  was  explained,  was  continued  as  a  further  "step  toward  that  system  of 
free  instruction  to  which  they,"  the  faculty,  "have  for  several  years  aspired." 
The  fact  that  the  classes  had  been  reduced  since  the  fees  were,  was  com- 
mented on  as  showing  that  the  opposite  effect  to  that  predicted  by  many  had 
resulted;  better  men  had  come,  and  the  multiplication  of  schools  had  been 
stopped.      "These  certainly,"  said  the  circular,    "are  gratifying  results." 

The  United  States  Marine  Hospital,  on  the  east  side  of  Michigan  Avenue, 
near  River  Street,  was,  in  the  Summer  of  1850,  approaching  completion. 
"The  Illinois  General  Hospital  of  the  Lakes"  had  been  chartered  by  the 
Legislature  in  an  extra  session  that  had  just  been  held.  The  hospital  had 
been  organized,  and  included  a  lying-in  department,  from  which  much  was 
hoped  by  way  of  instruction,  and  the  usual  college  "clinique"  in  both  medi- 
cine and  surgery  was  to  go  on  in  this  institution.  The  hospital  was  opened  in  the 
old  Lake  House,  corner  of  North  Water  and  Rush  streets.  Professor  Brainard 
had  charge  of  the  surgical  service  and  Professor  Davis  of  the  medical. 

Professor  Spencer  did  not  continue  lecturing  beyond  the  single  term  of 
1850-51,  and  was  announced  the  next  year,  and  until  1857,  as  Emeritus 
Professor.  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  became  Professor  of  Pathology,  Practice  of 
Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine;  Dr.  W.  B.  Herrick  assumed  the  department 
of  Physiology,  and  Professor  Brainard  was  announced  as  Professor  of  Surgery 
and  Clinical  Surgery.  Professor  Herrick  had  charge  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Hospital. 

Now,  for  the  first  time,  the  work  of  each  department  in  the  college  was 
outlined  in  the  announcement.  Under  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women 
and  Children  we  read  that  the  "new  doctrine  of  menstruation  and  ovulation" 
would  "be  discussed."  Professor  Davis  was  to  lecture  daily  throughout  the  term 
and  also  meet  the  hospital  class  in  the  wards  of  the  hospital  '  'at  a  stated  hour 
each  day,    Sunday   always  excepted." 

The  conditions  of  graduation  were  made  to  include  a  hospital  attendance  of 
at  least  one  term.  The  next  year  the  Hospital  of  the  Lakes  passed  under  the 
care  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  of  the  Catholic  Church,  to  be  called  thereafter 
Mercy  Hospital. 

In  1855  Professor  Herrick  had  given  up  the  teaching  of  Anatomy,  and  this 
had  been  assumed  by  Dr.  Joseph  W.  Freer.  Dr.  Hosmer  A.  Johnson  became 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Medical  Jurisprudence,  and  Dr.  Edmund 
Andrews,  Lecturer  on  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Demonstrator.  The  fees  were 
raised  to  $35,  without  comment  in  the  announcement. 


14  .  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

This  year  the  college  edifice  was  rebuilt — remodeled  and  greatly  enlarged — 
at  an  expense  of  some  $15,000.  It  now  had  a  capacity  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
students  without  crowding,  and  was  in  many  ways  more  convenient  than  the  old 
building.  The  money  was  obtained  by  the  issue  of  bonds,  which  were  mostly 
subscribed  for  by  the  faculty. 

DEFENSE    OF    THE    IK  )SPITAE- WARD    CLINICAL    WORK. 

The  fourteenth  annual  announcement,  issued  in  1856,  contained  a  defense 
of  the  hospital-ward  clinical  work  against  detractors.  Who  the  detractors  were 
is  not  stated,  but  they  could  not  have  been  of  the  general  public.  They  were 
probably  professional  and  most  likely  in  the  interest  of  rival  schools,  for  the 
argument  is  used  against  them  that  out  of  an  average  class  of  one  hundred  and 
fifteen  students,  at  least  seventy-five  had  taken  the  hospital  ticket.  This 
argument  would  have  been  worthless  against  any  sort  of  disparagement  but  that 
of  some  rival  school  that  was  itself  powerless  to  give  such  instruction.  The 
incident,  trifiing  as  it  was,  shows  the  straits  to  which  competition  at  that  day 
had  forced  struggling  schools. 

There  were  no  changes  in  the  faculty  in  1856  save  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
J.    H.    Hollister  as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  instead  of  Dr.    Andrews. 

FROM    1857-59. 

The  year  1857  witnessed  several  important  changes  in  the  faculty.  Professor 
Evans  retired  from  practice  for  other  pursuits  that  have  since  brought  him 
fortune  and  fame.  Professor  Herrick  ceased  lecturing  on  account  of  ill  health 
and  was  made  an  Emeritus  Professor.  Dr.  William  Heath  Byford,  previously  of 
Evansville,  Indiana,  became  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women, 
and  Professor  H.  A.  Johnson  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Physiology  and 
Pathology.  Dr.  John  H.  Rauch  came  from  Burlington,  Iowa,  to  be  Professor 
of  Materia  Medica  and  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

The  Spring  course  of  instruction,  which  had  for  some  years  been  dormant, 
was,  in  1859,  taken  up  in  earnest  and  a  session  announced  for  the  Spring 
and  early  Summer,  the  instruction  to  be  given  by  Professors  Brainard,  Davis, 
Freer,  Byford  and  Rauch. 

AN    OFFSHOOT    FROM    RUSH. 

This  year  of  1859  witnessed  (manifestly  after  the  Spring  course  program  was 
made)  several  important  changes  in  the  faculty.  A  disagreement  existed  between 
the  president  and  the  secretary  of  the  college,  and  perhaps  extended  to  others 
also,  as  to  the  policy  and  course  of  instruction  in  the  institution.  There  were 
besides  "diverse  incompatibilities"  that  were  personal.  Both  were  men  of  strong 
characteristics  and  fixed  notions  and  beliefs.      Davis  and  his  partv  were  in  favor, 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


15 


amon^^  other  things,  of  a  graded  course  of  instruction;  Brainard  and  others  were 
opposed  to  it.  Davis  resigned,  and  with  him  Byford,  Johnson  and  Hoilister. 
They,  with  others,  founded  at  once  a  rival  institution,  known  to  history  as  the 
Chicago  Medical  College.  The  seceding  members  took  with  them  the  clinical 
service  of  Mercy   Hospital. 

To  fill  the  vacant  chairs,    Dr.   Jonathan  Adams  Allen  was  called  to  that  of 
Medicine  from  a  similar  position  in  the  University   of    Michigan;    Dr.   DeLaskie 


THE    BUILDING    OF    1855, 

Miller,  of  Chicago,  to  that  of  Obstetrics,  etc. ;  Dr.  A.  S.  Hudson,  of  Iowa,  to 
that  of  Physiology,  etc.;  Dr.  Ephraim  Ingals  became  Professor  of  Materia  Medica 
and  Medical  Jurisprudence,  instead  of  Dr.  l^auch.  Dr.  R.  L.  Rea,  previously 
Demonstrator  in  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  became  Professor  of  Anatom}'  in  the 
place  of  Professor  Freer,  transferred  to  the  new  department  of  Surgical  and 
Microscopic  Anatomy. 

The  organization  of  the  Chicago  Medical  College  as  an  offshoot  from   Rush 
is  an  interesting  historical  episode.      It  created,  for  the  benefit    of    both,    a  laud- 


1 6  RUSH  JlfEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

able  rivalry  between  two  companies  of  earnest  men;  a  rivalry  not  disturbed  by 
another  like  factor  for  twenty  years.  The  rivalry  was  of  a  manly  sort  and  as 
free  from  acerbity  as  business  competitors  usually  arc.  With  the  enormous 
growth  of  the  city  and  of  the  character  of  medical  teaching,  with  the  recession 
into  the  past  of  the  ' '  diverse  incompatibilities, "  and  with  the  mixing  somewhat 
of  the  blood  of  the  two  companies,  the  rivalry  has,  in  these  later  years,  come 
to  be  marked  by  such  magnanimity  as  makes  every  man  larger  whom  it 
touches. 

The  graded  course  of  instruction  was  a  sort  of  shibboleth,  and  as  such  was 
useful,  but  otherwise  was  of  little  consequence  to  the  new  school,  for  while  it 
made  the  study  and  graduation  easier  for  the  student,  it  did  not  add  to  the 
substance  taught,  or  to  the  requirements  or  ecpiipments  of  the  student.  The 
graded  course  was  nnj^ortant  only  when,  a  quarter  of  a  century  later,  higher  and 
better  work  in  the  schools  t)f  the  great  centers  of  the  country  was  made  possible 
by  the  demands  of  the  juiblic  and  b\'  university  relations.  Then  graded  instruc- 
tion became  a  necessity  for  all  progressive  schools,  since  the  more  thorough 
modern  medical  teaching  can  only  be  done  by  such  an  arrangement. 

In  the  announcement  of  1859-60.  reference  to  Mercy  Hospital  is  omitted, 
and  the  "City  Hospital,"  capable  of  containing  two  hundred  beds,  is  given  as  the 
hospital  clinical  field  of  instruction. 

The  regular  fees  were  raised  this  year  to  $40.  In  the  requirements  for 
graduation  the  hospital  ticket  is  omitted,  and  ' '  Clinical  instruction  during  at 
least  one  college  term "  is  insisted  on  in  its  stead. 

SUMMER    SCHOOL    OF    MEDICINE. 

There  was  immediately  organized  in  connection  with  the  college,  and  announced 
in  the  annual  circular,  a  ' '  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine  "  with  a  corps  of  eight 
teachers,  not  one  of  whom  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  college.  Two 
lectures  a  day  were  to  be  given,  beginning  on  the  first  Monday  in  March,  i860, 
and  continuing  four  months,  in  all  one  hundred  and  ninety-two  lectures. 

This  was  a  most  laudable  undertaking  for  all  concerned — the  college  and  its 
fortunes,  the  students  and  the  young  teachers,  several  of  whom  were  destined  to  be 
felt  forcefully  in  the  development  of  medical  education  in  the  years  to  follow.  But 
since  the  branches  taught  were,  with  the  single  exception  of  Chemical  Manipula- 
tion, a  part  of  what  was  undertaken  or  promised  to  be  taught  in  every  medical 
college,  "supplemental"  would  seem  to  have  been  a  more  fitting  name  than  "pre- 
paratory" for  it. 

A  separate  circular  for  this  Summer  school  was  afterward  issued,  showing  some 
additions  to  the  original  scheme.  There  were  to  be  six  lectures,  six  clinics  and  six 
recitations  a  week.  The  clinical  work  was  to  be  done  in  the  City  Hospital,  the  City 
Dispensary    (in  the  North  division  of  the  city),  and  the  Chicago  Charitable  Eye 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  ly 

and    Ear    Infirmary.      The  fee  for  the  whole  course  was    $20,   or  $3  for  a  single 
ticket.  * 

This  was  the  beginning  of  a  system  of  Spring  and  Summer  instruction  in 
Rush  College,  given  to  a  large  extent,  often  exclusively,  by  teachers  not  engaged 
in  the  regular  Winter  course,  and  having  no  official  part  in  the  government  of 
the  college,  which  continued,  in  one  form  or  another,  almost  uninterruptedly  till 
the  regular  course  was  extended  to  eight  months  in  1893.  But  why  so  useful 
and  rational  a  means  of  teaching  as  that  of  recitations  should  have  been  thus 
inaugurated  and  then  dropped  seems  inexplicable,  but  it  is  true  that  this  kind 
of  instruction  requires  relatively  a  large  number  of  good  teachers,  and  in  the 
Chicago  of  that  day  good  medical  teachers  must  have  been  few. 

DURING     WAR     TIMES. 

In  1 86 1  Drs.  Hudson  and  Herrick  ceased  their  connection  with  the  college, 
and  Dr.  Freer's  title  was  changed  to  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Surgical 
Pathology. 

A  preliminary  course  of  lectures  of  two  weeks  was  instituted,  beginning  on 
October  2  and  continuing  till  the  opening  of  the  regular  course  on  the  i6th, 
which  latter  continued  the  usual  period  of  four  months.  In  this  little  course 
Professor  Brainard  taught  Military  Surgery,  a  most  necessary  subject  at  that 
time;  Blaney  taught  Toxicology;  Allen,  Medicine;  Ingals,  Medical  Jurisprudence; 
Rea,  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Digestive  Organs;  and  Powell,  Surgical 
Anatomy  of  Important  Regions. 

During  the  following  two  or  three  years,  the  college  work,  owing  to  the 
Civil  War  and  the  general  unsettled  state  of  the  country,  naturally  experienced 
some  vicissitudes.  The  preliminary  term  was  omitted  in  the  Fall  of  1862.  The 
faculty  still,  "as  formerly,"  had  charge  of  the  City  Hospital  during  the  college 
term,  but  it  was  before  many  months  taken  charge  of  by  the  Government  for 
a  military  eye  and  ear  hospital,  in  which  service  it  was  continued  till  the  close 
of  the  war;  afterward  it  came  back  to  the  service  of  the  Chicago  public  as  a 
general  hospital.  But  when  it  came  back  it  passed  under  control  of  the 
authorities  of  the  county,  since  the  city  authorities  had  discovered  that  they 
were  not  obliged  by  law  to  maintain  a  public  hospital.  It  became  the  County 
Hospital,  and  was  continued  at  the  same  location — Eighteenth  and  Arnold  streets 
— for  ten    years,    when  its  needs  had   far  outgrown  its  capacity,    and  a  new  and 

*The  Faculty  of  the  Summer  School  was  as  follows:  Geo.  K.  Amerman,  M.D.,  Instructor 
ill  Clinical  Surgery:  E.  L.  Holmes,  M.D.,  Instructor  in  Materia  Medica  and  Ophthalmology: 
|.  P.  Ross,  M.D.,  Instructor  in  Clinical  Medicine;  Edwin  Powell.  M.D.,  Instructor  in  Anatomy; 
H.  Webster  Jones,  M.D.,  Instructor  in  Obstetrics  and  Treasurer;  W.  C.  Hunt.  M.D.,  Instructor 
in  Microscopy  and  Diseases  Genito-Urinary  Organs;  G.  A.  Mariner,  M.D..  Instructor  in 
Chemistry;   E.  O.  F.  Roler,  M.D.,  Instructor  in  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children. 


1 8  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

larger  hospital  was  built  on  the  square   bounded  by  Harrison,    Wood,    Polk  and 
Lincoln   streets. 

In  1863  Professor  Blancy  was  a  Medical  Director  in  the  army.  Dr.  E.  C. 
Carr,  of  Madison,  Wis.,  filled  his  place  in  the  college  for  two  terms  (1863-64 
and  1864-65).  Dr.  Holmes  became  a  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear 
in  the  regular  course,    and   Dr.    Miller   took   the    place  of   Dr.    Rea   as   Secretary 


THE    BUILDING    OF    1867. 


of  the   Faculty,    a  position  which  he  held    for  fourteen   years.       Dr.    I.    P.    Lynn 
was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,    a  position  which  he  held  till    1866. 

FACULTY     CHANGES     AND     BUILDING     ADDITION     ( 1 866-67). 

In  the  announcement  of  1866-67  the  name  of  Dr.  Powell  was  omitted  from 
the  faculty.  Dr.  J.  P.  Ross  was  announced  as  a  Clinical  Lecturer  at  the  City 
Hospital,  and  Dr.  R.  M.  Lackey  became  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy.  There  were 
promised  four  clinics  each  week  at  the  City  Hospital,  which  had  been  opened 
"by  the  authorities  of    Cook  County  since  the  close  of    the  last    session."     Dr. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLIJiGE.  19 

Henry    M.    Lyman    was    Pathologist    to    the    Hospital,    and    would    make    post- 
mortems before  the  class. 

During  this  year  was  commenced  the  plans  and  preparations  for  another  ad- 
dition to  the  college  building,  one  much  larger  than  the  original  structure,  which 
was  pushed  to  completion  the  following  year.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  in  May, 
1867,  with  imposing  Masonic  ceremonial.  It  was  a  large  square  building,  simple 
in  style,  and  free  from  ornamentation,  with  two  lecture  rooms,  one  above  the 
other,  and  the  upper  one  an  enormous  amphitheater  with  six  hundred  and 
twenty-five  numbered  seats.  There  was  a  fine  dissecting  room  and  a  modest 
chemical  laboratory,  and  the  building  was  well  adapted  to  the  teaching  of 
medicine,   especially  by  means   of   lectures  to  large    classes. 

DEATH     OY     DR.      BRAINARD. 

Professor  Brainard  was  in  poor  health  in  the  Spring  of  1866,  and  went  to 
Europe  for  rest  and  change.  His  health  had  been  somewhat  impaired  tor  a 
year  previous  to  his  departure  for  Europe,  but  not  sufficiently  to  prevent  him 
from  doing  an  ordinary  amount  of  physical  and  mental  labor.  His  disease  was  a 
functional  derangement  of  the  kidneys,  diagnosticated  by  Trousseau  and  other 
distinguished  professors  in  Europe  as  "oxaluria. "  He  returned  in  the  Fall 
much  improved,  and  entered  upon  his  course  of  lectures  with  his  usual 
thoroughness. 

Cholera,  that  was  already  epidemic  in  some  of  the  cities  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  broke  out  in  Chicago  in  the  Summer,  and  during  the  last  days  of 
September  spread  rapidly.  The  members  of  the  faculty,  all  engaged  in  active 
practice,  soon  became  so  overworked  in  attending  the  sick  that  it  was  difficult 
for  them  to  be  punctual  at  their  lecture  hours. 

"Professor  Brainard  lectured  at  5  p.  m.,  on  October  9,  ana  turned  aside 
from  the  subject  of  surgery  to  say  something  to  the  class  on  the  subject  of 
cholera."  During  that  night  (3  a.  m.)  he  was  himself  seized  with  the  disease 
and  died  the  following  evening.  This  was  at  the  heighth  of  the  epidemic;  there 
were,  on  the  day  he  died,  a  hundred  deaths  from  the  disease,  which  was  a 
fearful  mortality  for  a  city  of  two  hundred  thousand  population.  Out  of  the  small 
class  then  at  the  college  three  were  lost  by  the  disease.  Professor  E.  Ingals  says: 
"That  we  would  allow  the  class  to  assemble  in  this  pestilence  smitten  city,  or  Dr. 
Brainard  to  return  to  it  unnecessarily,  shows  how  much  our  views  have  changed 
as  to  the  mode  of  propagation  of  some  diseases.  Dr.  Brainard  and  I  were 
among  the  few  physicians  of  Chicago  who  would  then  express  the  belief  that 
cholera  was  contagious." 

On  the  death  of  the  president  the  faculty  closed  the  school  and  advised 
the  students    to  return  to  their  homes  till  the  force  of    the  epidemic  was  spent. 

Brainard's   death    was  a  serious    blow    to  the  college  and    made  a  profound 


20  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

impression  throughout  the  city.  Known  and  recognized  as  the  foremost  medi- 
cal man  in  the  Northwest,  people  were  dismayed  that  he  was  powerless  to  save 
his  own  life,  even,  and  thus  many  lost  heart  for  themselves.  But  in  a  few 
days  the  epidemic  grew  rapidly  less,  the  life  of  the  city  resumed  its  usual  course, 
and  the  college  lectures  were  resumed. 

Valuable  as  Brainard  was  to  the  college,  it  had  reached  a  point  where  its 
life  could  not  depend  on  an  individual,  and  it  went  forward  with  its  work  with- 
out interruption.  To  the  students  who  had  known  him  and  listened  to  him  his 
memory  as  a  teacher,  a  surgeon  and  a  great  character  became  at  once  a  potent 
force  that  was  to  continue  to  the  end  of  their  lives.  A  great  teacher  does  not 
die  when  his  heart  stops,  but  lives  on  in  the  work  he  has  done;  even  in  this 
life  post  houiincni  anninis  dnrat. 

Dr.  Powell  finished  the  course  of  Surgery,  for  which  he  was  commended  in 
the  announcement  of  the  following  year.  No  other  change  in  the  personnel  of  the 
teaching  corps  was  made  during  this  course  of  lectures.  But  the  faculty  changes 
required  by  the  death  of  Brainard  were  made  as  promptly  as  possible.  Dr. 
Blancy,  the  Senior  Professor,  was  chosen  President  of  the  College.  Dr.  Moses 
Gunn,  then  and  for  many  years  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  University  of  Mich- 
igan, was  invited  to  the  vacant  chair.  He  accepted,  to  assume  his  duties  at 
the  end  of  the  college  year.  Powell  was  made  Professor  of  Military  Surger}- 
and  Surgical  Anatomy.  Dr.  William  Lewitt,  who  had  earned  an  enviable  rep- 
utation at  the  University  of  Michigan  as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  was  called 
to  that  department  here.  Dr.  E.  L.  Holmes  was  announced  as  Lecturer  on 
Ophthalmology  and  Otology.  These  changes  and  additions  were  all  made  pre- 
paratory to  the  course  of  1867-68,  the  first  one  to  be  held  in  the  new  building. 
Daily  clinics  were  announced  for  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital  by  Profes- 
sor Gunn  and  Dr.  E.  C.  Rogers,  the  Surgeon  in  Charge,  and  by  Dr.  W.  C. 
Lyman,  Resident  Physician,  on  Diseases  of  the  Chest.  The  County  Hospital 
would  furnish  four  clinics  per  week,  but  by  what  .teachers  was  not  stated.  The 
Spring  course  was  referred  to  without  details. 

PROFESSOR    MOSES    GUNN. 

Professor  Gunn  made  a  fine  impression  at  the  very  beginning  of  his 
work,  at  the  opening  of  the  course  of  1867-68.  He  was  thoroughly  equipped 
as  a  surgeon,  quick  and  accurate  in  diagnosis,  rarely  made  a  mistake  and  was 
a  rapid  and  elegant  operator.  He  was  a  fine  lecturer,  fluent,  wordy  enough 
and  to  the  point,  and  spoke  in  language  always  correct.  He  was  tall  and  erect, 
a  striking  figure  in  the  amphitheater,  as  he  was  everywhere.  Now  and  through- 
out his  career,  he  was  thought  by  some  to  be  guilty  of  a  marked  fastidious- 
ness, if  not  a  harmless  vanity, — criticism  he  could  hardly  wholly  escape,  as 
he  was  given  to  the  most  tasteful  if  not  striking  costumes,  especially  on  horse- 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  21 

back,  and  always  appeared  with  his  long  hair  wrought  into  ample  ringlets, 
which  hung  immaculate  about  his  neck,  and  more  noticeable  as  it  was  now 
turning  to  gray.  But  to  those  nearest  him  he  was  a  man  of  the  most  serious 
purposes  and  perfectly  genuine.  He  had  fixed  for  himself  a  high  standard  and 
his  respect  for  himself  and  his  work  was  too  great  to  allow  him  ever  to  fall 
below  it,  and  he  carried  himself  through  his  twenty  years  of  work  in  the  college 
on  the  exalted  plane  on  which  he  began.  He  was  different  from  Professor 
Brainard,  and  did  not  attempt  to  dominate  the  faculty;  but  no  one  could  say 
he  was  less  a  useful  power  in  the  influence  and  councils  of  the  college. 

DRS.    J.     r,     ROSS    AND     CHARLES    T.     PARKES.  ^ 

After  the  Commencement  of  1868  still  other  mutations  occurred  in  the 
teaching  force.  A  new  chair  of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest 
was  created,  and  Dr.  J.  P.  Ross  appointed  to  fill  it.  Dr.  Lewitt  dropped  out 
of  the  Demonstratorship,  and  Dr.  Charles  T.  Parkes,  a  graduate  of  a  few 
weeks — of  the  class  of  '68 — was  appointed  to  the  position.  He  had  been  a  pupil 
of  the  Professor  of  Anatomy,  who  knew  his  strength  and  capacity,  and  was 
satisfied  he  would  not  fail  in  any  duty  which  he  assumed.  He  took  up  the 
work  in  a  business-like  way  and  with  an  energy  that  was  bound  to  succeed, 
and  kept  to  this  course  through  twenty-three  years  of  service  to  the  college, 
which  only  ended  with  his  death  in  the  harness  as  the  sole  Professor  of  Surgery. 

In  the  announcement  of  this  year  the  writing  of  a  thesis  as  a  condition  of 
graduation  was  omitted  for  the  first  time,  and  has  never  been  restored.  It  was 
wisely  concluded  that  this  condition  was  a  hardship  to  the  students,  since  it  was 
a  serious  burden  to  them  at  a  time  when  they  were  preparing  for  examinations; 
and  that  it  was  no  reliable  test  of  the  students'  attainments. 

SPRINC,    COURSES    AND    CIIANCIES    IN    FACULTV. 

In  the  Winter  of  1868-69  there  was  issued  a  little  four-page  announcement 
of  the  Spring  course  of  lectures  for  1869.  The  lectures  were  to  continue  from 
March  3  to  July  i.  Professor  Blaney  was  to  teach  Practical  Chemistry,  and 
Professors  Gunn  and  Ross  were  to  give  "Cliniques. "  The  teaching  corps  con- 
sisted in  addition  of  the  following  named  gentlemen,  with  their  branches 
respectively : 

W.    R.    Marsh,    Instructor  in  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

J.    H.    Etheridge,    Instructor  in  Materia  Medica. 

C.    T.    Parkes,    Instructor  in  Anatomy. 

H.    M.    Lyman,  Instructor  in  Physiolog3^ 

C.    T.    Fenn,    Instructor  in  Obstetrics. 

I.    N.    Danforth,    Instructor  in  Toxicology  and  Medical  Jurisprudence. 


22  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

H.   F.    Chesbrough,    Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

W.  C.  Hunt,  Instructor  in  Microscopic  Anatomy  and  the  Use  of  the 
Microscope. 

Professor  Powell  was  Treasurer,  and  the  fee  for  the  course  was  $20. 
Twenty  students  attended  this  Spring  course  and   presumably  paid  for  it. 

The  twenty-seventh  annual  circular  appeared  in  1869  with  few  variations 
from  the  previous  one.  Dr.  Holmes  was  announced  as  Professor  of  Ophthal- 
mology. The  following  year  his  designation  was  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the 
Eye  and  Ear. 

In  1870  Dr.  D.  A.  Morse  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Legal  Medicine  and 
Insanity.  Dr.  H.  F.  Chesbrough  was  appointed  Clinical  Assistant  and  Pro- 
sector of  Surgery,  and  Dr.  F.  L.  Wadsworth  became  Assistant  Professor  of 
Physiology.      This  year  the  fees  were  raised  to  #55. 

In  the  Winter  of  1870-71  an  announcement  of  the  following  Spring  course 
was  issued.  Dr.  Etheridge  was  to  lecture  on  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine; Dr.  E.  Fletcher  Ingals  on  Materia  Medica,  Dr.  Parkes  on  Anatomy,  and 
Dr.    Wadsworth  on  Physiology. 

RETIREMENT    OF    DR.     BLANEY. 

In  187 1  the  failing  health  of  Dr.  Blaney  led  him  to  retire  from  active 
work  in  the  college.  He  resigned  his  professorship  and  the  presidency,  and  was 
appointed  Adjunct  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy.  He  soon  ceased  to 
work  entirely  and  only  lived  three  years.  Professor  Freer,  the  senior  member 
of  the  faculty,  was  appointed  President.  Dr.  Henry  M.  Lyman  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy.  Professer  Ingals  resigned  the  chair 
of  Materia  Medica,  and  Dr.    Etheridge  was  elected  to  the  position. 

WORK    OF    THE    GREAT    FIRE, 

The  course  of  1871-72  opened  auspiciously,  and  had  proceeded  only  a  few 
days  when  it  was  interrupted  by  the  complete  destruction  of  the  college  building 
and  all  its  contents,  by  the  fire  of  October  8  and  9,  a  besom  of  fate  which 
swept  out  of  existence  the  main  part  of  the  heart  of  the  city.  In  the  confusion 
of  the  devastation,  the  college  classes  were  scattered  with  the  army  of  houseless 
and  homeless  people.  Rush  College  existed  only  as  a  legal  entity,  in  its  vested 
rights  and  its  trustees  and  faculty,  some  of  whom  were  seeking  places  in  which 
to  live  and  resume  business.  Its  only  asset  was  the  college  lot  on  which  there 
was  a  mortgage  for  an  amount  larger  than  its  value.  The  place  could  be 
located,  m  the  wilderness  of  ruin  that  stretched  north  and  south  for  miles,  by 
certain  landmarks  of  unburnt  streets  and  by  the  river  and  lake.  It  was  covered 
by  a  huge  mass  of  debris  of  brick,  mortar  and  iron,  from  which  was  raked  out 
a  few  relics.      Professor    Freer    found    the    half-melted    stand  of  his    microscope, 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


23 


and  various  pieces  of  chemical  apparatus,  which  are  now  preserved  ni  the  college. 
The  corner-stone,    for  a  wonder,  preserved  its  contents. 

In  a  few  days  the  classes  were  called  together  again,  some  members  from 
their  homes  at  a  distance,  whither  they  had  gone  for  refuge,  and  lectures  were 
resumed.  Only  a  small  minority  of  the  students  failed  to  return,  and  very  few 
went    away  to    other    schools.     The    universality  and    awfulness  of   the   calamity 


RUINS    OF    RUSH    COLLEGE. 


made  everyone  tolerant  of  inconveniences,   and  the  students    seemed  as  cheerful 
and  contented  as  ever  before  or  since. 

There  was  a  little  clinical  amphitheater  in  the  top  of  the  County  Hospital 
building,  the  authorities  generously  tendering  the  use  of  it  for  a  lecture  room, 
and  the  Chicago  Medical  College  promptly  invited  Rush  to  make  use  of  its 
dissecting  room.  Both  these  offers  were  accepted,  and  with  these  facilities  the 
course  was  carried  through.  What  was  lost  in  other  directions  was  made  up 
by  the  increase  in  the  use  and  value  of  the  clinical  instruction,  so  the  classes 
were  in  the  end  not  losers  by  the  change. 


24  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

For  a  long  time  it  had  been  a  matter  of  regret  to  the  faculty  that  the 
college  was  situated  more  than  two  miles  from  the  County  Hospital,  which  had 
been  for  several  years  so  useful  a  field  of  clinical  study  for  its  students,  and 
which  ought  to  continue  to  be.  Now  that  the  college  was  homeless,  it  was 
determined,  after  deliberate  study  of  the  situation,  not  to  rebuild  on  the  old  lot, 
nor  to  build  permanently  at  all  till  the  location  of  the  new  hospital  was  deter- 
mined upon  l)y  the  County  Commissioners,  and  then  to  erect  a  college  building 
near  it.  That  there  must,  before  many  years,  be  a  new  County  Hospital  was 
certain,  for  the  building  in  use  was  already  wholly  inadequate  to  the  public  needs; 
the  lot  was  too  small  for  the  extensions  that  a  growing  city  would  soon  require, 
and  was  not  owned  by  the  county.  But  when  the  move  would  be  made,  and 
where,  no  one  could  divine.  It  was  self-evident  that  there  must  always  be  a 
hospital  maintained  by  the  public  for  the  sick  poor;  it  was  bound  eventually 
to  be  a  very  large  one,  and  to  have  the  largest  range  of  illustrative  cases  for 
professional  study. 

COLLEGE     "UNDER    THE    SIDEWALK. 

Under  the  circumstances  there  was  no  other  course  in  wisdom  open  for  the 
trustees  but  to  build  a  temporary  structure  that  might  serve  through  the  period 
of  waiting,  and  so  the  "college  under  the  sidewalk"  came  into  existence.  It 
was  to  a  considerable  degree  literally  below  the  sidewalk,  although  it  rose 
several  feet  above  it.  It  was  a  rude  brick  affair  with  a  tar  roof,  an  amphitheater 
at  one  end  and  at  the  other  a  laboratory,  over  which  was  a  dissecting  room. 
It  was  unplastered  within,  very  rough,  and  amazingly  ugly,  and  it  cost  less  than 
$4,000;  but  it  served  its  purpose  for  four  years. 

THE    STRUCTURE    OF     1 876. 

At  the  end  of  that  time,  namely  in  1876,  the  college  moved  into  its  new 
and  commodious  structure  on  the  corner  of  Harrison  and  Wood  streets,  diagonally 
opposite  the  new  County  Hospital.  The  county,  had  purchased  a  block  of 
twelve  acres  of  land  and  had  begun  the  construction  of  two  large  pavilions  of 
the  great  hospital-to-be,  which  made  it  certain,  beyond  a  peradventure,  that  for 
a  century  probabl}'  the  location  of  this  charity  could  not  be  changed. 

The  trustees  of  the  college  promptly  took  steps  to  build  on  the  spot 
mentioned.  The  new  building  was  planned  according  to  the  best  light  and 
experience  of  the  faculty  and  served  acceptably  for  a  number  of  years.  From 
our  standpoint  of  to-day  it  seems  a  little  surprising  that  more  space  was  devoted 
to  a  museum,  largely  of  comparative  anatomy  and  entirely  unused  by  the 
students,  than  to  all  the  laboratory  and  practical  work  put  together.  This 
building  and  lot  cost  some  $75,000  and  was  mostly  the  contribution  of  the 
several  members  of  the  faculty,  the  obligation  of  the  corporation  to  them  for  the 
sums  contributed  being  represented  by  bonds  running  for  a  long  period. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


25 


The  corner-stone  of  the  new  buildin^^  was  laid  with  the  appropriate  and 
solemn  ceremonies  of  the  Masonic  order  on  March  20,  1875.  Grand  Master 
DeWitt  C.  Cre«;ier  officiated,  assisted  by  other  ofhcers  and  actino;  officers  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  and  by  the  Oriental  Consistory,  the  Chicago  Commandery  and  St. 
Bernard  Commandery.  The  column  marched  from  La  Salle  Street  to  the  college 
site,  the  students  of  the  college  and  the  faculty  bringing  up  the  rear.  The  day 
was  pleasant  and  a  great  concourse  of   people   had   assembled.      Professor  Allen 


COLLEGE  "UNDER  THE  SIDEWALK. 


was  the  orator  of  the  day,  and  nobody  who  heard  his  sonorous  periods  is  likely 
ever  to  forget  them.  It  was  like  Tennyson  reading  his  own  poems.  The 
address  was  crowded  with  the  history  of  the  world  and  the  philosoph^'  of  the 
universe.  Listen  to  its  opening  sentences:  "Modern  Rome  is  liuilt  upon  the 
roofs  of  its  ancient  temples  and  palaces.  Time,  the  most  unsparing  of  le\'elers, 
has  discrowned  its  seven  hills  and  piled  the  debris  in  the  intervening  valleys,  until 
what  neither  Alaric  and  his  hordes,  nor  the  most  destructive  factions  of  his  own 
people  could  overthrow,    was  buried  in  the  indistinguishable  mold  of  the  centuries. 


26  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

The  proudest  monuments  of  Eojyptian  civilization  peer  forth,  at  rare  intervals, 
from  the  tops  of  the  sand  hills." 

Professor  Allen's  address,  ten  months  later,  in  opening  the  first  course  of 
lectures  in  the  finished  building,  was  even  more  full  of  food  for  thought  than 
the  one  just  quoted  from,  although  he  so  crowded  it  with  penetrating  wit  and 
satire  that  it  made  a  less  profound  impression.  Perhaps  no  man  who  has  lived 
and  labored  in  Chicago  has  had  a  greater  power  of  linguistic  expression  and 
force,  or  a  greater  fund  of  classical  lore  for  illustration,   than  this  remarkable  man. 

The  contents,  or  a  part  of  them,  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  burned  build- 
ing of   1867  were  deposited  beneath  that  of  the  new  building. 

An  arrangement  was  made  with  the  Central  Free  Dispensary  of  West  Chi- 
cago whereby  it  should  occupy,  by  a  tenancy  that  was  practically  perpetual,  the 
first  floor  of  the  new  college  building.  This  compact  had,  for  one  of  its  pur- 
poses, the  bringing  together  of  a  large  amount  of  material  for  the  use  of  the  col- 
lege. The  dispensary  was  the  result  of  a  union  of  two  independent  organiza- 
tions that  were  doing  good  work  in  the  West  division  of  the  city — the  Brainard 
Free  Dispensary,  that  had  existed  for  several  years,  and  the  Herrick  Free  Dis- 
pensary, that  was  called  into  existence  by  the  exigencies  of  the  great  fire.  Both 
were  named  in  honor  of  the  former  professors  in  Rush  College,  and  both  had 
been  endowed  by  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society  out  of  the  funds  given 
by  the  world  for  the  relief  of  distress  incident  to  the  fire.  A  condition  of  the 
endowments  was  that  the  dispensaries  should  perpetually  attend  such  indigent 
sick  as  were  sent  them  by  the  society,  a  condition  on  which  most  of  the  pri- 
vate hospitals  of  the  city  then  extant    were  endowed  in  various  sums. 

For  two  decades  the  arrangement  with  the  Central  Dispensary  has  been 
carried  out  by  both  parties  to  it  with  mutual  benefit  and  advantage  and  with 
only  trifling  friction  between  them  at  any  time.  The  attending  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  the  dispensary  have,  to  a  large  degree,  always  been  selected  from 
among  the  junior  teachers  in  the  college;  the  college  has  always  derived  bene- 
fit, in  a  clinical  way,  from  the  association;  the  attendants  and  a  large  number 
of  students  have  enlarged  their  experience,  and  therefore  their  usefulness  to  the 
public,  and  the  indigent  sick  have  been  as  well  and  as  faithfully  attended  as 
they  ever  are  at  the  hands  of  a  free  dispensary.  Some  criticism  has  been  made 
at  times  that  many  people  have  been  attended  who  were  able  to  pay,  and 
probably  there  is  some  justice  in  the  charge,  but  that  the  proportion  of  such 
patients  is  larger  than  is  necessarily  incident  to  free  dispensary  work  and  all 
efforts  to  care  for  the  poor,  there  is  no  good  reason  to  believe. 

THE    SPRING    FACULTY. 

There  was  a  Spring  course  of  lectures  in  1872  held  in  the  hospital  amphi- 
theater, for  there  was  no  college  building,  and  the  trustees  were  doing  their  best 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  27 

to  provide  a  temporary  one  for  the  regular  course,  to  open  in  the  Fall.  Dr.  J.  E. 
Owens  had  been  added  to  this  Spring  teaching  corps.  But  it  was  deter- 
mined that  there  should  thereafter  be  a  Spring  course  more  complete  m  the 
range  of  subjects  taught  than  any  that  had  preceded,  and,  to  that  end,  the  Spring 
Faculty,  so  called,  should  be  increased  in  numbers  and  perhaps  talent  by  a  com- 
petitive test  of  lecturing,  or  conconrs.  The  Spring  faculty  then  existing,  at  the 
request  of  the  college  authorities,  resigned  in  a  body  late  in  November,  1872. 
Thereupon  the  faculty  of  the  college  reappointed  several  of  the  lecturers,  and 
the  balance  of  the  appointees  were  selected  by  conconrs. 

Several  tournaments  of  that  kind  occurred  in  the  new  amphitheater  after 
the  opening  of  the  college  in  the  Fall,  always  in  tlie  evening  and  in  the  presence 
of  both  faculty  and  class.  At  some  of  them  each  candidate  for  a  lectureship 
was  required  to  draw  from  a  hat  in  the  presence  of  the  audience  a  slip  of  paper 
from  many  of  the  different  topics,  on  which  his  subject  was  written,  and  then 
to  proceed  to  lecture  upon  it  for  twenty  minutes  at  least.  At  others  the  can- 
didate was  allowed  to  select  his  own  subject  and  have  it  announced  by  l^resident 
Freer  when  the  lecturer  was  introduced.  All  the  members  of  the  faculty  were 
supposed  to  be  present  so  as  to  be  able  to  vote  intelligently  on  the  performances 
of  the  candidates,  but  on  one  occasion  at  least  several  of  them  were  absent,  and 
so  the  two  candidates  of  the  evening  had  to  repeat  their  lectures  on  a  subsequent 
evening.  The  ordeal  for  most  was  a  severe  one,  especially  for  the  younger  and 
more  inexperienced;  several  came  near  losing  control  of  themselves,  and  one  of 
them,  famous  since  both  as  lecturer  and  practitioner,  actually  did  faint  to  uncon- 
sciousness after  his  lecture  was  over.  The  judges  were  supposed  to  base  their 
voting  mainly  on  the  excellence  of  the  lecturing,  and  there  was  a  general  acqui- 
escence in  their  fairness.  But  that  the  choice  of  teachers  should  have  been  made 
to  depend  so  much  on  capacity  to  speak  fluentl}'  is  an  interesting  illustration  of 
how  completely  the  lecture  was  depended  on  to  teach  the  science  and  art  of 
medicine  at  that  clay.  The  general  attainments  and  cjualifications  of  the  can- 
didates were  to  some  extent  considered  in  making  the  awards,  and  there  had 
been  no  promise  in  terms  that  they  would  not  be,  yet  the  candidates  and  the 
medical  public  understood  that  the  best  lecturer  would  every  time  get  the  place, 
and  this  sort  of  a  contest  must  have  been  on  the  whole  rather  unprofitable, 
since  it  tended  to  encourage  young  men  to  develop  themselves  in  other  direc- 
tions than  in  general  knowledge  of  science  and  powers  of  observation  and 
investigation. 

The  list  of  Summer  Course  Lecturers  for  1873 — "Summer  Course"  it  was 
called  in  the  announcement,  although  it  was  to  begin  on  the  first  Wednesday 
of  March,  and  end  with  June — was  finally  completed  as  follows:  C.  T.  Parkes, 
Anatomy;  L  N.  Danforth,  Pathology;  J.  E.  Owens,  Surgery;  F.  L.  Wadsworth, 
Physiology  and  Histology;    L.    W.    Chase,    Chemistry;  Walter  Hay,    Diseases  of 


28  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Brain  and  Nervous  System;  Philip  Adolphus,  Obstetrics;  A.  Reeves  Jackson, 
Diseases  of  Women  and  Children;  O.  J.  H.  Adams,  General  Therapeutics;  James 
Nevins  Hyde,  Dermatology  and  Syphilis;  Norman  Bridge,  Theory  and  Practice 
of  Medicine;   P.  S.  Hayes,  Chemical  Physics. 

The  last  six  or  seven  members  of  this  corps  had  secured  their  positions  as 
a  result,  to  a  degree  at  least,  of  the  concouis. 

The  Spring  faculty  was  soon  afterward  strengthened  by  the  addition  of  Dr. 
E.  Fletcher  Ingals  to  lecture  in  the  new  department  of  Diseases  of  the  Chest 
and  Physical  Diagnosis;  Dr.  Albert  B.  Strong  on  General  Therapeutics,  after- 
ward Anatomy,  and  Drs.  Edward  Warren  Sawyer  and  J.  Suydam  Knox,  on 
Obstetrics  and  Therapeutics,  respectively. 

From  this  time  forward,  for  nearly  twenty  years,  the  Spring  course  of  lectures 
was  dignified  by  being  made  nearly  as  extensive  in  range  as  the  regular  Winter 
course,  and  it  was  more  extensive  in  some  directions,  although  during  most  years 
it  was  shorter.  Its  full  complement  of  teachers  in  the  several  departments  was 
maintained,  several  didactic  lectures  were  delivered  each  morning,  usually  not 
less  than  three,  and  some  years  four,  while  the  clinics  were  held  in  the  after- 
noon. In  some  of  the  departments  an  effort  was  made  to  have  the  lectures  of 
the  Spring  supplement  those  of  the  Winter,  but  this  was  not  always  successful 
and  in  some  departments  it  was  never  attempted. 

After  the  new  college  building  was  occupied,  some  students  took  advantage, 
of  this  course  to  finish  their  practical  work  in  Chemistry,  as  they  had  before 
done  and  continued  to  do  with  their  Practical  Anatomy,  and  they  always  found 
study  at  this  time  of  the  year  more  tranquil  and  less  exciting,  and  so  many  of 
them  prized  and  profited  by  it.  At  its  close  a  written  examination  was  usually 
held  by  the  respective  teachers,  and  the  results  reported  to  the  faculty,  although 
the  course  was  never  permitted  to  be  counted  as  a  course  of  lectures  in  the 
conditions  of  graduation.  The  classes  in  the  Spring  grew  to  be  quite  formidable, 
some  years  reaching  two  hundred  and  fifty  in  nurnber. 

The  Spring  faculty,  on  the  advice  of  President  Freer,  organized  itself,  and, 
to  some  degree,  conducted  its  own  business  independently  of  the  regular  faculty 
of  the  college.  Dr.  Danforth  was  elected  President  and  Dr.  Wadsworh 
Secretary.  The  Spring  faculty  meeting  became  at  times  an  event;  records  were 
kept;  announcements  were  ordered  and  gotten  out,  of  course  always  under  the 
censorship  of  the  president  or  secretary  of  the  college,  and  the  college  paid  the 
bills;  and  sometimes  it  was  not  only  agreed  how  the  Spring  course  ought  to  be 
conducted,  but  how  the  college  itself  should  be  run.  The  trustees  and  faculty 
never  knew  how  near  their  Spring  and  Summer  men  came,  on  more  than  one 
occasion,    to  making  Rush  College  a  truly  great  institution. 

The  didactic  work  itself  was  in  many  ways  pleasant,  as  the  associations 
among  the  teachers    always  were,    but  no  progressive  men  of    the  tenth  decade 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  29 

of  the  century  can  look  back  at  the  talking  and  silent  listening  of  that  twenty 
years  without  some  sort  of  lamentation  at  the  wonderful  amount  of  energy  given 
away  by  the  teachers,  and  the  amazing  patience  of  successive  classes  of  students 
in  trying  to  learn  the  science  of  medicine  in  this  way,  and  to  make  it  practically 
useful  in  professional  lives.  The  quizzing  done  in  some  of  the  departments  was 
one  of  the  redeeming  features  of  the  didactic  work,  for  that  was  real  teaching, 
and  of  course  the  clinical  work  was  always  valuable  as  a  means  of  learning  the 
art  of  the  doctor. 

The  Spring  faculty  as  an  organization  only  lasted  about  ten  years,  after 
which  this  distinction  was  dropped  in  the  announcement.  Several  of  the  Spring 
teachers  were  from  time  to  time  promoted  from  subordinate  and  substitute  work 
in  the  regular  course,  and  from  this  time  the  Spring  course  became  less  a 
separate  work;  indeed  it  became  distinctly  supplemental  to  the  regular  instruc- 
tion of  the  Winter. 

FACULTY     CHANGES DEATH     OF     PRESIDENT     FREER     (1877). 

Professor  Rea  resigned  the  professorship  of  Anatomy  in  1875,  and  Dr. 
Parkes  was  at  once  promoted  to  the  position.  Dr.  Albert  B.  Strong  was 
appointed  Demonstrator. 

On  April  12,  1877,  the  college  lost,  by  death,  its  second  president.  During 
the  Winter  Dr.  Freer  had  not  been  in  quite  as  good  health  as  usual,  yet  had 
continued  to  perform  his  duties  and  deliver  his  lectures  till  some  time  in  March, 
when  symptoms  of  cerebral  meningitis  came  on,  and  rapidly  grew  worse.  He 
was  conscious  through  most  of  his  sickness  and  suffered  greatly.  It  was  the 
privilege  of  some  of  his  juniors  in  the  college  to  assist  in  caring  for  him  during 
this  sickness,  and  to  witness  fresh  proofs  of  his  great  mind  and  superb  character. 
Many  of  his  utterances  in  their  terseness,  richness  of  meaning  and  choice  of 
language,  were  aphorisms  of  philosophy;  while  his  gentleness  of  spirit  and  purity 
of  soul  were  both  a  revelation  and  an  inspiration. 

Dr.  Freer's  history  was  peculiar  and  instructive.  At  the  age  of  thirty  he 
left  his  farm  and  began  the  study  of  medicine,  prompted  thereto  by  the  recent 
sad  death  of  his  wife  under  the  treatment  of  some  '  'old  school "  doctors  who 
bled  her  toward,  if  not  to  death.  He  had  had  a  good  common  high  school 
education,  possessed  a  thoughtful,  incpiiring  and  rather  skeptical  mind,  and  had 
the  art  of  accjuiring  and  classifying  knowledge.  He  had  once  before  at  the 
age  of  eighteen  pursued  the  study  of  medicine  for  a  short  time.  He  became 
now  a  student  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Brainard  himself,  and  was 
graduated  in  1849.  He  commenced  to  teach  in  the  college  almost  from  the 
hour  of  his  graduation  and  continued  it  uninterruptedly  till  his  fatal  sickness. 
He  faithfully  performed  in  succession  the  duties  of  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy, 
Professor  of    Anatomy,    of    Microscopical    and    Surgical     Anatomy,   of    Military 


30  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Surgery  and  Surgical  Anatomy,  of  Physiology  and  Surgical  Pathology,  of  Phys- 
iology and  Histology,  and  from  1871  of  President  of  the  College.  He  was  a 
rather  unemotional  man,  and,  except  to  the  thoughtful,  an  uninteresting  lecturer, 
but  a  superior  teacher;  students  kept  what  he  told  them — a  proof  of  the 
great  teacher.  He  was  blunt  and  incisive  and  called  a  spade  a  spade.  He 
was  familiarly  known  among  the  students  as  "Pap  Freer,"  which  was  a  sobri- 
quet of  the  truest  affection.  He  died  as  he  had  lived,  universally  respected 
in   and   out    of    the   profession. 

Professor  Allen,  the  senior  surviving  professor,  became,  on  the  death  of 
Freer,    President    of   the   College. 

Several  other  inportant  changes  occurred  in  the  faculty,  as  well  as  in  the 
teaching  and  management  of  the  college.  In  the  Spring  of  1877  Dr.  Powell 
resigned  his  professorship,  and  the  chair  of  Military  Surgery  was  abolished. 
It  has  not  since  been  restored.  Professor  Lyman  was  transferred  to  the  chair 
of  Physiology,  and  had  added  to  his  duties  the  teaching  of  the  Diseases  of 
the  Nervous  System.  Dr.  Wadsworth  was  made  Adjunct  Professor  of  Physi- 
ology. Dr.  Walter  S.  Haines  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Tox- 
icology, to  give  practically  his  whole  time  to  the  college  work  in  this  depart- 
ment. The  teaching  of  Chemistry  in  the  Spring  term,  except  in  the  labora- 
tory, was  omitted  ;  thorough  although  not  extensive  laboratory  courses  were 
instituted,   and    the  following    year    required    as    a    condition  of   graduation. 

INCREASE    OF    CLINICAL    WORK    (1877). 

This  year  (1877)  witnessed  the  first  announcement  of  any  clinical  work  in 
the  college,  except  in  the  department  of  Surgery.  Professor  Gunn  had 
always  devoted  Saturday  afternoon,  from  two  o'clock,  to  a  Surgical  clinic, 
which  was  kept  up  throughout  the  year,  and  was  uniformly  successful  and  val- 
uable. Now  a  clinic  was  announced  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,  by 
Professor  Lyman  ;  one  on  Diseases  of  the  Heart  and  Lungs,  by  Professor 
Ross,  and  one  on  Medicine,  by  Dr.  Bridge,  each  to  be  held  once  a  week 
throughout  the  year.  The  following  year  a  clinic  was  announced  to  be  given 
once  a  week,  by  Professor  Hyde,  on  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases.  Thus  was 
inaugurated  a  wider  scope  of  clinical  teaching  in  the  college  in  addition  to  such 
work  in  hospitals  and  dispensaries,  and  these  clinics  have,  with  a  single  ex- 
ception, not  only  been  maintained  through  all  changes  of  teachers  ever  since, 
but  have  been  from  time  to  time  amplified  and  added  to.  In  1880  four  more 
clinics  were  added  to  the  list,  one  by  Professor  Owens,  on  Orthopedic  Sur- 
gery ;  one  on  Diseases  of  Children,  by  Professor  Miller  and  Dr.  Knox  (now 
conducted  by  Professor  Cotton)  ;  one  on  Gynecology,  by  Professor  Byford 
and    Dr.     Nelson,     and    one    on    Diseases   of   the    Eye  and    Ear,    by    Professor 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


33 


Holmes.       In    1882    the    clinic  in    Orthopedic  Surgery  was    permanently  dropped 
from   the    list,    Professor    Owens    having    resigned  his  chair. 

After  the  cessation  of  this  clinic,  there  were  still  eight  of  at  least  an  hour 
each  occurring  in  the  college  building  every  week  of  the  year,  and  in  eight 
departments  of  medicine  and  surgery.  In  1884  one  was  added  on  Diseases  of 
the  Throat  and  Nose,  by  Professor  E.  Fletcher  Ingals,  which  has  since  been 
enlarged  to  include  also  Diseases  of  the  Chest.  At  the  same  time  a  second 
clinic    on    Surgery    was  begun    by    Professor  Gunn,    which   Professor    Parkes,    his 


THE    LATE    PROFESSOR    GUNN'S    CLINIC. 


successor,  increased  to  three  each  week  in  1890,  and  these  have  been  continued 
by  Professors  Senn  and  Hamilton.  In  1890  the  service  in  the  department  of 
Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases  was  increased  to  two  clinics  per  week  of  an  hour 
each.  The  supply  of  material  for  the  clinics  has  very  rarely  been  short,  and 
usually  there  has  been  more  than  could  be  used  to  the  best  advantage.  The 
cases  have  come  in  part  from  the  dispensary  but  have  been  largel}'  brought  by 
the  fame  of  the  college.  In  the  last  few  years  many  have  come  from  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital,  while  some  of  the  teachers  have  found  no  difficult}'  in 
bringing  many  of  their  private  cases  for  illustration  and  instruction. 

During    the    last    few   courses   of   instruction,    the   college    clinical    work    has 


34  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

attained  really  a  surprising  importance,  no  fewer  than  eleven  clinics  being  given 
each  week  and  at  least  eighteen  hours  being  devoted  to  them,  and  in  all  of 
them  senior  students  are  brought  in  actual  contact  with  the  cases  for  study, 
diagnosis  and  operation.  In  the  graded  course  of  to-day  the  clinical  work  is 
reserved  mostly  for  the  junior  and  senior  classes. 

In  1879  Dr.  Owens  was  appointed  Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery,  a  position 
he  resigned  in  1882.  In  1881  Dr.  Danforth  was  appointed  Professor  of  Patho- 
logical Histology  and  Lecturer  on  Renal  Diseases,  but  resigned  the  following  year. 
Both  these  gentlemen  immediately  accepted  positions  in  the  Chicago  Medical 
College. 

It  was  in  1879,  also,  that,  at  the  request  of  Professor  Miller,  his  chair  was 
divided  and  a  separate  chair  of  Gynecology  created.  To  this  Professor  W.  H. 
B3'ford  was  called,  and  thus,  after  a  lapse  of  exactly  two  decades,  this  dis- 
tinguished man  and  teacher  came  back  to  the  institution  that  first  enticed  him 
to  Chicago.      He  continued  in  the  positit)n  till  his  death  ten  years  later. 

PROFESSOR    W.     II.     HVFORI)    (1879). 

Measured  in  all  ways,  there  have  been  few  grander  men  in  the  college  than 
Byford.  He  was  almost  wholly  self-educated,  never  having  attended  a  school 
other  than  a  medical  college  to  the  amount  of  a  year's  time;  yet  he  was  not 
only  an  eminent  physician  and  gynecologist,  a  pioneer  in  his  day,  but  a  singularly 
well-informed  man  on  all  sorts  of  subjects.  He  was,  beside,  the  author  of  several 
superior  books  on  the  subject  of  his  specialty,  and  had  acquired  a  working 
knowledge  in  reading  and  speaking  at  least  two  foreign  languages.  But  he  was 
greatest  in  what  he  was,  in  his  personal  character.  He  was  the  most  imperturb- 
able of  men  and  had  a  serenity  of  soul  that  any  man  might  covet.  He  had 
learned  early  in  life  that  he  "could  not  afford  to  either  give  or  take  offense," 
and  his  life  spoke  this  truth.  He  did  not  fritter  away  his  energies  upon  trifles, 
but  kept  them  for  the  great  purposes  of  life. 

Dr.  Daniel  T.  Nelson  was  appointed  the  following  year  Adjunct  Professor 
of  Gynecology,  and  for  many  years  gave  the  weekly  clinic  in  that  branch.  In 
1889  Dr.  Nelson  became  Clinical  Professor  of  Gynecology,  and  in  1893  Emeritus. 

DEATH  RECORD  FOR  1887-9O. 

The  faculty  suffered  the  loss  by  death  of  four  of  its  senior  members  within 
the  three  years  of  1887  and  1890  inclusive.  Professor  Gunn  died  on  November 
7,  1887,  Professor  Byford  on  May  21,  1890,  Professor  Ross  in  June,  1890,  and 
Professor  Allen  in  the  Autumn  of  the  same  year.  Professor  Ross  had,  on  account 
of  ill  health,  resigned  his  active  duties  a  year  or  more  before  his  death. 

Professor  Parkes  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Surgery,  and  the  chair  of 
Anatomy  was  taken    by  Dr.   Arthur  D,   Bevan.      Professor   Etheridge  was  trans- 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  37 

ferred  to  the  chair  of  Gynecology,  and  Dr.  D.  R.  Brower  became  Professor  of 
Mental  Diseases,  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  his  stead.  Dr.  Bridge 
who  had  for  several  years  been  Professor  successively  of  Hygiene  and  of 
Pathology,  and  Adjunct  in  Practice  of  Medicine,  was  transferred  to  the  chair 
of  Clinical  Medicine,   etc. 

PROFESSOR  JONATHAN  A.   ALLEN. 

Professor  Allen  had  been  failing  in  health  from  early  in  1887,  but  continued 
to  lecture,  although  less  frequently  and  often  with  the  greatest  suffering,  till  the 
close  of  the  session  of  1890  and  '91,  when  he  resigned  his  active  professorship, 
becoming  Emeritus  Professor,  but  retained  the  office  of  President  till  his  death. 
The  last  year  and  a  half  of  his  life  was  passed  in  nearly  constant  suffering,  yet 
he  spent  it,  in  the  main,  in  cheerfulness,  and  occupied  his  time  in  reading  and 
in  writing  a  history  of  his  life  for  his  children.  His  quick  intellectual  powers 
and  resources  were  never  shown  more  strikingly  than  during  the  first  half  of 
this  period  of  sickness,  whenever  he  could  be  found  free  from  pain.  His 
erudition,  wisdom,  generalization  of  philosophy  and  wit  were  remarkable,  as  his 
career  as  a  teacher  of  medical  students  was  unique.  No  man  who  ever  listened 
to  a  full  course  of  his  lectures  need  be  told  this.  His  lectures  were  so  alive 
with  wit  and  anecdote  that  to  a  beginner  they  were  an  entertainment  of  the 
rarest  sort;  but  it  was  to  the  second-year  student  and  the  practitioner  that  the 
wisdom  of  the  man  shone  through  the  wit.  To  such  his  service  was  the  greatest 
ever  rendered  by  a  teacher  to  man;  for  he  taught  them  how  to  think  and  to 
reason  for  themselves,  a  service  Emerson  had  already  taught  the  world  at  large. 

FACULTY     CHANGES     1889-9O. 

Professor  Lyman  was  appointed  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine  on  the  resignation  of  Professor  Allen,  and  on  his  death  Dr.  Holmes, 
the  senior  professor,    became  President  of  the  College. 

In  1889  Dr.  Nicholas  Senn  was  appointed  Professor  of  the  Principles  of 
Surgery  and  Surgical  Pathology,  as  a  colleague  of  Parkes.  He  resigned  in  1890, 
but  on  the  death  of  Parkes  early  in  1891,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Practice 
of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery,  Dr.  John  B.  Hamilton  being  at  the  same  time 
appointed  Professor  of  Principles  of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery. 

In  1888  Professor  Miller,  after  a  service  in  the  college  of  nearly  thirty 
years,  resigned  his  active  work  and  became  Emeritus  Professor.  Dr.  Knox 
was  appointed  to  his  place.  In  1892  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  became  again 
vacant  by  the  most  untimely  death  of  Professor  Knox.  The  duties  of  the 
department  were  thereupon  assumed  by  Professor  Etheridge,  he  having  had, 
since  then,  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Stehman,  who  was  appointed  Clinical  Professor 
of  Obstetrics.     The  next   year  Dr.   E.   Fletcher    Ingals  was  appointed  Professor 


38  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

of  Lar3'np;ology,  and  in  1891  the  title  of  his  chair  was  changed  to  Laryngology 
and  Practice  of  Medicine,  and  in  1893  to  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of  the 
Chest. 

Dr.  Harold  N.  Pvloyer  was  appointed  Professor  of  Physiology  on  the  transfer 
of  Professor  Lyman  in  1890,  but  the  following  year  became  Adjunct  Profesors 
of  Medicine,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  department  of  Physiology  by  Professor 
William  A.  Locy,  of  the  Lake  Forest  University,  who  was  succeeded  the 
following  year  1)\-  Dr.  John  AL  Dodson,  who  had  been  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
and  Lecturer  on  the  same  subject  in  the  Spring  course  from    1889. 

In  1 89 1  Dr.  Sanger  Brown  was  appointed  Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence.  Dr.  William  T.  Ijclheld  became  Professor  of  Bacteriology.  At. 
the  same  time  the  teaching  corps  was  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  three  Adjunct 
Professors  of  Medicine,  Drs.  Moyer,  Herrick  and  Salisbury,  and  numerous  other 
auxiliary  teachers,  made  necessary  especially  by  the  enlargement  and  change  in 
character  of  the  teaching  in  the  college.  In  1889  the  list  of  teachers  outside  of 
the  members  of  the  executive  faculty,  i.  e.,  those  who  are  the  governing  body 
of  the  college  and  who  sign  the  diplomas,  was  twenty-two;  in  1891  it  was 
thirty-three,   and  in    1895  it  had  grown  to  sixty-one. 

The  great  increase  in  the  teaching  force  in  the  past  few  years  has  been 
made  necessary  by  the  introduction  of  recitation  teaching,  by  the  enlargement 
of  the  laborator}^  and  practical  work,  soon  to  be  described,  and  the  rapid 
increase  in  the  size  of  the  classes,  as  well  as  their  grading  and  classification,  to 
an  extent  not  previousl}-  thought  of. 

A  new  feature  was  intrf)duced  into  the  curriculum  in  1882  in  the  teaching 
of  Dental  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Pathology  and  Surgery,  and  constituted  a 
recognition  by  the  college  of  the  fact  that  dentistry  is  a  specialty  of  medicine. 
Three  eminent  dentists,  friends  of  the  college,  had  long  urged  this  step;  they 
even  advocated  that  all  dentists  should  be  graduates  in  medicine,  and  two  of 
them  had  attended  the  college  and  been  graduated  in  1880,  while  the  other  had 
received  in    1881   the  honorary  degree  of    Medicine. 

Dr.  W.  W.  Allport  was  appointed  Emeritus  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology 
and  Surgery,  and  Dr.  T.  W.  Brophy  actively  to  the  same  chair,  to  give  a  few 
lectures  each  Winter  on  these  subjects;  Dr.  E.  S.  Talbot  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Dental  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the  Spring  course.  Clinical 
Instruction  in  Dentistry  was  given  in  the  Central  Free  Dispensary. 

CHICAGO    COLLEGE    OF    DENTAL    SURGERY. 

About  the  '  same  time,  in  response  to  the  sentiment  just  referred  to,  there 
was  organized  a  school  in  Chicago  for  the  teaching  of  the  technical  branches  of 
dentistry  to  medical  graduates  only,  known  as  the  Chicago  Dental  Infirmary. 
Several    members  of    the    faculty  of    Rush    College    joined  with    the    dentists    in 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  41 

effecting  this  organization.  The  school  was  of  the  highest  order  of  excellence, 
but  had  a  standard  that  was,  at  that  time  at  least,  altogether  too  high  for  the 
public  to  appreciate  in  any  substantial  manner.  The  movement  demonstrated, 
what  medical  schools  in  America  have  more  than  once  found,  that  in  building 
institutions  of  learning  depending  on  support  of  the  public  for  an  existence,  you 
cannot  move  upward  much  faster  than  the  public  appreciation  does.  It  was 
soon  evident  that  the  dental  school  could  be  of  greater  service  to  science  and 
humanity  cast  on  a  plan  more  in  harmony  with  the  habits  of  the  time,  and  so 
it  was  after  a  few  years  transformed  into  an  ordinary  high  class  dental  school, 
and  was  called  The  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery.  It  has  in  its  new  life 
become  the  largest  dental  school  in  the  world,  and  is  second  to  none  in  the 
thoroughness  of  its  work  and  the  equipment  of  its  graduates.  It  is  the  dental 
department  of  the  Lake  Forest  University,  and  has,  opposite  Rush  College 
building,  a  large  and  beautiful  college,  perfectly  adapted  to  its  needs. 

Rush  College  has  continued  its  instruction  in  Dentistry.  Dr.  Talbot's 
title  was  changed  in   1887  to  Lecturer  on  Dental  Pathology  and  Surgery. 

UNIVERSITY     ALLIANCES. 

It  seems  to  have  been,  all  through  the  history  of  Rush  College,  the 
impression  of  its  friends  that  it  ought  if  possible  to  be  attached  to  a  strong 
university.  Very  early  in  its  career  negotiations  were  entered  into  for  a  union 
with  a  Catholic  university  projected  for  Chicago  about  the  middle  of  the  cen- 
tury, and  the  arrangement  was  at  one  time  evidently  supposed  to  be  consum- 
mated, for  the  college  was  in  some  publication  advertised  as  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University,  but  it  must  have  been  found  very  soon  to  have 
been  ill-advised,  for  no  annual  announcement  of  the  college  says  a  word  about 
it  and  the  university  was  not  created. 

Early  in  the  "seventies"  a  union  was  formed  with  the  first  University  of 
Chicago,  and  the  announcement  of  1874-75  was  published  as  a  part  of  that  of 
the  university,  although  it  was  distributed  to  the  profession  mainly  in  a  separate 
form.  But  it  was  a  union  in  name  only;  the  college  retained  its  autonom}',  and 
had  no  sort  of  mutual  relation  of  advice  even  with  the  university,  and  either 
could  terminate  the  relation  at  any  time.  It  is  difficult  to  see  how  any  advan- 
tage could  have  been  expected  from  this  rather  mis-named  union,  for  neither 
corporation  was  in  any  condition  to  help  the  other — each  was  as  poor  as  a  church 
mouse;  the  university  was  in  an  agony  of  debt  from  which  it  could  never 
extricate  itself,  and  died  a  few  years  later;  the  college  was  living  in  a  hovel 
under  the  sidewalk  and  very  much  wanted  seventy-five  thousand  dollars  for  a 
new  building.  The  college  treated  the  union  as  a  tentative  arrangement,  and 
the  relation  soon  ceased. 


42  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

In  June,  1887,  the  college  made  another  alliance,  this  time  with  the  Lake 
Forest  University,  a  Presbyterian  institution  at  Lake  Forest,  some  twenty-eight 
miles  north  of  Chicago,  but  tlic  union  was  one  that  did  not  involve  any  close 
university  relations;  the  college  retained  its  autonomy,  and  has  conducted  its 
work  and  business  in  its  own  way.  The  relation,  such  as  it  is,  has  been 
amicable  in  a  high  degree,  but  the  friends  of  the  college  have  not  ceased  to 
wish  that  it  might  be  closer  and  more  helpful  toward  a  higher  medical  educa- 
tion and  more  scientific  research.  No  scientific  research  is  possible  without 
expensive  laboratories,  outfits  and  endowments,  and  such  are  more  easy  of 
acquisition  and  management  in  a  university  committed  to  the  business  of  general 
education  and  the  care  of  vested  funds.  Yet  the  progress  the  college  has  made 
in  the  last  few  years  toward  higher  education  in  medicine  and  in  the  creation 
of  laboratories  tends  strongly  to  discredit  the  statement  above  made. 

CONDITIONS    FOR     ADMISSION. 

A  new  birth  of  the  college  into  higher  life  and  mission  began  in  1880, 
when  it  was  resolved  to  insist  after  March,  1883,  on  some  definite  condition  of 
admission  into  the  school.  Prior  to  that  time  any  male  person  beyond  the  years 
of  adolescence  could  matriculate  and  enter  the  classes  by  paying  the  fee,  pro- 
vided he  had  no  deformity,  untidiness  of  person  or  misfortune  of  birth  that 
would  make  him  offensive  to  the  other  students.  For  four  years  one  of  the 
conditions  of  graduation  had  been  that  the  candidate  must  have  "such  primary 
education  as  is  clearly  requisite  for  a  proper  standing  with  the  public  and  the 
profession. "  Now  that  was  soon  to  be  stricken  out,  and  the  college  was  to 
know  before  accepting  a  student  that  he  already  had  some  degree  of  primary 
education,  and  so  it  committed  itself  to  the  postulate  that  proper  education  for 
the  profession  must  in  the  nature  of  things  be  founded  on  definite  other  educa- 
tion; that  a  sufificient  primary  education  is  not  desirable  chiefly  for  a  proper 
standing  with  anybody,  but  because  a  sufficient  medical  education  is  impossible 
without  it. 

In  1880  it  was  announced  that  after  March,  1883,  all  applicants  for  admis- 
sion to  the  college  would  be  examined  "in  the  elements  of  physical  science  as 
taught  in  common  school  text  books;  in  arithmetic  to  cube  root."  Previous 
matriculates  of  the  college,  graduates  in  medicine,  those  who  had  passed  the 
entrance  examination  of  a  respectable  literary  college,  or  who  had  been  gradu- 
ated from  a  high  school,    were  to  be  exempt  from  the  examinations. 

In  1883  the  policy  was  carried  into  full  effect,  and  the  details  of  the  con- 
ditions were  changed  so  as  to  admit  without  examination  graduates  of  colleges, 
academies  and  high  schools,  and  holders  of  county  and  State  teachers'  certificates, 
as  well  as  special  students  not  seeking  the  degree.  The  examination  was  to  in- 
clude the   "writing  of  a  brief  paper  on  a  subject  to  be  given,  and  an  examination 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  45- 

in  the  elementary  principles  of  physics  and  mathematics  as  taught  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  country."  Arrangements  were  published  as  to  times  and  places 
of  holding  the  examinations  and  otherwise,  to  make  it  as  little  inconvenient  as 
possible  for  the  students  who  were  obliged  to  take  them;  and  students  were 
"advised  to  acquire,  before  coming  to  the  college,  the  documentary  evidence  of 
their  preliminary  education,  as  indicated  above,  and  thus  save  themselves  the 
necessity  of  an  examination." 

These  conditions  stood  without  change  till  1888,  when  the  acceptance  of  a 
teacher's  certificate  was  hmited  to  that  "of  the  first  grade."  In  the  re-stated 
"terms  of  admission,"  in  the  announcement  of  that  year,  is  what  is  undoubtedly 
an  error  in  print,  for  it  is  declared  that  not  only  are  graduates  of  colleges, 
academies  and  high  schools  accepted  without  examination,  but  also  those  who 
have  "a  certificate  of  examination  for  admission  to  such  an  institution";  that  is, 
to  a  high  school,  which  really  means  in  most  places  grammar  school  work.  This 
surprising  typography  was  continued  the  following  year,  after  which  it  was 
omitted. 

The  following  year,  1889,  the  character  of  the  examination  was  changed  to 
cover  "the  branches  of  a  good  English  education,  including  mathematics,  English 
composition  and  elementary  physics." 

In  1 89 1  the  specified  branches  to  be  covered  by  the  admission  examinations 
included  "the  elements  of  algebra  and  geometry,  English  composition,  elementary 
physics,  rhetoric  and  logic  and  the  rudiments  of  Latin. "  The  following  year  the 
amount  of  algebra  and  geometry  was  specified  (equations  of  the  second  degree 
for  the  former,  and  the  first  book  for  the  latter). 

In  1895  students  found  deficient  in  any  of  the  branches  were  allowed  to 
make  up  their  conditions  during  the  Freshman  year. 

Sundry  universities  and  colleges  having  established  science  courses  for 
students  intending  to  study  medicine,  the  graduates  of  some  of  them,  it  was 
declared,  ' '  are  admitted  without  examination  or  previous  medical  study  to  the 
second  year  of  the  four  required  years  in  Rush  Medical  College."  (Announce- 
ment 1894-95).  Twenty  such  schools  are  named  in  terms,  a  list  which  well 
shows  the  popular  demand  among  students  for  a  thorough  and  special  preparation 
for  the  study  of  medicine,  or  that  the  severer  conditions  of  the  best  medical 
colleges  have  forced  them  to  seek  such  preparatory  schools — in  either  case  a 
most  hopeful  sign  of  the  times. 

REFORMS    IN    THE    CURRICULUM. 

Whether  as  a  cause  or  a  consequence  of  the  new  birth,  the  college  was 
touched  by  the  spirit  of  the  new  education ;  the  impression  was  growing  in 
the  faculty,  by  the  insistence  of  President  Holmes  in  particular,  that  the  meth- 
ods of   teaching  needed  to  be  radically  changed.     There   must  be  more    labora- 


46  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

tory  work,  more  practical  courses,  more  personal  teaching,  and,  if  all  these, 
then,  necessarily,  less  didactic  lecturing  ;  and,  finally,  there  must  be  more  years 
spent  in  the  college  study.  There  must  be  introduced  into  this  medical  col- 
lege work  more  of  the  elements  of  manual  training,  and  the  work  must  be 
graded.  The  impression  grew  to  conviction,  and  so  in  a  half  dozen  years  the 
course    of    study    has    been   metamorphosed   completely. 

Almost  from  the  first  of  the  occupancy  of  the  new  building,  in  1876,  there 
had  been  some  work  done  in  what  easily  passed  for  a  physiological  laboratory, 
and  later  became  one  really,  and  here  c}uite  a  large  number  of  students  took, 
at  their  option,  short  courses  in  Normal  and  Pathological  Histology,  and  the  micro- 
scopic examination  of  urine  and  other  fluids  of  the  body — all  to  their  lifetime 
profit.  But  the  work  could  amount  to  little  until  it  was  required,  and  it  became 
a  condition  of  graduation  for  the  first  time  in    1886. 

In  1889  three  other  courses  of  practical  (manual  training)  work  were 
required  :  One  in  Auscultation  and  Percussion,  one  in  Obstetrical  Manipulations 
and  one  in  Surgical  Operations  upon  the  Cadaver. 

In  1893  the  course  in  the  laboratory  of  Physiology  was  changed  to  Phy- 
siology and  Histology,  in  its  designation,  and  a  course  was  added  in  Pathology 
and  Bacteriology.  One  was  announced  as  required  for  Materia  Medica,  but, 
owing  to  the  unfinished  condition  of  the  laboratory,  it  was  really  not  exacted 
that  year,  nor  was  it  for  the  next  year,  although  the  laboratory  was  finished, 
but    it    has   been    ordained    as    a    requirement    hereafter. 

In  1894  three  additional  courses  were  instituted:  One  on  Bandaging  and 
Minor  Surgery,  one  on  the  use  of  the  Laryngoscope  and  one  on  the  Ophthal- 
moscope and  Otoscope,  and  in  the  fitting  of  spectacles.  The  course  in  Path- 
ology and  Bacteriology  was  divided,  and  the  course  on  Bacteriology  made 
optional  till  the  following  year. 

Thus  in  the  course  of  1895-96  there  will  be  no  less  than  twelve  practical 
courses  of  instruction,  in  which  the  student  m-ust  do  certain  work  in  a  work- 
shop of  some  sort,  under  a  Demonstrator,  whose  certificate  that  he  has  com- 
pleted the  work  in  a  satisfactory  manner  must  be  presented  before  his  name 
can  be  considered  as  a  candidate  for  the  degree.  These  courses  are  :  i. 
Anatomy,  two  courses;  2.  Chemistry;  3.  Physiology  and  Histology;  4.  Path- 
ology; 5.  Bacteriology;  6.  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics;  7.  Auscultation 
and  Percussion;  8.  Obstetrical  Manipulation;  9.  Operative  Surgery  on  the 
Cadaver;  10.  Bandaging  and  Minor  Surgery;  11.  Laryngoscopy;  12.  Oph- 
thalmoscopy,   etc. 

That  the  college  takes  these  requirements  seriously  is  evidenced  by  the  fact 
that  each  student  must  pay  $110  for  the  course  named,  to  which  he  cannot 
even  be  admitted  till  he  has  paid  for  his  matriculation  and  general  tickets,  $85. 

For  many  years  a  part  of   the  didactic   teachers  in  the  college  were  in  the 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  47 

habit  of  quizzing  their  classes  regularly  on  the  ground  already  gone  over  in 
their  lectures,  but  it  was  not  till  1888  that  any  systematic  effort  was  made  to 
introduce  recitation  work  as  a  method  of  teaching  to  take  the  place  of  a  part 
of  the  lectures.  Then  a  small  beginning  was  made,  and  each  year  the  work 
has  been  increased  and  added  to,  till  in  1894-95  there  were  recitations  from  text- 
books in  nearly  all  of  the  cardinal  branches  taught  in  the  college.  Lessons  are 
assigned,  and  student  and  teacher  are  brought  into  as  close  intellectual  relations 
in  the  recitations  as  in  any  school  of  general  education.  For  convenience  the 
classes  are  divided  into  sections,  usually  of  not  more  than  fifty,  and  each  section 
has  a  teacher  who  continues  with  it  in  each  department  throughout  the  year, 
and  each  section  has  a  recitation  in  each  department  of  the  work  for  its  class 
once  or  twice  each  week.  The  recitation  period  is  an  hour,  and  strict  markings 
on  a  decimal  scale  are  kept  of  each  student,  which  are  used  in  promoting  him 
from  class  to  class  and  in  his  final    graduation. 

The  great  increase  in  the  recitation  teaching  has  led  to  a  corresponding 
decrease  in  the  number  of  didactic  lectures.  A  decade  ago  students  in  the 
Winter  course  sat  through  four  lectures  of  an  hour  each  every  forenoon  except 
Sunday,  and  often  heard  two  in  the  afternoon,  making  over  thirty  lectures  a 
week.  Now,  there  are  only  eleven  each  week,  or  an  average  of  one  and  five- 
sixths  didactic  lectures  each  day  for  any  one  class  to  listen  to,  and  correspond- 
ingly more  time  is  devoted  to  clinical  instruction  and  laboratory  work. 

The  change  in  the  methods  of  teaching  has  made  a  large  increase  in  the 
corps  of  instructors  necessary,  and  a  half  dozen  or  more  additional  recitation 
rooms,  as  well  as  an  enormous  increase  in  laboratory  space  and  facilities. 

It  was  apparent  early  in  the  development  of  the  new  education  that  the 
regular  course  in  the  college  was  altogether  too  short  for  the  increased  amount 
and  scope  of  teaching.  For  many  years  the  recjuired  course  had  been  twenty- 
one  weeks;  the  Spring  course  of  fifteen  to  twenty  weeks  was  entirely  optional. 
In  1889  the  regular  course  was  extended  to  twenty-six  weeks,  with  no  holiday 
vacation,  which  made  half  a  year  of  severe  strain  of  study  and  close  application. 
In  1893  the  course  was  made  to  cover  eight  months,  beginning  about  the  first 
of  October  and  ending  the  last  of  May,  with  a  vacation  during  the  midwinter 
holidays.  This  necessitated  the  discontinuance  of  the  Spring  course  of  lectures, 
but  most  of  the  teachers  of  that  course  found  their  hands  more  than  full  in  the 
regular  course  with  the  new  system  of  instruction. 

But  increasing  the  length  of  the  regular  course  was  not  enough;  it  could 
not  possibly  give  time  for  all  the  instruction  insisted  upon;  there  was  one  further 
step  necessary,  and  that  was  to  require  more  courses  of  college  work  and  more 
years  devoted  to  the  study  of  medicine. 

For  a  long  time  the  college  announcements  had  been  illuminated  with 
pleadings    to  ambitious    students   of   medicine    to   spend    more   time,   take    more 


48  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

courses  of  lectures,  and  do  more  work  than  was  really  necessary  to  be  gradu- 
ated. Courses  of  advised  study  were  given  in  detail,  most  convenient  and 
logical,  and  extending  over  at  least  three  years  of  Winter  and  Spring  study  in 
the  college.  For  those  who  did  this  amount  of  work,  or  two-thirds  of  it,  a 
special  certificate  of  honor  was  promised  with  the  signatures  of  the  faculty  and 
the  Spring  faculty  of  the  college.  Quite  a  percentage  of  the  graduating  class 
received  the  certificate  each  year.  But  this  was  not  enough.  The  certificate 
of  honor  was  never  popular,  and  it  is  doubtful  that  many  men  ever  really 
sought  it,  for  it  was  not  given  for  better  work  or  higher  attainments  as  shown 
by  any  test  of  examination — all  students  who  attended  the  larger  number  of 
courses  received  it.  That  document  is  prized  which  best  represents  a  test  of 
strength,  as  well  as  time  and  labor  in  its  acquisition,  and  no  certificate  that  is 
less  than  the  diploma  is  very  precious  beside  it.  The  thing  the  college  saw  as 
necessary  was  to  make  the  diploma  more  valuable  and  harder  to  get. 

It  was  for  a  number  of  years  of  the  college  history  permissible — by  the  terms 
of  the  announcements — for  the  candidate  for  the  degree  to  attend  either  of  his 
two  required  courses  of  lectures  "in  this  Institution."  Afterward  it  was  specified 
that  the  last  one  must  be  attended  here. 

In  1884  the  college  decided  that  thereafter  the  two  required  courses  of 
lectures  for  the  degree  must  not  have  been  delivered  "in  one  twelve-month." 
This  was  a  step  in  the  interest  of  encouraging  college  study  lo  be  distributed 
over  a  longer  time. 

In  1889  it  was  announced  that  after  1891  three  full  courses  of  ■  lectures 
would  be  recjuired,  the  three  years  of  required  college  study  being  unchanged. 
In  1 89 1  this  rule  was  made  effective,  and  each  of  the  three  full  courses  was 
required  to  be  of  '  'at  least  six  months  each. "  At  the  same  time  for  all  students 
matriculating  in  the  Autumn  of  1891,  and  thereafter,  four  years  of  study  were 
required. 

In  1893  the  rule  as  to  the  length  of  the  required  courses  was  relaxed,  the 
words  of    "at  least  six  months  each"  being  omitted. 

In  1894  it  was  announced  that  after  May,  1897,  four  full  courses  of  lectures 
would  be  required  for  the  degree.  Then  also  the  certificate  of  honor  was 
abolished. 

GRADED    STL?DIES. 

The  system  of  instruction  began  to  assume  the  graded  character  in  1880, 
when  final  examinations  in  certain  branches  were  permitted  at  the  end  of  the 
second  Winter  course  of  lectures  for  three-year  students.  These  branches  were 
Descriptive  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics, 
and  no  change  was  made  in  this  program  for  twelve  years;  but  in  1892  there 
were  added  to  this  list  Dental  Pathology  and  Surgery,  Bacteriology,  Hygiene 
and  Medical  Jurisprudence. 


EDWARD    L.    HOLMES.   M,  D..    LL.  D. ,   PRESIDENT    OF    THE    FACULTY. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  .  51 

In  1890  the  course  of  study  was  thorou,qhly  graded  into  first,  second 
and  third  year  work. 

The  first  year  included  Anatomy  with  Dissections;  Elementary  Chemistry 
and  Physiology,  with  laboratory  work  in  the  Physiological  Laboratory,  and 
Materia  Medica;  and  final  examniations  were  permitted  in  Elementary  Physiol- 
ogy,   Elementary   Chemistry  and   Materia  Medica. 

The  second  year  included  Anatomy,  Advanced  Chemistry,  with  Urinalysis, 
Advanced  Physiology,  Therapeutics,  Medicine,  Surgery,  Obstetrics,  Gynecology, 
Dissections  and  Clinical  Work,  Practical  Courses  in  Auscultation  and  Per- 
cussion, Obstetrics  and  Surgery,  with  final  examinations  in  Anatomy,  Physiology, 
Chemistry  and  Therapeutics. 

The  third  year  included  Medicine,  Surgery,  Obstetrics,  Diseases  of  Children, 
Gynecology,  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  Skin  and  Veneral  Diseases  and  General 
Clinical  Work,  with  final  examinations  in  all  the  practical  departments. 

The  following  year  Pathology  was  added  to  the  work  of  the  secon'd  year; 
Auscultation  and  Percussion  were  put  in  the  third  year,  and  there  were  added  also 
Pathology,  Laryngology,  Hygiene,  Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Orthopedic  Surgery. 
A  fourth  year  was  suggested  of  clinics,  special  courses,  etc. 

In  i<S92  there  was  a  considerable  rearrangement  of  the  studies  in  the 
respective  years.  The  final  examinations  of  the  second  year  were  allowed  to  be 
deferred  to  the  end  of  the  third,  and  those  of  the  third  (the  finals)  to  the  end 
of  the  fourth. 

In  1894  the  years  of  college  study  were  named  formally  Freshman,  Sopho- 
more, Junior  and  Senior,  and  the  studies  of  each  given  in  greater  detail  in  the 
announcement. 

Examinations  were  fixed  for  the  close  of  the  Freshman,  Sophomore  and 
Junior  years  to  ascertain  the  fitness  of  the  student  to  enter  the  next  class.  At 
the  end  of  the  Sophomore  year  students  were  admitted  to  final  examinations  in 
Anatomy,  Physiology,  Chemistry  and  Materia  Medica. 

DEGREES    AND    PRIZES. 

To  satisfy  a  demand  among  students  and  in  the  profession  for  a  degree 
higher  than  the  prevalent  one,  the  college  created  in  1889  that  of  /doctor  i\Icdi- 
cince  cum  laudc\  but  on  the  sole  condition  that  the  candidates  had  "pursued 
their  studies  a  fourth  year. "  It  was  seen  immediately  that  the  conditions  of 
this  degree  should  for  its  own  sake  be  made  more  severe,  and  so  the  following 
year  it  was  required  that  the  candidate  must  not  be  a  graduate  in  medicine; 
must  not  have  been  unsuccessful  in  a  previous  examination  lor  the  degree  in 
medicine;  must  have  attended  three  courses  of  six  months  each,  each  course 
equivalent  in  time  to  those  here,  and  the  last  in  this  college;  must  have  studied 
medicine    four    years,   and    passed   a    satisfactory    final    examination    in    letters. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


general  science  and  medicine,    fulfilling  all  other    requirements  for    graduation  in 


this  college. 


The  following  year  {1891)  the  conditions  of  this  degree  were  much  simplified, 
and  read  as  follows:  "Fn-st,  the  candidate  must  not  be  a  graduate  in  medicine; 
second,  he  must  not  have  been  unsuccessful  in  a  previous  examination  for  the 
degree    in    mcdicme;    third,    he  must    have    studied    medicine  in  this  college  four 


THE    BENJAMIN    RUSH    MEDAL. 


THE    DANIEL    BRAINARD    MEDAL. 


years,  fulfilling  all  other  requirements  for  graduation,  and  passing  a  superior  final 
examination. " 

In  1894  another  condition  was  added,  namely,  that  the  candidate  must 
possess  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  or  Bachelor  of  Science. 

From  1 89 1  prizes  for  industry  or  proficiency  began  to  be  offered  to  the 
students.  The  faculty  founded  that  year  the  Benjamin  Rush  Prize  of  a  gold 
medal  of  the  value  of  $50,  to  be  given  at  each  Commencement  to  that  member 
of  the  graduating  class  whose  examination  shall  have  been  the  highest  ' '  in  every 
department  of  medicine  represented  that  year  in  the  examination  for  the  degree. " 

Dr.  J.  R.  Brandt,  then  a  member  of  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners  and 
Chairman    of   the    Hospital    Committee    thereof,   gave   that   year  a  prize    of    $50 


1 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


55 


to  the  student  passing  the  most  successful  examination  for  the  position  of  interne 
in  the  Cook  County  Hospital. 

In  1892  the  faculty  established  another  annual  prize,  called  the  Daniel 
Brainard  Prize,  in  the  form  of  a  gold  medal  to  be  given  to  the  student  present- 
ing to  the  college  museum  the  best  accepted  dissection  in  Surgical  Anatomy. 

Professor  DeLaskie  Miller  founded  an  annual  prize,  which  bears  his  name, 
of  a  set  of  obstetrical  instruments,  for  the  best  student  in  Obstetrics,  the  grad- 
uating class  by  vote  to  determine  the  winner  of  the  prize.      The  following  year 


THE  J.  W.  FREER  MEDAL. 


THE  L.  C.  P.  FREER  MEDAL. 


the  conditions  of  this  prize  were  altered  to  make  its  bestowal  depend  on  passing 
the  best  examination  in  Obstetrics  by  a  student  receiving  no  other  prize. 

In  1893  Mr.  Nathan  M.  Freer,  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees,  in  honor 
of  his  uncle,  the  late  President  J.  W.  Freer,  and  his  father,  the  late  Hon.  L.  C.  P. 
Freer,  for  many  years  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  set  aside  $2,000,  the 
income  from  which  is  to  be  annually  devoted  to  two  prizes  to  be  awarded  for 
excellence  in  different  departments  of  medicine,  "to  members  of  the  middle  and 
senior  classes  respectively,"  i.  e.,  four  prizes  in  all  annually.  "The  subjects  for 
competition,  differing  in  consecutive  years,  are  announced  to  the  classes  interested 
on  the  conclusion  of  the  Christmas   vacation." 


THE    LABORATORY    BUILDING. 


It  was  early  apparent,  when  the  scope  and  amount  of  study  in  the  college 
began  to  be  increased,  that  more  space  was  and  would  be  required  for  laboratory 


56 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


and  recitation  rooms;  the  colleoje  buildino;  was  taxed  to  its  utmost  in  every  way 
and  was  insufficient  even  before  the  present  great  increase  in  work  was  required. 
After  considering  the  matter  dehberately  and  in  all  its  bearings,  the  members  of 
the  faculty  determined  to  buy  another  lot  and  erect  a  new  building  upon  it  for 
the  school;  so  in  1893  was  reared  the  substantial  new  brick  and  stone  laboratory 
building  directly  opposite  the  main  college  edifice  on  Harrison  Street.  It  is  five 
stories  high  and  has  a  frontage  of   a  hundred  feet. 

The  Anatomical  Department  is  situated  in  the  top  floor  and  is  unconnected 


^iiliiiimiiiiiMicyminiiimimmiiMipniriii^^ 


THE    LABORATORY    BUILDING. 


with  the  floors  below  it  even  by  a  stairway  that  is  indoors.      Its  floor  is  water- 
proof and  the  tables  are  of  iron  and  glass. 

The  floors  below  this  are  occupied  by  laboratories  of  Chemistry,  Pathology, 
Physiology,  Histology,  Bacteriology  and  Materia  Medica,  and  by  recitation  rooms, 
an  office  and  a  janitor's  residence.  All  the  ordinary  laboratory  work  is  thus 
transferred  to  the  new  laboratory,  leaving  the  main  buflding  to  be  made  more 
useful  for  the  increased  clinical  instruction  now  in  vogue.  The  only  laboratory 
in  the  old  building  is  a  new  one  in  a  room   adjacent  to  the  clinical  amphitheater 


ZT) 


|AB0RAT0RY-ChEMI5TRY 

■JiiUJMSiiM/liillMlM! 


t; 


■|TT  r  1 -TT  r  1  T-n  •  -  rn-T  n-rrr  r  I- rrcpr ,  - -m  T  n:7 

tABORATORYof  BACTERIOLOGY 

IIIIIWllliaillllill|fivilllltx1 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


59 


and  fitted  up  as  a  clinical  laboratory,  where  the  various  tests  and  examinations 
of  products  of  disease,  tumors,  lesions  and  fluids  of  the  sick  and  of  the  body  are 
made  on  the  instant,  as  the  exigencies  of  the  clinics  require.  This  laboratory  is 
supplied  with  every  necessary  instrument  of  precision  and  is  attended  by  one 
or  more  expert  laboratory  instructors  during  every  clinic.  It  is  an  adjunct  to 
clinical  study  that,  at  this  day,  is  absolutely  necessary  if  the  work  is  to  be 
tliorough. 

The  laboratories  of  the  new  building  are  fitted  and  furnished  in  a  modern 
way  and  appear  to  be  perfectly  adapted  to  their  purposes. 

The  new  laboratory  building,  including  its  lot  and  its  fittings,  cost  upward 
of  $80,000,  and  was  a  gift  to  the  trustees  by  the  executive  faculty  as  a  memorial 
to  its  deceased  members — those  who  have  fallen  while  in  the  service  of  the 
institution — Professors  Brainard,  Blaney,  Freer,  Gunn,  Byford,  Ross,  Allen, 
Parkes  and  Knox. 

The  building  was  dedicated  formally  on  December  4,  1893,  just  fifty  years 
after  the  first  course  of  lectures  in  Rush   College  was  begun. 

THE     TRESBYTERIAN     lIOSriTAL. 

The  part  performed  by  Rush  Medical  College  in  the  creation  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Hospital  is  one  altogether  creditable.  The  late  Professor  I'ioss  was 
perhaps  more  instrumental  in  the  initiation  of  this  noble  charity  than  any  other 
person,  and  he  has  been  rightly  named  the  founder  of  the  hospital,  but  several 
other  members  of  the  faculty  strongly  seconded  him  in  his  early  advocacy  of  it. 
Finally  all  favored  it,  and  the  college  took  the  first  steps  and  expended  the  first 
money.  It  bought  a  lot,  planned  a  small  hospital  structure,  and  carried  this 
nearly  to  completion  before  it  was  known  that  it  would  ever  pass  under  the 
care  of  the  Presbyterian  order.  The  college  was  determined  that  there  should 
be  a  new  hospital.  It  was  Ross  himself,  a  stanch  Presbyterian,  who  enlisted 
the  church  of  his  faith  in  the  organization  of  a  hospital  association  for  this 
purpose  when  the    little    hospital    adjoining    the  college  was    just  being  finished. 

It  was  early  in  18S2  that  the  discussion  among  the  faculty  and  trustees  of 
the  needs  and  possibilities  of  the  proposed  hospital  had  reached  a  point  that 
promised  success.  Professor  Ross  had  secured  from  his  iather-indaw,  the 
late  Tuthill  King,  Esq.,  ten  thousand  dollars  as  a  gift  toward  a  l)uilding  fund 
for  the  proposed  hospital,  on  condition  that  he,  the  donor,  should  have  the 
perpetual  right  to  "one  free  bed"  in  the  hospital.  The  trustees  took  this  gift 
and  other  moneys  raised  among  the  faculty  and  proceeded  in  1883  to  begin 
the  erection  of  the  first  two  wings  of  the  future  great  hospital,  on  a  lot  they  had 
already  secured  directly  north  of  the  college  building.  In  the  Winter  of  1883 
and  '84,  the  college  and  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  Association,  already  chartered 
by  the    State,    made    an    agreement  whereby    the    college    deeded    the    lot    and 


6o  ■  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

unfinished  building  (on  which  $25,000  had  already  been  expended)  to  the  associa- 
tion, on  condition,  among  other  things,  that  the  latter  should  finish  the  building 
and  open  and  maintain  it  perpetually  as  a  hospital.  The  association  immediately 
took  charge,  finished  the  building  and  opened  it  as  a  hospital  in  the  Autumn  of 
that  year.      It  was  capable  of  taking  and  caring  for  eighty  patients. 

A  medical  staff  was  appointed  of  six  consulting  and  fourteen  attending 
members,  of  whom  ten  belonged  to  the  faculty  of  the  college.*  Very  soon  the 
hospital  was  full  of  patients,  and  more  room  was  demanded.  A  plan  for  a 
main  l)uilding  to  front  on  Congress  Street  was  soon  made,  and  the  friends  of 
the  institution  and  members  of  the  religious  order  committed  to  its  care 
were  asked  to  contribute  to  the  funds  needed.  Numerous  gifts  were  made  of 
liberal  sums,  but  not  enougli  to  warrant  the  taking  of  active  steps  toward  the 
erection  of  an  additional  building.  Finally,  by  the  bequest  of  something  over 
$200,000  by  the  estate  of  the  late  Daniel  A.  Jones,  the  association  was  able  to 
erect  tlie  magnificent  front  of  the  greater  Presbyterian  Hospital,  making  a  house 
for  the  sick  with  a  capacity  of  three  hundred  beds.  The  newer  structure  is 
practically  fireproof,  and  is  named,  in  honor  of  the  chief  donor,  the  "Daniel  A. 
Jones  Memorial  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital."  It  is  adapted  to  the  needs  of 
the  sick  to  a  remarkable  degree.  Tn  1894-95  a  new  operating  amphitheater 
was  added  to  the  hospital  structure. 

The  Presbyterian  Hospital  has  nearly  always  been  well  filled  with  patients 
— often  it  is  overflowing;  it  has  the  frank  and  hearty  support  of  nearly  the 
entire  Presbyterian  order  in  Chicago.  It  has  fulfilled  a  high  mission  to  the 
sick  already  and  is  destined  to  still  more  exalted  usefulness.  The  Rush  College 
faculty  has  sent  to  it  each  year  large  numbers  of  patients,  man)'  of  whom 
have  been  of  advantage  in  clinical  teaching. 

The  hospital  has  long  since  outgrown  its  capacity  and  been  obliged  to 
acquire  b}'  purchase  some  neighboring  houses  for  convalescent  patients,  for  the 
housing  of  its  hv\\)  and  for  a  Maternity  department.  This  latter  has  become 
so  large  a  brancli  of  the  work  under  the  able  management  of  Dr.  H.  B.  Steh- 
man,  for  many  years  the  superintendent  of  the  hospital,  that  tlie  obstetrical 
cases  are  numerous  enough  to  allow  every  member  of  the  graduating  classes  of 
the  college  to  attend  one  or  more;  indeed,  each  member  is  required  to  see  at 
least  one  case.  This  service  is  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  poor  women  who 
are  the  patients,  since  the  confinements  occur  with  strict  aseptic  precautions  and 

*The  Consulting  Staff  consisted  of  Drs.  J.  Adams  Allen,  R,  C.  Hamill,  Chas.  Oilman 
Smith,  R.  N.  Isham,  R.  G.  Bogue  and  W.  H.  Byford;  and  the  Attending  Staff  of  Drs.  J.  P. 
Ross,  H.  M.  Ljman,  Norman  Bridge,  Moses  Gunn,  C.  T.  Parkes,  D.  W.  Graham,  E.  W. 
Whitne}',  E.  L.  Holmes,  Lyman  Ware,  DeLaskie  Miller,  J.  S.  Knox,  J.  Nevins  Hyde,  R.  D. 
MacArthur  and  J.  A.  Robison.      Dr.  E.  P.  Davis  was  the  Resident  Physician. 


tf^^rv 


*9 


[ABORATOf^Yo^HISTOLOGY-^^^^  PATHOLOGY 


/'     "^|A_BORATORYo-f\ATERIA  /^EDICA   ^^  *^\ 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  6i 

under  the  direction  always  of  the  attendant  or  his  assistant,  as  well  as  the 
undergraduates,  conditions  that  are  unspeakably  safer  and  more  comfortable 
than  could  be  had  at  their  homes. 

POST-GRADUATE    INSTRUCTION. 

Post-graduate  instruction  was  undertaken  in  a  modest  way  by  Kush  Col- 
lege as  early  as  1879  and  was  continued  with  varying  success  for  several  years. 
A  course  was  arranged  for  practitioners  for  the  last  five  weeks  of  the  regular 
Winter  term.  The  regular  lectures  in  the  practical  branches  for  that  time  dealt 
with  subjects  of  special  interest  to  such  students;  they  attended  the  regular  clinics, 
the  hospital  and  dispensary,  and  several  private  courses,  mostly  of  jM'actical 
instruction,  were  provided  for  such  as  could  take  them — such  as  Operative  Mid- 
wifery, Operations  on  the  Cadaver,  Physical  Diagnosis,  Practical  Examination 
of  the  Urine,  Use  of  the  Ophthalmoscope,  Laryngoscopy,  etc.  A  fee  of  $10  was 
charged  for  each  private  course. 

No  material  change  in  the  Practitioners'  course  was  made  till  18S1,  when 
it  was  moved  forward  to  the  month  of  April.  It  had  never  been  entirely  satis- 
factory to  have  it  occur  during  the  last  crowded  weeks  of  the  regular  term,  for 
then  the  regular  Winter  teachers,  who  taught  the  practitioners,  were  fatigued 
with  their  labors,  and  the  preparations  for  the  close  of  the  term,  the  examina- 
tions especially,  seemed  to  occupy  every  moment  of  spare  time.  In  the  course 
of  1 88 1  four  lectures  were  given  daily  by  the  .regular  faculty,  besides  several 
courses  of  practical  instruction.     The  fee  for  the  entire  course  was  fixed  at  $30. 

This  change  in  the  Practitioners'  course  proved  to  be  more  satisfactory  to 
teachers  and  students, .  and  it  was  continued  to  1885,  inclusive.  But  the  classes 
were  small,  and  the  efforts  to  conduct  a  post-graduate  school  in  the  midst  of 
undergraduate  instruction  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  very  successful,  and  the 
college  abandoned  it  as  an  announced  part  of  its  regular  work.  During  the 
later  years  of  greater  clinical  and  practical  instruction  (or  manual  training)  in 
the  college,  a  large  number  of  post-graduate  students  have  come  unannounced 
and  uninvited  to  take  such  courses  in  the  laboratories  and  clinics  as  in  their 
own  minds  might  profit  them,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  they  have  received  vastly 
more  benefit  than  was  ever  possible  in  any  of  the  announced  Practitioners'  courses 
of  some  years  ago. 

THE    COLLEGE    SPIRIT. 

One  of  the  most  encouraging  signs  of  the  late  years  of  Rush  College  is  the 
growth  among  both  teachers  and  students  of  what  may  be  called  the  '  'college 
spirit."  The  Alumni  Association,  which  was  organized  in  1867,  has  regular  an- 
nual sessions  extending  over  three  days,  and  has  contributed  to  this  sentiment, 
and  is  steadily  growing  in  its  usefulness.  The  college  students'  monthly,  TJic 
Corpuscle,   is    its    organ,    in  which  there  is  an  Alumni  department  edited  by  one 


64  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

of  them.  On  Commencement  week  of  eacli  year  the  association  holds  its  regu- 
lar annual  meeting,  its  members  come  together  for  a  reunion,  for  the  reading 
of  scientific  papers,  for  discussion  of  the  interests  of  the  college,  the  association 
and  the  profession  in  general.  In  the  evening  of  Commencement  day  the  alumni 
and  faculty  sit  down  to  a  banquet  conducted  by  the  association.  The  Com- 
mencement day  banquet  has  been  an  event  ever  since  1879,  and  has  contrib- 
uted in  no  small  degree  to  the  college  interests. 

In  the  past  ten  years  college  loyalty  has  moved  many  alumni  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  their  respective  classes  in  a  most  appropriate  way,  in  the  fixing 
in  the  college  building  of  permanent  class  tablets,  each  bearing,  beside  the  name 
of  the  class,  some  fitting  motto.  The  north  wall  of  the  great  clinical  amphi- 
theater has  been  furnished  with  a  large  number  of  oak  panels  to  receive  the 
class  tablets;  and  regularly  every  class  before  its  graduation,  on  a  day  set  aside 
as  Class  Day,  with  appropriate  exercises,  dedicates  its  class  tablet,  and  all  of  the 
classes,  graduated  before  this  beautiful  custom  was  introduced,  have  erected  tablets. 
How  fitting  and  valuable  this  usage  has  come  to  be  is  shown  by  the  list  of 
tablet  inscriptions  here  presented.  The  eloquence  of  the  mottoes  goes  to  the 
soul  of  every  true  phvsician  who  reads  them:  "  Virtiitc  ct  laborer  "  I  obey;" 
''  Alcdico  ignorantia  scchis"  (In  a  Physician  Ignorance  Is  a  Crime);  '"Res  sacra 
est  miser"  (A  Sufferer  Is  a  Sacred  Thing);  "Seek  the  Truth";  ''  Qnisquee  siicc 
fornnue  faber"  (Every  One  the  Carver  of  His  Own  Fortune);  "'  Miiiistrare 
non  luinistrari"  (Not  To  Be  Ministered  Unto,  but  to  Minister);  "  Tcnctc  qitod 
bonuiii  est"  and  many  more  of  like  meaningful  significance.  The  north  wall  of 
the  amphitheater  is  truly  poetic  space. 

In  explanation  of  the  custom  noted  above,  it  should  be  stated  that  at  a 
meeting  of  the  faculty  held  late  in  the  term  of  1889-90  a  plan  was  proposed 
and  approved  by  the  faculty  to  have  each  succeeding  class  in  the  college  select 
a  motto,  inaugurate  class  day  exercises,  and  unveil  a  tablet  in  the  amphitheater 
on  which  should  be  engraved  the  class  motto  and  the  year  of  graduation,  and 
which  should  be  presented  to  the  college.  This  class  was  the  first  to  have  such 
tablet  prepared,  the  motto  for  which  was  suggested  by  Dr.  J.  Adams  Allen, 
who  was  in  almost  a  dying  condition:  "  Tcnctc  quod  bonnin  est."  During  the 
Summer  of  1890  panels  were  constructed  in  the  north  wall  of  the  upper  amphi- 
theater, and  since  that  year  the  classes  have  held  class  day  exercises  and  have 
unveiled  a  tablet.  Since  that  time,  also,  through  various  means,  mottoes  have 
been  selected  and  tablets  placed  in  these  panels  for  every  class  graduated  from 
Rush  College. 

The  entire  list  of  mottoes  is  as  follows: 

1844  U/ius  ct  So/iis.  ^847     Medico  Ignorantia   Scctus. 

1845  I   Obey.  1848     Fidelity. 
J846     Healing:     Art  Divine.  1849     3cl}  6ten. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


67 


1850 

Fortitcr  ct  Suaviici\ 

1873 

I85I 

Courage  and   Diligence. 

1874 

1852 

Virtiitc  ct  Lahore. 

1875 

1853 

Ut  prosiin. 

1876 

1854 

Teuax  Propositi. 

1877 

1855 

For  the  Healing  of  the  Nations. 

1878 

1856 

Fidcli  ccrta  JMcrces. 

1879 

1857 

Rectitude. 

1880 

1858 

Fide  ct  Lahore. 

1881 

1859 

Where  Suffering   Calls. 

1882 

i860 

Esto  Probns  et   Vcrus. 

1883 

I86I 

Work   Makes  Worth. 

1884 

1862 

Nohiessc  ohiigc. 

1885 

1863 

Sali/s  Populi  Suprciiia  Lex. 

1886 

1864 

Steadfast. 

1887 

1865 

'  ANAFl^lEIHE. 

1888 

1866 

Be  Men. 

1889 

1867 

Qui  Ediieat  .Siistiiiet. 

1890 

1 8^8 

Seek  the  Truth. 

1891 

1869 

Qi/isqi/e  si/ie  Fortuiiie  Faher. 

1892 

1870 

Crcscat  Proficiat. 

1893 

1871 

Opportiiiiitateiit. 

1894 

1872 

The  Fire  Class  1871-72:  Carpe  Diem. 

1895 

Speed  the   Rescue. 

Fae  Recte  et  Nil   Time. 

Ne    Tentes  out  Perfice. 

Ultia   J^rosei/iior 

Niiiiqiiam  Ketrorsiim. 

Respect  the  Old — Inspect  the  New. 

Aliiiiitrare  iion  Ali/iistrari. 

Patio/-  et  Potior. 

Floreat  giii  Laimraf. 

Speeteiiiiir  Agendo. 

Res  .Sacra  est  Jl/iser. 

Quo  Miscria  Ducit. 

Fiat  Lux. 

Scic/itia  et  Ratio. 

Semper  L^aratits. 

I   Will. 

Te/ietc  iji/od  Boiiiim  est. 

Nil  sine  Lahore. 

Noil  Fiiiitiiiii  scd  Iiiceptiim. 

Aliis  Iiisci-ciciido  Coiisninor. 

Proscieiitia  et  Lfiiiiiaiiitate. 

Qui  lion  Proficit  Deficit. 

The  faculty  has  contributed  further  to  the  same  end  by  decorating  this  wall 
with  various  mottoes  and  inscriptions  and  memorials  of  deceased  members  of 
the  faculty  and  trustees.  There  are  a  bust  in  marble  of  Brainard  by  Volk, 
presented  by  Professor  Edwin  Powell  on  the  occasion  of  the  opening  of  the  first 
course  of  lectures  in  the  college  building,  on  October  4,    1876. 

Portraits  in  oil  of  Blaney  and  Freer  by  F.  W.  Freer,  presented  by  the 
faculty  in    1878. 

A  bronze  medallion  of  Gunn,  by  Kritschmar,  presented  by  the  faculty  and 
the  alumni  in    1889.  ■     '        • 

A  brass  memorial  tablet  to  Brainard,  presented  by  his  son  in  1890,  and 
bearing  the  inscription:  "To  the  memory  of  Daniel  Brainard,  the  founder  of 
Rush  Medical  College  and  its  first  Professor  of  Surgery,    181 2-1866." 

The  life-size  portrait  of  Allen  by  Phillips,  hung  in  the  amphitheater  in  1890 
but  presented  to  the  college  by  the  subject  himself  in    1884. 

A  bronze  bust  of  Parkes  by  Kritschmar,  presented  on  September  29,  1891, 
by  Mrs.  Parkes. 

A  bronze  memorial  tablet  of  Ross  presented  in  1893  by  Mrs.  Ross,  and 
bearing  the  inscription:  "In  memoriam  Joseph  Presley  Ross,  for  twenty-two 
years  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  Rush  Medical  College,  the  founder  of  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  the  leader  whose  energy  and  courage  secured  the  funds 
for  rebuilding  the  college  after  the  great  fire  of    1871.      182 8- 1890." 


68 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


A  portrait  in  oil  of  the  late  Hon.  L.  C.  P.  Freer,  for  twenty-seven  years 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  painted  by  his  nephew,  F.  W.  Freer,  and 
presented  in   1893  by  his  son,  Nathan  M.  Freer. 

Portraits  in  oil  of  Professor  Miller  and  of  Professor  E.  In^ijals  by  Healy, 
and  presented  on  May  21,   1894. 

A  medallion  in  bronze  of  Knox,  by  Hahn,  and  presented  on  Deeember  4, 
18^4,  by  Mrs.  Knox  and,  finally,  a  life-sized  bust  in  bronze  of  Byford  Ijy  Taft, 
and  presented  on  December  30,   1894,  by  his  family. 

These  are,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  add,  works  of  art  of  a  high  order  and 
constantly  a  pleasure  and  an  inspiration.  They  are  fitting  memorials  of  men  who 
have    spent    noble    years    of    usefulness    and  honor  in    the  service  of  the  college. 

The  most  notable  inscription  on  the  wall  of  the  amphitheater  is  this: 
' '  Dedicated  to  the  Quest  of  Knowledge  that  May  Lessen  Pain  and  Prolong  Life. ', 


OJATJ'lil'  'PIAD^d'lxil'  Jl'dtlKl)::: 


Diiac  Mcdiciiuc   Cardincs,    ratio  ct  obscrvatio. 

BENJAMIN    RUSH, 

1745-1813, 

Physician   and   Patriot. 


Burnt   1 87 1. 
Rebuilt   1875. 


Chartered    1837. 
First  Lecture   1843. 


This  wall  also  bears  in  colossal  size  the  design  of  the  college  pin,  a  beauti- 
ful conception  for  the  purpose,  and  adopted  by  common  consent  a  few  years  ago. 
A  cut  of  it  is  given  hereafter.  Little  things  count;  sometimes  they  are  more 
potent  than  some  great  things  in  determining  the  events  of  life  and  the  careers 
of  men,  and  nobody  can  tell  what  an  influence  on  the  later  students  and  alumni 
of  Rush  College  may  have  been  exercised  by  the  custom  of  wearing  the  college 
pin,  the  college  button,*  and  by  the  college  yell.f 

*The  college  button  is  in  three  colors,  arranged  in  three  triangles — the  colors  are  rub}^  red, 
black  and  orange,  the  first  two  being  the  colors  of  Lake  Forest  University,  and  orange  that  of 
Rush  College. 

tR-U-S-H— Ruh— rah!     Ruh!— rah!!     R-U-S-H- 
Regular!     Regular!     Rali-Rah-RahU 


-Ruh!— rah!     Ruh!— rah!! 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  69 

A  college,  or  a  school  yell,  is  always  synonomous  with  some  class  doings,  and 
possibly  class  hilarity;  but  class  hilarity,  even,  is  a  thing  that  sometimes,  through 
the  memory  of  men  in  after  life,  keeps  them  true  to  their  better  traditions  and 
up  to  the  mark  of  their  best  powers. 

The  college  monthly  journal,  T/ie  Corpuscle  is  both  a  result  and  a  cause 
of  the  spirit  already  referred  to.  This  publication  was  begun  in  the  Wmter  of 
1890-91,  is  under  the  editorial  management  of  the  students  of  the  college, 
and  is  issued  monthly.  It  is  the  official  organ  of  the  Alumni  Association.  Of 
course  it  is,  so  far  as  the  college  is  concerned,  an  un- 
ofiicial  publication,  but  it  has  been  conducted  with  such 
superior  skill,  discretion  and  good  taste  that  members 
of  the  faculty,  notably  the  president,  have  heartily  en- 
couraged it,  as  they  have  no  doubt  it  has  contributed  the  alumni  pin 
to  the  growth  of  the  best  college  and  personal  aspiration  and  ambition  among 
students  and  alumni. 

A  publication  if  possible  more  remarkable  than  The  Corp2isch\  is  TJie 
Pulse,  an  annual  begun  in  the  Spring  of  1894  and  issued  in  the  form  of  a 
book  of  nearly  three  hundred  pages.  It  is  the  work  entirely  of  students  below 
the  Senior  class,  and  is  a  complete  history  of  the  classes  and  all  that  belongs 
to  them  and  most  that  interests  them,  of  the  college  year  and  in  a  way  of  the 
college  itself,  and  is  profusely  illustrated,  the  drawings  being  also  almost  wholly 
the  work  of  the  students.  The  books  show  talent  of  a  high  order  in  literary, 
artistic  and  humorous  directions,  and  are  a  rare  compliment  to  the  qualities  of 
the  Rush   College  student  of  to-day. 

Another  evidence  of  the  class  spirit  is  the  growth  of  athletics  among  the 
students.  There  are  a  baseball  and  a  football  team  in  active  life  and  work, 
and  a  department  of  athletics  in  The  Corpuscle.  While  in  the  community, 
and  perhaps  among  the  faculty,  there  is  some  question  of  the  value  to  the 
student  of  these  games,  there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  they  tend  to  keep  up 
the  college  ambition — a  thing  that,  under  proper  control  and  to  a  certain  degree, 
is  of  great  value  to  any  school. 

There  have  been  organized  also  in  the  college  during  the  last  year  a  college 
glee  club  and  a  college  mandolin  club,  the  first  successful  effort  in  this  direction 
ever  made  by  a  medical  college  in  this  country. 

A    RESUME. 

In  tracing  thus  the  story  of  Rush  Medical  College,  we  perceive  an  ideal 
example  of  a  growth  from  a  humble  and  poor  beginning  to  a  climax  of  success 
in  every  particular.  It  was  like  the  growth  of  the  Western  country  as  a  whole. 
At  the  beginning  the  country  was  not  only  new,  but  it  was  very  poor.  It  was 
a  thousand-dollar  community  and  could  not    afford  ten-thousand    dollar  doctors. 


70  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Any  attempt  to  introduce  such  thorou<j;h  teaching'  as  is  in  vogue  to-day  would 
have  made  any  set  of  men  the  laughing  stock  of  the  community,  and  of  course 
they  would  have  had  no  students.  They  even  had  to,  or  thought  they  had  to, 
at  one  time  practically  abolish  their  fees  to  keep  the  few  students  who  were 
disposed  to  come  to  them,  so  great  was  the  rivalry  among  schools  that  were 
springing  up  like  mushrooms.  The  situation  was  then  calculated  to  encourage 
mushroom  schools.  The  things  taught  were  what  had  been  taught — the  Medical 
science  had  reached  its  zenith.  Harvey,  Jenner  and  a  few  others  were  praised 
for  what  they  had  done  and  discovered,  and  all  the  questions  possible  of 
solution  had  been  solved,  there  would  be  no  further  discoveries.  Anybody 
could  start  a  Medical  College — a  few  ambitious  men  and  a  few  medical  books 
were  all  that  were  required.  A  thousand  dollars  would  fit  up  a  rented  building 
in  sumptuous  style  for  a  medical  college — -then  it  was  only  necessary  to  send 
out  a  few  circulars,  and  invite  students  to  come  in  and  become  doctors  and 
enter  a  profession  of  ease.  No  preliminary  requirements  were  made,  and  none 
could  have  been  at  that  time — none  ever  could  be  till  a  popular  demand  had 
been  made  for  a  higher  medical  education. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  little  change  in  the  extent  or  character  of  the 
medical  education  of  the  country  was  made  for  a  long  time,  and  that  then  the 
progress  was  in  jumps.  Nobody  dreamed  of  such  a  thing  as  a  laboratory  of 
investigation,  or  of  much  investigation  of  any  sort  or  degree.  But  there  were 
all  along  the  years  men  who  longed  for  a  better  order  of  things;  for  opportu- 
nities of  more  thorough  study  and  investigation,  and  for  better  medical  teaching. 
But  they  could  not  move  till  the  public  was  in  some  way  ready.  A  few  sterling 
and  self-sacrificing  souls  sought  in  and  out  of  season  to  educate  the  public  up 
to  the  better  things,  and  made  some  progress,  but  it  was  very  long  before  the 
public  demand  was  felt  by  the  schools,  and  then  they  all  seemed  to  feel  it 
together. 

More  than  a  generation  after  Rush  Colleg.e  was  born,  a  well-equipped, 
popular  college  in  the  metropolis  of  the  country,  rich  in  a  great  hospital  at  its 
back  and  a  faculty  able  to  give  both  their  time  and  substance,  determined  that 
it  would  establish  a  higher  standard  of  medical  education,  and  announced  a 
course  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  best  schools  of  to-day,  but  was  soon 
obliged  to  retreat  and  retract  and  go  back  to  its  former  curriculum.  Never  was 
a  worthier  stand  taken  by  any  body  of  men,  but  they  were  ahead  of  the 
procession,  and  the  procession  would  not  move  with  them.  A  decade  afterward 
the  procession  was  seized  with  the  desire  to  move  along  the  identical  lines  they 
had  laid  down. 

Rush  College  has  not  attempted  to  force  public  sentiment  or  institute 
reforms  ahead  of  the  needs  of  the  country,  but  has  for  many  years  constantly 
urged    the    alumni    and  the    profession  to  demand    better    education  on  the   part 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  .  71 

of  medical  men,  and  better  work  by  medical  colle^^es,  positive  that  the  instant 
public  sentiment  warranted  it  reforms  could  be  instituted  that  would  not  have 
to  be  given  up,  or  carried  on  in  form  only,  for  want  of  support.  And  she  has 
made  improvements  step  by  step  as  conditions  seemed  to  warrant,  and  not  one 
of  them  has  been  abandoned,  and  not  one  has  led  to  a  lessening  of  the 
patronage  of  the  school.  They  have  been  made  trom  time  to  time  in  strict 
accordance  with  the  fixed  policy  of  the  institution,  maintained  through  its  entire 
history,  which  is  to  equip  its  graduates  in  a  high  degree  for  the  practical  work 
of  the  profession. 

Whatever  criticism  may  stand  against  this  Western  college  on  the  score  of 
early  lack  of  preliminary  requirements  on  the  scholastic  side,  none  can  be  held 
against  the  thoroughness  of  the  teaching  of  the  art  of  the  doctor.  Conscious 
that  this  was  the  one  paramount  service  it  could  render  its  students,  and  that 
for  the  professional  struggle  it  is  the  best  gift  of  all.  Rush  College  has  consist- 
ently held  to  this  standard,  and  its  career  and  that  of  the  alumni  have  proven 
it  a  great  school  for  the  real  life  duties  of  the  practitioner,  for  the  record  of  its 
graduates  has  shown  in  a  surprising  manner  that  they  have  either  been  equipped 
for  their  work  above  the  average,  or  that  the  principle  of  natural  selection  has 
for  them  given  place  to  luck. 

In  conclusion  is  presented  a  full  list  of  those  who  are,  and  for  many  years 
have  been,  most  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  this  father  of  Western  medical 
colleges. 

BOARD    OF    TRUSTEES,     1 896. 

DeLaskie  Miller,  President. 

E.  L.  Holmes,  Vice-President. 

Hon.  John  C.  Haines,  Secretary. 

Henry  M.  Lyman,  Treasurer. 

E.  Fletcher  Ingals,   Assistant  Secretary. 

Ephraim  Ingals,  James  H.  Etheridge,  Walter  S.  Haines,  James  Nevins 
Hyde,  Norman  Bridge,   Lyman  J.   Gage,    Nicholas  Senn  and  Nathan  M.   Freer. 

His  Excellency  John  P.  Altgeld,  Governor,  Hon.  Joseph  B.  Gill,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  and  Hon.  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  E.  L. 
Holmes,    President  of  the  College,   ex- Officio  members. 

FACULTY     1896-97. 

DeLaskie  Miller,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Children. 

Ephraim  Ingals,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence. 

Daniel  T.  Nelson,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecologv. 


72  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Edward  L.  Holmes,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  President,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the 
Eye  and  Ear. 

Henry  M.  Lyman,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Treasurer,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Medicine, 

James  H.  Etheridge,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Secretary,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and 
Gynecology. 

Walter  S.  Haines,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Pharmacy  and 
Toxicology. 

James  Nevins  Hyde,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases. 

Norman  Bridge,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Physical 
Diagnosis. 

Arthur  Dean  Bevan,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Descriptive  and  Surgical  Anatomy. 

Nicholas  Senn,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Practice  of  Surgery  and 
Clinical  Surgery. 

E.  Fletcher  Ingals,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Registrar,  Professor  of  Laryngology  and 
Diseases  of  the  Chest. 

Daniel  R.  Brower,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Mental  Diseases,  Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics. 

John  B.  Hamilton,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Principles  of  Surgery  and 
Clinical  Surger}^ 

John  Milton   Dodson,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Histology. 

Sanger    Brown,    M.   D.,    Professor  of    Hygiene  and   Medical   Jurisprudence. 

Truman  W.  Brophy,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Dental 
Pathology  and  Surgery.  •      ■-•        ''  '  .,,.=...■"••■     ■•. 

W.  T.  Belfield,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Bacteriology,  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery. 

Alfred  C.    Cotton,   A.   M.,    M.   D.,   Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children. 

Luclvig  Hektoen,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Morbid  Anatomy  and  Director  of 
the  Pathological  Laboratories. 

D.   W.   Graham.,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Clinical    Professor  of  Surgery. 

H.  B.  Stehman,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

Philip  Adolphus,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Gynecology  and  Superin- 
tendent of  Clinics. 

J.  H.  Salisbury,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Medicine. 

John  A.  Robison,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Medicine. 

Henry  P.   Merriman,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

Harold  N.  Moyer,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  Neurological  Clinic. 

James  B.  Herrick,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Medicine. 

Henry  Baird  Favill,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Medicine. 

Eugene  S.  Talbot,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Lecturer  on  Dental  Pathology  and 
Surgery. 

A.  E.  Kauffman,   M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Chemistry. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  73 

Alfred  Hinde,  M.  D.,  Ophthalmologist  to  the  Neurological  Clinic. 

Albert  I.  Bouffleur,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Emergency  Operations. 

Frank  A.  Stahl,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Obstetrics. 

Ignatz  Lange,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  Clinic  for  Diseases  of   Children. 

F.  H.  Montgomery,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Dermatology  and  Genito-Urinary 
Diseases,  and  Chief  Assistant  to  the  Dermatological  Clinic. 

John  Edwin  Rhodes,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  College  Historian,  Lecturer  on  Laryn- 
gology and  Diseases  of  the  Chest. 

Frederic  S.  Coolidge,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Bandaging  and  Demon- 
strator of  Orthopedic  Appliances. 

A.  M.  Corwin,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Physical  Diagnosis. 

J.  J.  Tuthill,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest 
and  Clinical  Assistant. 

C.  J.  Whalen,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest. 
Geo.  H.  Weaver,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Bacteriology. 

S.  L.  Weber,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics. 

Wm.  B.  Marcusson,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  Professor  of  Principles 
of  Surgery. 

Cassius  D.  Wescott,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear. 

E.  R.  LeCount,  M.  D. ,  Instructor  in  Medicine  and  Anatomy,  and  Demon- 
strator of  Pathology. 

Frank  D.  Churchill,  A.  B..  M.  D.,  Assistant  and  Pathologist  to  the  Clinic 
for  Diseases  of  Children. 

D.  L.  Shaw,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Anatomy  and  Instructor  in  Physiology. 
Charles  A.  Parker,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Anatomy. 

B.  M.  Linnell,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  and  Instructor  in  Physiology. 
Harvey  A.  Tyler,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Gynecology. 

Lawrence  H.  Prince,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics. 

J.  A.  Patton,  B.  S.,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Materia  Medica  and  Instructor 
in  Chemistry. 

Samuel  C.  Beach,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of  the 
Chest  and  in  Materia  Medica. 

W.  F.  Robinson,  B.  S.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Dermatology  and  Assistant  to 
the  Dermatological  Clinic. 

E.  Friend,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Dermatology. 

Emanuel  J.  Senn,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  Chair  of  Practice  of  Surgery 
and  Instructor  in  Surgery. 

Malcolm  Gunn,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgical  Pathology  and  Principles  of 
Surgery. 

Wm.  R.  Parkes,  Ph.  M.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Pathology  and  Principles  of 
Surgery  and  in  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest. 


74  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

J.  W.  O'Neill,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in   Bandaging. 

F.  W.  Jay,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery. 

C.  A.  Wade,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  Clinic  for  Diseases  of  Children. 

Edward  Buel  Hutchinson,  B.  S.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Obstetrics  and 
Gynecology. 

E.  J.  Mellish,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery, 

Elijah  P.  Noel,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in   Physiology. 

Jas.  C.  Gill,  M.  D.,   Instructor  in  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics. 

VVm.  C.  Cox,  M.  D.,  Instructor  ni  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear. 

Wm.  J.  Butler,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Chemistry. 

Geo.  \V.  Hall,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of 
the  Chest  and  Materia   Medica. 

Geo.  W.  Reynolds,   M.  D.,    Assistant  to  the  Chair  of    Practice  of   Surgery. 

J.  W.  Vanderslice,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  Clinic  for  Diseases  of  Children. 

R.  W.  Holmes,  M.  D.,"  Instructor  in  Dermatology  and  Registrar  to  the 
Clinic  for  Diseases  of  Children. 

George  B.  Joiner,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Medicine  and  Obstetrics. 

Arthur  T.  Holbrook,  B.  S.,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Laryngology  and  Diseases 
of  the  Chest. 

S.  R.  Slaymaker,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,    Instructor  in   Physiology. 

Thomas  A.  Olney,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Anatomy. 

Wm.  H.  Wilder,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear. 

Frank  Jordan  Gould,  College  Clerk. 


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BIOGRAPHICAL. 


MOSES  GUNN,   M.   D.,   LL.  D.   (DECEASED). 

Moses  Gunn  was  born  in  East  Bloomfield,  Ontario  County,  New  York,  on 
April  20,  1822,  and  died  on  the  fourth  of  November,  1887.  His  father,  Linus 
Gunn,  and  mother,  Esther  (Bronson)  Gunn,  were  natives  of  Massachusetts, 
and  pioneers  of  Western  New  York.  The  family  trace  their  ancestry  in  Scot- 
land through  a  long  series  of  lairds  into  a  very   remote   past. 

Although  prevented  by  dangerous  and  protracted  illness  from  passing 
through  a  regular  collegiate  course.  Dr.  Gunn  received  a  thorough  academical 
education,  and  graduated  at  the  Geneva  Medical  College,  N.  Y.,  in  1846.  He 
then  settled  in  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
also  instituting  a  course  of  Anatomical  lectures,  which  were  attended  by  a  class 
of  thirty  or  more  students  and  practitioners.  This  was  the  first  systematic 
course  of  lectures  on  Anatomy  given  in  the  State,  and  was  repeated  through 
three  successive  years,  when,  upon  the  organization  of  the  medical  department 
of  the  State  University,  he  was  appointed,  over  numerous  competitors,  to  the 
chair  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery.  For  three  years  he  lectured  upon  these  sub- 
jects, each  course  extending  to  seven  months.  After  that  time  he  was  relieved 
from  the  Anatomical  teaching,  and  during  the  remainder  of  his  connection  with 
the  institution,  some  fifteen  years,  filled  the  chair  of  Surgery.  In  1853  he 
removed  to  Detroit,  visiting  Ann  Arbor  twice  a  week  to  fulfill  his  duties  in 
connection  with  the  university. 

In  1856  Dr.  Gunn  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  from  Geneva 
College.  In  1857  he  became  senior  editor  of  the  IMcdical  Independent,  a 
monthly  journal,  which  was  eventually  merged  into  another  medical  periodical, 
of  which  for  some  time  he  was  one  of  the  editors. 

In  1851-52  he  made  a  series  of  dissections  and  experiments  to  determine 
what  particular  tissue  opposes  the  effort  to  reduce  dislocations,  particularly  of 
the  hip  and  of  the  shoulder  joints.  These  were  repeated  for  several  sessions 
before  the  medical  classes.  The  details  of  the  processes  by  which  he  arrived 
at  conclusions  were  embodied  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Detroit  Medical 
Society  in  the  Summer  of  1853,  and  published  in  the  Pcnisitlar  IMcdical 
Journal  in  September  of  that  year.  The  first  class  to  which  he  lectured  at 
the  university    was    then    considered    remarkably    large,    though    numbering    but 

11 


78  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

ninety-two;    the    last    class,    session    of    1866-67,     numbered    five    hundred    and 
twenty-five. 

Dr.  Gunn  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  army  in  September,  1861, 
accompanying  General  McClellan  through  the  Peninsular  campaign,  seeing  much 
active  and  arduous  service.  During  a  short  absence  he  gave  some  fifty  lectures 
to  the  students  of  the  university,  replete  with  just  the  kind  of  information  needed 
by  the  large  number  who  soon  after  entered  the  army. 

In  the  Spring  of  1867,  at  the  unanimous  invitation  of  the  faculty  and 
trustees  of  Rush  Medical  College,  he  accepted  the  chair  vacated  by  the  death 
of  the  distinguished  surgeon  and  teacher,  Daniel  Brainard,  M.  D.,  the  position 
which  he  occupied  until  his  death.  The  prosperity  of  the  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege during  the  period  of  his  connection  with  it  was  largely  due  to  his  business 
energy,  his  professional  skill  and  his  personal  popularity  as  a  teacher.  At  the 
Commencement  exercises  of  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1877  he  was  honored 
with  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 

Dr.  Gunn  was  married  in  1848  to  Jane  Augusta  Terry,  daughter  of  Dr. 
J.  M.  Terry.  Three  children  survive,  the  eldest,  Glyndon,  a  youth  of  remark- 
able promise,    having  been  accidentally  drowned  at  Detroit. 

Professor  Gunn  was  a  member  of  the  city  and  State  medical  societies  and 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  Besides  holding  his  position  in  the  medical 
college  he  was  Surgeon  to  Cook  County  and  St.  Joseph's  hospitals,  and 
Consulting    Surgeon  to  St.    Luke's    Hospital    and  several    other  minor  charities. 

During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  Dr.  Gunn  did  not  largely  contribute  to 
the  medical  press,  preferring  to  bring  all  the  treasures  of  his  ripe  experience 
and  learning  to  those  who,  from  year  to  year,  came  to  profit  by  his  teaching. 
He  was  a  man  of  elegant  personal  appearance,  afiable  in  manners  and  an 
interesting  lecturer.  He  not  only  maintained  a  good  reputation  until  his  death, 
but  contributed  largely  to  the  renown  of  the  medical  schools  with  which  he 
had  been  associated. 


JONATHAN  ADAMS   ALLEN,   M.   D.   (DECEASED). 

Jonathan  Adams  Allen  was  born  in  Middlebury,  Vermont,  on  January  16, 
1825,  and  died  at  his  residence  in  Chicago  on  August  15,  1890.  On  his 
father's  side  he  was  descended  from  Welsh  and  Saxon  ancestry  (1634)  and  on 
his  mother's  he  came  from  Mayflower  stock  (1620).  The  academic  education 
of  Dr.  Allen  was  received  at  Middlebury  College,  Vermont,  and  his  medical 
training  at  Castleton  Medical  College,  in  that  State.  Graduating  in  1846,  he 
settled  in  Kalamazoo,  Michigan;  in  January,  1847,  married  Miss  Mary  Marsh 
of  that  city,    and  immediately  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  79 

He  resided  at  Kalamazoo  and  Ann  Arbor,  Michijj;an,  twelve  years,  and  in 
1858  was  elected  President  of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society.  In  1859  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  continued  his  active  professional  career  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  contested  the  priority  of  teaching  the  mechanism 
of  nervous  action  with  the  celebrated  Dr.  Marshall  Hall,  of  England,  and  Dr. 
Henry  F.  Campbell,  of  Georgia,  and  had  given  special  attention  to  the  subject 
of  medical  jurisprudence,  particularly  to  that  part  of  it  involving  questions  of 
insanity. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  comprise  "Essays  on  Mechanism  of 
Nervous  Action,"  published  in  1858,  and  "Medical  Examination  for  Life  Insur- 
ance." Of  the  latter  work  nearly  fifty  thousand  copies  have  been  sold,  and  it 
is  considered  authority  among  life  insurance  companies.  It  has  also  been  trans- 
lated and  published  in  Germany.  He  also  furnished  a  large  number  of  articles 
of  professional  interest  to  medical  journals,  and  was  many  years  editor  of  the 
Chicago  Alcdical  Journal.  Under  the  administration  of  James  Buchanan  he 
was  made  receiver  of  public  moneys  for  Michigan. 

In  February,  1848,  Dr.  Allen  was  appointed  Professor  of  Materia  Medica, 
Therapeutics  and  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  Indiana  Medical  College  at 
Laporte,  in  that  State,  and  in  1850  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Physiology  and 
Pathology  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  In  1859 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the 
Rush  Medical  College,  when  he  established  himself  at  Chicago,  and  held  this 
position  until    1890,    or  until  impaired  health  compelled  him  to  resign. 

Dr.  Allen  was  exceedingly  popular  with  his  classes,  his  lectures  being 
eminently  practical  as  well  as  witty  and  learned.  As  a  result  of  his  extended 
studies  and  varied  investigations,  the  students  of  Rush  Medical  College  long 
spoke  of  him  and  esteemed  him  as  the    '  'versatile  uncle. " 

Among  the  oldest  members  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  Dr.  Allen 
was  also  associated  with  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  and  a  number  of 
other  medical  associations.  For  twenty-four  years  he  acted  as  Surgeon  for  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway.  President  of  Rush  Medical  College, 
Grand  Master  of  the  Masons  of  Michigan,  Grand  Commander  of  Knights 
Templar,  Honorary  Member  of  the  33"  Scottish  Rite,  Northern  Jurisdiction,  the 
chosen  orator  on  occasions  of  celebration,  successful  editor  and  correspondent, 
his  works  live  after  him  and  will   endure. 

In  his  travels  Dr.  Allen  gained  a  valuable  fund  of  knowledge.  This  he 
treasured  up  in  a  series  of  journals  which,  if  published  in  full,  would  fill  several 
octavo  volumes.  He  made  the  tour  of  Europe,  Egypt  and  Morocco,  and 
some  few  of  his  notes  of  travel  have  already  been  published. 


8o  •     RUSH  JlfEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

CHARLES   T.   PARKES,    M.   D.   (DECEASED). 

Charles  T.  Parkes  was  born  in  Troy,  New  York,  in  1847,  and  died  at  his 
home  on  March  28,  1891.  He  served  durinj^'  the  war  in  an  Ilhnois  volunteer 
regiment,  and  was  mustered  out  as  a  captain  in  1865.  Entering  upon  the 
study  of  medicine  he  at  once  assumed  a  foremost  position  in  his  classes,  and 
from  1868  to  1875  was  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  Rush  Medical  College. 
He  was  then  advanced  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy,  which  professorship  he  held 
until  his  appointment  to  the  professorship  of  Surgery,  in  the  same  institution, 
made  vacant  by  the  death  of  Professor  Moses  Gunn. 

His  advancement  in  his  profession  was  phenomenal,  and  the  sudden  termina- 
tion to  his  brilliant  career  brought  grief  to  the  hearts  of  all  who  knew  him, 
being  a  signal  loss  to  his  college,  to  his  city  and  the  country.  His  death 
resulted  trom  pneumonia,  produced  by  an  attack  of  La  Grippe,  his  illness 
lasting  about  two  weeks. 


EDWARD  LORENZO    HOLMES,   M.  D.,    LL.    D. 

One  of  the  most  prominent  physicians  of  the  West,  and  as  an  oculist  and 
aurist  having  few  equals  in  the  country,  Dr.  Holmes  is  peculiarly  identified 
with  the  medical  history  of  Chicago,  having  passed  in  our  midst  the  entire 
period  of  his  active  practice,  embracing  a  continually  progressive  career  of  forty 
years. 

Born  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  January,  1828,  he  is  the 
son  of  Edward  B.  Holmes,  a  leading  merchant  of  the  old  Bay  State,  and 
Caroline  (Buttrick)  Holmes,  whose  grandfather,  the  old  Commodore,  com- 
manded the  Revolutionary  forces  at  Concord.  The  boy  was  fitted  for  Harvard 
College  in  his  native  town,  graduating  from  the  university  in  1849.  After 
spending  two  years  as  a  teacher  he  determined  to  adopt  medicine  as  his  study 
and  profession,  receiving  his  degree  from  Harvard  Medical  school  in   1854. 

Preparatory  to  active  practice  the  young  physician  spent  a  season  in 
general  hospital  work,  and  a  year  and  a  half,  in  1854  and  1855,  at  Paris  and 
Vienna,  receiving  invaluable  instruction,  both  in  didactic  and  clinical  form.  His 
studies  included  the  range  of  general  medicine,  with  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and 
Ear  as  a  specialty. 

LTpon  his  return  to  this  country  he  decided  to  locate  in  the  West,  choosing 
Chicago  as  his  future  home  and  becoming  a  resident  of  the  growing  young 
metropolis  in  1856.  He  at  once  entered  into  practice,  taking  position  almost 
immediately  as  perhaps  the  foremost  surgeon  in  his  specialties.  He  was  the 
moving  spirit  in  the  founding  of  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary, 
during  May,    1858,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present  has  been  at  the  head  of 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  Si 

its  medical  and  surgical  staff.  Established  by  wealthy  and  public-spirited 
citizens  as  a  private  charity  in  1871,  it  became  a  State  institution,  and  is  now 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  hospitals  in  the  world  for  the  treatment 
of  eye  and  ear   diseases. 

In  i860,  two  years  after  the  founding  of  the  Eye  and  E;)r  Infirmary,  Dr. 
Holmes  was  called  by  the  faculty  of  Rush  Medical  College  to  assume  the 
chair  of  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  and  from  that  time 
to  the  present  he  has  had  charge  of  that  department,  either  as  clinical  lecturer 
or  professor.  He  is  now  President  of  the  Faculty,  as  well  as  Professor  of 
Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  being  chosen  as  head  of  the  faculty  in  1890. 
He  has  also  acted  as  President  of  the  Medical  Board  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital, and  is  the  Attending  Oculist  and  Aurist  of  this  institution;  also  Professor 
of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  of  the  Chicago  Policlinic,  and  Consulting  Physician  of 
the  Central  Free  Dispensary. 

Dr.  Holmes  took  an  active  part  in  the  founding  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital in  1883-85;  shared  with  Lyman  Ware  the  honor  of  being  its  first  Attending 
Surgeon  in  the  treatment  of  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Disorders,  and  since  its 
establishment  has  been  prominently  identified  with  it. 

His  executive  ability,  his  skill  in  the  diagnosis  of  diseases  and  as  an 
operator,  his  eloquence  and  learning  as  a  lecturer  and  teacher,  and  his  broad 
scholarship,  which  extends  far  beyond  his  chosen  field  into  that  of  the  classics, 
the  languages  and  sciences,  have  carried  Dr.  Holmes'  reputation  throughout 
the  country. 

Married  in  1862  to  Miss  Paula  Weiser,  of  Vienna,  Austria,  five  children 
have  blessed  the  union. 


DeLASKIE  miller,   a.   M.,    M.   D.,    Ph.   D. 

Although  of  the  earlier  generation  of  local  practitioners  and  teachers,  it  is 
only  at  a  comparatively  recent  date  that  Dr.  Miller  has  retired  from  the  active 
duties  of  his  profession.  Born  in  Niagara  County,  N.  Y.,  on  May  29,  18 18, 
up  to  his  nineteenth  year  his  life  was  passed  in  the  healthful  occupations  of  lay- 
ing in  a  stock  of  physical  strength  upon  a  farm  and  in  the  accumulation  of 
mental  strength,  both  as  pupil  and  teacher.  Having  resolved  to  study  medi- 
cine he  commenced  a  private  course  of  instruction  under  Dr.  Thomas  G.  Cat- 
lin,  teaching  school  in  Winter  and  securing  employment  in  a  country  store  and 
the  postoffice  in  Summer.  Thus  for  about  four  years  he  was  enabled  to  con- 
tinue his  medical  studies  and  during  the  Winter  of  1840-41  take  a  regular 
course  of  lectures  at  Albany  Medical  College.  During  the  succeeding  year  he 
attended  the  Geneva  Medical  College,   from  which  he  graduated  in   1842. 


82  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Dr.  Miller  first  practiced  his  profession  at  Lockport,  N.  Y. ,  and  afterward 
removed  to  Flint,  Mich.,  where,  for  several  years,  he  was  not  only  prominent 
as  a  physician,  but  as  a  public-spirited  citizen,  especially  interested  in  all 
educational  movements.  Coming  to  Chicago  in  the  Fall  of  1852,  he  at  once 
took  rank  with  the  rising  young  physicians  of  the  brisk  and  growing  city.  He 
was  in  the  thick  of  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1854,  and  when  Rev.  Robert  H. 
Clarkson,  Rector  of  St.  James  Episcopal  Church,  established  (during  that  year) 
the  first  general  hospital  in  Chicago,  Dr.  Miller  was  appointed  Physician  and 
Surgeon  in  Charge.  In  1859  his  talents  as  an  educated  physician  and  teacher 
were  recognized  by  Rush  Medical  College,  its  board  of  trustees  soliciting  him 
to  accept  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children.  For 
thirty  years  he  continued  to  hold  that  professorship,  which  fact  speaks  for 
itself  as  to  the  value  of  his  services. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  stated  that  Dr.  Miller  was  not  even  satisfied 
with  the  resources  at  his  command,  but  made  a  special  trip  to  Europe  in  1863 
in  order  to  secure  material  with  which  to  illustrate  his  lectures.  This  plan,  by 
which  he  gathered  data  new  to  so  many  in  this  country,  added  to  his  natural 
abilities  as  a  lecturer,  brought  him  at  once  to  the  position  of  one  of  the 
most  eminent  teachers  of  these  branches  in  the  West.  In  1881  Dr.  Miller 
served  as  a  delegate  to  the  Seventh  International  Medical  Congress,  which  con- 
vened at  London,  England,  and  was  honored  with  the  Presidency  of  the 
Obstetrical  Section  of  the  Ninth  International  Congress,  held  at  Washington  in 
1887.  In  1889,  then  in  his  seventy-second  year,  Dr.  Miller  was  elected 
Emeritus  Professcr  by  Rush  Medical  College,  whose  trustees  furthermore  had 
elected  him  to  the  presidency  of  their  board.  In  1894,  while  yet  retaining 
that  connection,  a  tribute  to  his  long  and  faithful  service  and  his  high  stand- 
ing was  rendered  by  Professor  John  B.  Hamilton,  himself  a  character  of 
international  fame.  The  occasion  was  the  presentation  of  Dr.  Miller's  portrait 
to  the  college,  and,  in  the  course  of  the  speech  which  he  made  on  behalf  of 
the  faculty,  Dr.  Hamilton  said:  "  We  accept  this  faithful  representation  of  an 
ideal  teacher,  an  accomplished  obstetrician,  a  scholar,  a  sagacious  counselor  and 
a  patriotic  citizen.  Professor  DeLaskie  Miller  has  been  identified  with  Rush 
Medical  College  almost  from  its  beginning,  and,  although  still  vigorous  in  mind 
and  body,  he  has  been  actively  associated  with  every  movement  which,  step  by 
step,  has  placed  this  college  in  the  advance  rank  of  American  educational  institu- 
tions. His  early  career  as  a  medical  journalist  and  his  Presidency  of  the 
Section  on  Obstetrics  of  the  International  Medical  Congress  at  Washington 
extended  a  knowledge  of  his  worth  and  ability  beyond  the  confines  of  his  city 
to  other  lands,  for  at  the  close  of  that  now  historic  congress  he  had  acquired 
friends  and  admirers  almost  to  the  ends  of  the  earth." 

To  this  may    be  added  the  following  extract  from  Pulse,   the    college  pub- 


n, 


y 


^^:ii,.f:;z^t^       ^^>'^^^^^-t-^C.^^^..-<>~, 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  85 

lication,  which  well  describes  one  of  Dr.  Miller's  prominent  traits  as  a  teacher  : 
"  In  his  personal  interviews  with  medical  students  he  has  always  discouraged  their 
usual  haste  in  obtaining  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  and  urged  them  to  take  all  the 
time  possible  before  graduating,  regardless  of  the  requirements  of  the  college, 
that  they  might  become  the  better  qualified  for  practice  when  they  should 
enter  the  profession." 

To  enumerate  the  positions  held  by  Dr.  Miller  in  the  difTerent  institutions 
of  the  city  and  to  describe  his  connection  with  medical  societies,  local.  State 
and  national,  makes  an  imposing  array  of  facts.  He  is  a  member,  of  course, 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  and  his  connection  with  the  great  inter- 
national congresses  has  already  been  stated.  He  has  also  long  held  a  mem- 
bership in  the  Illinois  State  Medical,  the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  and  the  Chi- 
cago Medical  societies,  being  President  of  the  last-named  as  early  as  1856. 
Of  the  British  Gynecological  Society,  London,  he  is  a  life  member,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  local  Gynecological  Society,  of  which  he  was  President  in  1881. 
He  was  long  identified  with  St.  Luke's  Hospital  as  Obstetrician,  and  with  the 
Woman's  Hospital  of  the  State  of  Illinois  as  Consulting  Physician  ;  has  also 
served  as  Obstetrician  to  Cook  County,  the  Presbyterian  and  Michael  Reese 
hospitals,  and  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Home  for  the  Friendless  and  the 
Hospital  for    Incurables. 

Among  the  organizations  outside  of  his  profession  Dr.  Miller  is  most  prom- 
inent, perhaps,  in  the  Masonic  order,  having  received  the  Knight's  Templar 
Degree  of  the  York  Rite  and  the  33"  of  the  Supreme  Council  of  the  Scottish  Rite, 
being  also  an  honorary  member  of  Ancient  Ebor  Preceptory  of  York,  Eng- 
land. During  the  conclave  of  the  order,  held  at  Chicago  in  1880,  he  was 
appointed  director  of  the  medical  stafl  to  serve  during  the  session,  and  in  that 
capacity  participated  in  the  European  pilgrimage  taken  by  Apollo  Command- 
ery    No.    t,    Knights  Templar,    in    the  Summer  of    1883. 

But  from  the  active  affairs  of  the  order,  as  from  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  and  the  management  of  these  institutions,  which  for  many  years 
his  inspiration  and  wisely  directed  labors  have  sustained.  Dr.  Miller  has  now 
retired  and  is  enjoying  a  well-merited  season  of  rest. 


DANIEL  T.   NELSON,   A.   M.,   M.   D. 

An  active  and  prominent  member  of  the  medical  profession  for  over  a 
quarter  of  a  century  in  Chicago,  Dr.  Nelson  was  born  in  Millford,  Worcester 
County,  Mass.,  on  September  16,  1839,  being  a  son  of  Drake  and  Lydia 
Thurber  (Pond)  Nelson.  When  he  was  two  years  old  his  parents  moved 
with   him    to    Colesburg,   Delaware    County,    Iowa,   where    he    began    his    school 


86  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

days  in  the  primitive  schoolhouse  of  the  Httle  settlement.  In  1849,  after  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  returned  to  his  native  town  and  attended  high  school. 
Like  a  great  many  other  boys  who  secure  an  education  and  succeed  in  making 
honorable  names  for  themselves  in  the  learned  professions,  he  was  compelled  to 
make  his  own  way  in  the  world.  In  1857  he  matriculated  at  Amherst  College, 
where  he  remained  till  1861,  when  he  graduated.  During  his  college  course  all 
his  spare  time  was  spent  in  teaching  school,  or  working  to  secure  money  to 
continue  his  studies,  and  his  bravery,  coupled  with  his  persistency,  won  the 
admiration  of  all  who  knew  him.  In  1862  he  entered  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  and  three  years  later  graduated  at  the  head  of  his  class.  While  he  was 
a  student  he  served  as  nurse,  then  as  medical  cadet  and  finally  as  House  Surgeon, 
at  the  Mason  United  States  General  Hospital,    Boston. 

After  graduating  Dr.  Nelson  became  Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Army  and  was  assigned  to  the  Flying  Hospital  of  the  Twenty- 
Fourth  Army  Corps,  Army  of  the  James.  Here  he  experienced  all  the  horrors 
and  hardships  of  war,  being  present  at  the  severe  battles  which  compelled  the 
evacuation  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond.  He  also  took  part  in  the  forced 
marches  and  almost  continuous  lighting  during  the  pursuit  of  General  Lee's 
Army  until  its  final  surrender  at  Appomattox.  Then  returning  with  the  victorious 
armies  of  the  James  and  Potomac  to  Richmond,  Virginia,  he  was  stationed  there 
until  the  close  of  the  rebellion.  Dr.  Nelson  won  many  friends  during  his  army 
life  by  the  prompt  and  judicious  manner  in  which  he  performed  all  his  duties, 
and  his  subsequent  success  has  fully  demonstrated  the  opinions  expressed  of  him 
at  that  time. 

Dr.  Nelson  came  to  Chicago  in  November,  1865,  and  immediately  com- 
menced a  general  practice,  but  has  always  made  a  specialty  of  gynecology. 
He  has  written  valuable  papers  covering  some  of  his  experiences  and  discoveries 
in  his  practice,  and  is  the  inventor  of  several  modern  appliances,  his  improved 
tri-valva  speculum  being  extensively  used  by  the  profession.  The  year  following 
the  arrival  of  the  Doctor  in  Chicago  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  and  in  the  year 
1867  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Histology  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
which  position  he  held  until  1879.  In  1880  he  accepted  the  position  of  Clinical 
Adjunct  to  the  Professor  of  Gynecology  in  Rush  Medical  College,  and  during 
the  following  year  was  made  Adjunct  Professor  of  Gynecology.  He  continued 
in  this  chair  until  1889,  when  he  was  made  Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecology. 
He  lectured  in  this  department  until  1892,  when,  because  of  impaired  health, 
he  was  obliged  to  lessen  his  work  and,  resigning,  was  appointed  Emeritus 
Professor. 

As  a  lecturer  he  always  proved  entertaining  and  instructive,  as  his  style 
was  invariably  concise  and  clear.  This  merit,  together  with  his  thorough 
knowledge  of   the    subjects    he    was    called    upon    to  treat,    won  for  him  hosts  of 


^ 


p 


'^      <><^y^y^  ''  y^^ 


•  I'  /         h"  t-r.:  fiiy'C' 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  89 

admirers  among  both  his    colleagues    and    the   thousands    of   students    who    have 
listened  to  his  collegiate  lectures  during  a  period  of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

Dr.  Nelson  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Illinois  State  Microscopical 
Society,  which  was  organized  on  December  12,  1868,  just  two  years  after  the 
Royal  Microscopical  Society  came  into  existence.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Seventh  International  Medical  Congress,  which  met  in  London  in  1881,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  the  Ninth  International  Congress,  which  convened  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  in  1887,  being,  further,  a  member  of  the  Tenth  Congress, 
held  in  Berlin  in  1890.  The  doctor  is  also  a  member  of  the  following  organ- 
izations: British  Medical  Association,  American  Medical  Association,  Illinois  State 
Medical  Society,  Chicago  Medical  Society,  British  Gynecological  Society,  Chicago 
Gynecological  Society,  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society  and  the  American  Academy 
of  Medicine. 

In  1879  Dr.  Nelson  assisted  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Byford  in  the  reorganization  of 
the  Woman's  Hospital  of  Chicago,  and  since  that  time  has  been  on  the  medical 
staff  of  the  institution.  He  is  also  one  of  the  Attending  Gynecologists  of  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital  and  Consulting  Gynecologist  of  the  Wesley  and  Provident 
hospitals.  For  a  number  of  years  he  was  one  of  the  attending  physicians  at  the 
Mercy  Hospital  and,  in  fact,  has  always  evinced  a  deep  interest  in  this  line  of  work. 

The  Doctor  took  a  very  active  part  in  ciring  for  the  sick  and  wounded 
after  the  Chicago  fire,  being  among  the  first  physicians  to  volunteer  his  services. 
He  was  made  Medical  Director  of  the  Davis  Free  Dispensary,  now  South  Side 
Dispensary,  of  which  he  had  been  a  founder  in  1870.  Here  eleven  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  nine  patients  were  treated,  eighteen  thousand  one  hundred 
and  thirty-three  prescriptions  filled,  and  nine  hundred  and  sixteen  vaccinated, 
between  October  17,  1871,  and  May  i,  1873,  when  the  work  of  the  various 
relief  committees  of  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society  came  to  an  end.  The 
city  had  been  divided  into  districts  and  each  medical  director  had  charge  of  the 
work  in  his  section.  Every  applicant  for  medical  aid  was  visited  at  home,  if 
necessary,   and  was  assigned  for  relief  to  either  hospital   or  dispensary. 

Dr.  Nelson  was  married,  in  1862,  to  Miss  Sarah  H.  Travis,  of  Holliston, 
Mass.,  who  at  once  entered  heartily  into  the  spirit  of  her  husband's  work 
and  proved  a  valuable  assistant.  The  children  born  to  them,  who  are 
still  living,  are  Frank  C.  and  Flora  H.  Three  children  are  dead:  Lottie  May, 
Edgar  D.  and  Lillian  T.  The  Doctor  and  his  wife  are  social  people,  but  enjoy 
themselves  most  at  the  little  gatherings  of  their  intimate  friends,  where  the  con- 
ventionalities of  society  are  not  permitted  to  interfere  with  comfort  and  pleasure. 
The  Doctor  is  thoroughly  practical  in  what  he  says  and  does.  His  whole  life  has 
been  spent  in  practicing  his  profession  in  a  dignified  and  scholarly  manner,  and 
when  his  life  work  shall  have  ended,  his  colleagues  will  say:  "Well  done;  he 
was  an  honor  to  his  profession,    and  his  example  is  well  worth  emulating. " 


90  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

JAMES  HENRY  ETHERIDGE,   A.  M.,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Etheridge  was  born  in  Johnsville,  N.  Y. ,  on  March  20,  1844,  his  father, 
Dr.  Francis  B.  Etheridge,  being  a  practicing  physician  and  surgeon  for  forty- 
seven  years.  His  mother  was  Fanny  Easton  of  Connecticut.  On  both  paternal 
and  maternal  sides  of  the  family  the  ancestry  was  English,  on  the  side  of  the 
former  five  and  of  the  latter  seven  generations  removed.  During  the  Civil 
War  the  father  of  Dr.  Etheridge  served  as  surgeon  in  the  field  with  one  of 
the  Minnesota  volunteer  regiments,  dying  at  Hastings,  Minn.,  in    1871. 

James  H.  Etheridge,  the  subject  of  our  sketch,  received  his  early  education 
in  New  York  State,  and  has  been  completing  it  ever  since,  for  he  is,  and  always 
has  been,  a  close  student.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  was  prepared  to 
enter  the  junior  class  at  Harvard,  but  the  absence  of  his  father  in  the  service 
disarranged  these  plans,  and  he  decided  to  devote  his  attention  to  medicine. 
He  subsequently  read  four  years  with  his  father,  attended  one  course  of  lectures 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  took  two  full 
courses  at  Rush  Medical  College.  From  the  latter  institution  he  was  graduated 
in  1869,  after  which  he  commenced  practice  in  Evanston,  111.,  where  he  remained 
about  a  year  and  a  half. 

Since  March,  1869,  Dr.  Etheridge  has  been  connected  with  the  faculty  of 
Rush  Medical  College.  In  1869-70  he  spent  a  year  abroad  in  the  hospitals  of 
the  principal  European  cities.  On  returning  to  America,  in  July,  187 1,  Dr. 
Etheridge  settled  in  Chicago,  and  for  two  years  was  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics  in  Rush  Medical  College,  when  he  was  called  to  a  regular 
professorship,  occupying  successively  the  chairs  of  Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics 
and  Medical  Jurisprudence,  Gynecology,  and  Obstetrics    and  Gynecology. 

Dr.  Etheridge  followed  a  general  practice  until  1891,  since  which  time  he 
has  made  a  specialty  of  Gynecology,  tic  is  one  of  the  Gynecologists  of  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  of  the  Central  Free  Dispensary;  also  of  the  Chicago 
Policlinic  Hospital.  He  was  one  of  the  staff  of  the  Woman's  Hospital  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  and  has  also  been  connected  with  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  Luke's 
hospitals.  He  is  an  occasional  contributor  to  medical  journals,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society,  the 
Gynecological  Society  (president  in  1890),  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  American 
Medical  Association,  American  Gynecological  Society,  International  Medical  Con- 
gress, and  the  International  Congress  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists.  He 
was  President  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society  in   1887. 

Dr.  Etheridge  was  married  on  June  20,  1870,  to  Harriet  Elizabeth  Powers, 
of  Evanston,  daughter  of  H.  G.  Powers,  of  that  place  and  long  identified 
with  Chicago's  commercial  and  banking  interests.      They  have  two  daughters. 


a 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.,  .  93 

In  religion  Dr.  Etheridge  is  a  Presbyterian,  and  in  politics  a  Republican — 
but  on  all  local  issues  votes  for  the  best  man,  regardless  of  party. 

In  personal  appearance  the  Doctor  is  tall  and  commanding  and  of  more 
than  average  weight.  Socially  he  is  genial,  courteous  and  refined,  popular  alike 
with  casual  associates  and  intimate  friends,  and  to  those  who  know  him  best  it 
is  superfluous  to  mention  his  high  professional  standing. 


HENRY   M.   LYMAN,   A.M.,   M.  D. 

Henry  M.  Lyman,  was  born  at  Hilo,  Hawaiian  Islands,  on  November  26, 
1835.  His  parents  were  from  New  England,  the  boy  receiving  a  common  school 
and  academic  education  at  the  Islands.  Entering  Williams  College,  Mass., 
in  1854,  he  was  graduated,  as  valedictorian,  in  1858.  He  studied  medicine  in 
Harvard  Medical  School  during  the  Winter  of  1858-59,  and  then  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York,  where  he  was  again  graduated 
as  valedictorian  of  his  class,  in  March,  t86i.  Dr.  Lyman  served  as  House  Sur- 
geon in  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York,  from  October,  i860,  until  April,  1862,  when 
he  was  appointed  Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  United  States  Armj'-,  and  was 
assigned  to  dut}'  in  the  United  States  Hospital  in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

There  Dr.  Lyman  remained  in  active  service,  until  compelled  by  a  severe 
attack  of  malarial  fever  to  return  North  in  the  Spring  of  1863.  Shortly  after 
this  he  was  married  to  Miss  Sarah  K.  Clark,  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  and  in 
October,  1863,  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Chicago,  where  he  has  resided 
ever  since.  In  1865  he  became  a  member  of  the  Medical  Staff  of  the  Cook 
County  Hospital,  and  held  the  position  of  Visiting  Physician  to  that  institution 
until  1876.  In  1 87 1  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  Rush  Medical 
College,  occupying  that  chair  until  1876,  when  he  was  transferred  to  that  of 
Nervous  Diseases.  A  year  later  he  became  Professor  of  Physiology  and  of 
Nervous  Diseases  in  the  same  institution,  and  in  1890  he  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine,  which  he  still  occupies.  From  1881 
to  1889  he  served  as  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the 
Woman's  Medical  College,    of  Chicago. 

In  1880  Professor  Lyman  wrote  a  work  on  "Artificial  Anesthesia  and 
Anesthetics, "  published  by  William  Wood  &  Co.,  of  New  York.  Three  years 
later  he  issued  a  smaller  volume,  on  "Insomnia  and  the  Disorders  of  Sleep," 
published  by  W.  T.  Keener,  of  Chicago,  and  in  1892  appeared  his  "  Treatise  on 
the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine, "  published  by  Lea  Brothers  &  Co. ,  of 
Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Lyman  has  been  the  Senior  Visiting  Physician  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospi- 
tal in  Chicago  since  188^.      He  has  been  the  President  of  the  Chicago  Pathological 


94  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Society,  and  was  the  annual  President  of  the  Association  of  American  Physicians 
for  the  years  1891-92  and  of  the  American  Neurological  Association  during  the 
years   1892-93.      He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society. 


JAMES   NEVINS    HYDE.  A.   M.,   M.   D. 

Born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  on  the  twenty-first  of  June,  1840,  Dr.  Hyde  is  the 
son  of  Edward  Goodrich  and  Hannah  Huntington  (Thomas)  Hyde.  After  pursuing 
a  course  at  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  he  entered  Yale  College,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1861,  with  the  degree  A.  B.  Four  years  later  the 
same  institution  added  the  degree  of  A.    M. 

Dr.  Hyde's  systematic  medical  education  commenced  with  the  course  of 
lectures  which,  during  the  Winter  of  1861-62,  he  attended  at  the  New  York 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  next  pursued  his  studies  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  graduated  with  his  degree  of  M.  D.  in 
the  Spring  of   1863. 

Subsequently,  for  several  years.  Dr.  Hyde  was  connected  with  the  United 
States  Navy  Department,  first  as  an  Assistant  Surgeon,  later  by  pro- 
motion as  a  Passed  Assistant  Surgeon  at  the  Naval  Hospital,  in  Washington, 
and  on  the  Mediterranean  squadron.  In  1868  he  resigned  his  commission  and 
settled  in  Chicago. 

From  the  first  Dr.  Hyde  has  been  particularly  identified  with  the  interests 
of  Rush  Medical  College.  In  1869  he  received  from  that  institution  the  degree 
M.  D.  Eunduui,  and  served  as  its  Lecturer,  first,  on  Dermatology  and  Syphilis, 
and  then  on  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases,  during  the  Spring  courses  of  1873- 
76  and  the  Winter  session  of  1878-79.  During  the  latter  year  he  was  elected 
by  the  faculty  to  a  full  professorship  of  the  chair  last  named,  and  holds  that 
position  at  the  present  time. 

Dr.  Hyde  is  also  Dermatologist  at  the  Presbyterian  and  Michael  Reese  hos- 
pitals, and  Consulting  Dermatologist  at  the  Woman's  and  Children's  Hospital. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  and  British  Medical  associations,  of  the 
American  Dermatological  Association,  of  the  American  Association  of  Genito- 
urinary Surgeons,  of  the  Congress  of  American  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society,    etc. 

Dr.  Hyde  is  the  author  of  two  standard  text-books  on  Dermatology  and 
Disorders  of  the  Genito-Urinary  System,  which  are  employed  in  several  of  the 
medical  schools  of  this  country;  and  he  has  been  a  contributor  for  years,  both 
to  periodical  medical  literature  and  to  the  works  on  medicine  prepared  by  col- 
laboration of  different  authors,    in  this  country  as  well  as  abroad. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


95 


NORMAN    BRIDGE.  A.  M..   M.   D. 


Of  the  many  prominent  members  of  the  profession  who  within  the  past 
quarter  of  a  century  have  become  a  part  of  the  remarkable  corporate  Hfe  of 
Rush  Medical  College,  none  have  occupied  a  more  substantial  position,  both  as 

an   educator    of    the    rising    generation    of    physicians    and 
among  his  fellow  practioners,  than  Dr.  Norman  Bridge. 
The  following  sketch,  taken  from  Piilsc\  the  col- 
lege publication,  states  the  bare  facts  of  his  career, 
which,    however,    speak  for  themselves: 

"Norman  Bridge  was  born  in  Windsor,  Vt. , 

on  December  30,    1844.      He  obtained  his    early 

education    in    the    common    schools    there,    and 

also  attended  the  high  schools  of  De  Kalb  and 

Sycamore,     111.        After   attending    the     Medical 

Department  of    the  Universit}-  of    Michigan    one 

year,    he    entered    the    Chicago    Medical    College, 

from  which  he  obtained  his  degree  in  the  ensuing 

year  (1866). 

"From    1870-74    Dr.    Bridge    was     Professor    of 
Pathology    at     the    Woman's    Medical     College.        In 
NORMAN  BRIDGE, A.  M.,M.D.       ^<^^ ^     j^g     ^^.g^     bccamc     coiiiiected     with      Rush     as 

Lecturer  on  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,  which  position  he  held  until 
1 88 1,  when  he  was  elected  Adjunct  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine.  The  next  year  he  obtained  the  additional  Professorship  of  Hygiene, 
which  was  soon  exchanged  for  that  of  Pathology.  He  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Physical  Diagnosis  in  1888,  which  he  still 
occupies. 

'  'Dr.  Bridge  has  been  attending  Physician  at  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and 
has  held  the  civil  offices  of  President  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Examination 
and  Commissioner  of  Elections  of  Chicago. 

"He  is  a  member  of  the  Association  of  American  Physicians,  Chicago 
Medical  Society,  and  Chicago  Pathological  Society,  and  a  Corresponding  Member 
of  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of  Sciences,    Arts  and  Letters. 

"Dr.  Bridge's  writings  have  been  quite  extensive,  both  as  to  number  and 
diversity  of  subject,  consisting  for  thc>  most  part  of  articles  for  the  medical 
journals. " 

To  the  above  it  may  be  added  that  a  notable  departure  from  the  tendency 
of  his  literary  work  is  the  paper  constituting  the  history  of  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege,  which,    in    collaboration  with    Dr.   John  E.    Rhodes,    he    has  contributed  to 


96  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

this  volume.  It  is  believed  that  competent  critics  will  pronounce  it  as  interest- 
ing and  ably  written  a  piece  of  local  narrative  as  has  ever  been  published, 
written  as  is,  by  those  who  are  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  aims  and  work 
of  the  great  institution  which  they  thus  represent. 


NICHOLAS  SENN,   M.   D.,   LL.   D. 

The  canton  of  St.  Gallen,  or  St.  Gaul,  is  one  of  the  northeastern  districts 
of  Switzerland,  a  picturesque  country,  with  the  beautiful  lakes  of  Constance  and 
Zurich  upon  its  borders,  and  separated  from  Austria  by  the  grandeurs  of  the 
river  Rhine,  and  from  the  Grisons,  from  whose  mountain  glaziers  pour  the 
headwaters  of  that  mighty  stream,  by  the  stupendous  masses  of  the  Alps.  It 
is  a  country  of  cornfields,  orchards  and  vineyards,  of  clear  lakes  and  streams, 
and  of  a  sober,    industrious,    hardy  race  of  agriculturists. 

In  the  midst  of  such  surroundings  Nicholas  Senn  was  born,  of  humble 
parentage,  on  the  thirty-first  of  October,  1844.  Wishing  to  improve  their  own 
circumstances,  as  well  as  to  give  their  children  the  greater  advantages  to  be 
found  in  the  larger  republic,  his  parents  emigrated  to  America  in  1852  and 
settled  in  Washington  County,  Wisconsin.  This  country  is  not  unlike  the  one 
from  which  the  family  came.  But  the  boy,  Nicholas,  was  not  content  to 
remain  there  employed  in  rural  pursuits,  commendable  and  healthful  though 
they  be.  At  an  early  age  he  evinced  a  desire  to  secure  a  thorough  education, 
and  his  parents  coming  from  a  land  where  compulsory  education  and  mental 
training  are  at  the  basis  of  the  State's  substantial  character,  being,  moreover, 
natives  of  a  section  where  illiteracy  is  considered  little  short  of  a  crime, 
were  as  anxious  as  their  son  that  he  should  be  satisfied  to  their  utmost  ability 
on  this  score. 

After  securing,  therefore,  such  an  education  as  the  local  schools  afforded, 
he  went  to  Fond  du  Lac,  where  he  attended  grammar  school,  from  which  he 
graduated  and  afterward  taught  for  several  years.  He  then  decided  to  adopt 
the  medical  profession,  and  in  1864  commenced  his  studies  in  the  office  of  Dr. 
E.    Munk,    of  that  city. 

By  this  time  Chicago  was  becoming  quite  prominent  as  a  medical  center, 
and  the  young  student  turned  his  attention  in  that  direction,  with  the  idea  of 
entering  upon  a  systematic  course  of  study.  Coming  to  this  city  he  entered 
the  Chicago  Medical  College  in  1866,  graduating  therefrom  in  the  Spring  of 
1868.  As  the  result  of  a  competitive  examination  he  secured  the  appointment 
of  Resident  Physician  to  Cook  County  Hospital,  serving  the  specified  term  of 
eighteen  months. 


'■:.T)PahCoC\kO-9" 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  99 

In  1869,  after  his  marriage  to  Miss  Aurelia  Muehlhauser,  Dr.  Senn  removed 
to  Ashford,  Fond  du  Lac  County,  and  commenced  private  practice  not  many 
miles  from  the  locaHty  where  he  had  acquired  his  higher  education  and  first 
medical  training.  The  prescribed  scope  of  a  country  practice,  however,  became 
a  drag  upon  his  professional  aspirations,  and  in  1874  he  settled  in  Milwaukee, 
a  beautiful  city  and  the  center  of  the  most  wealthy  and  infiuential  German 
element  in  the  State.  He  soon  became  Attending  Physician  to  the  Milwaukee 
Hospital,  and  afterward,  as  his  practice  was  directed  into  channels  almost 
purely  surgical,  he  was  appointed  either  Attending  or  Consulting  Surgeon 
to  nearly  all  the  important  charities  of  the  county  in  which  such  services 
were  required.  Within  a  few  years,  although  still  comj^aratively  a  young 
man,  his  fame  as  a  surgeon  extended  even  beyond  the  confines  of  the  great 
Northwest. 

From  the  first,  although  his  surgical  work  did  not  deviate  from  the 
accepted  lines  of  safety.  Dr.  Senn's  operations  were  marked  by  an  originality 
which,  through  the  reports  published  in  the  medical  literature  of  the  day,  soon 
gave  him  a  high  standing.  Wishing,  however,  to  come  in  contact  with  the  great 
European  masters  of  his  profession,  the  profound  scholars  and  original  investi- 
gators, in  1878  he  returned  to  Europe,  and,  after  taking  a  special  course 
in  the  University  of  Munich,  graduated  during  the  succeeding  year.  The 
scope  of  his  studies  and  his  standing,  both  as  a  practitioner  and  an  expounder, 
may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that,  although  but  thirty-four  years  of  age,  he 
was  elected  by  Rush  Medical  College  to  the  chair  of  the  Principles  of  Sur- 
gery and  Surgical  Pathology.  This  appointment,  accepted  soon  after  his  return 
to  this  country,  induced  him  to  make  Chicago  his  home,  and  here  he  has  since 
resided,  his  reputation  so  strengthening  and  extending  that  it  is  now  firmly 
established  among  the  best  professional  minds  of  the  continents.  Especially  has 
he  a  world-wide  fame  in  the  treatment  of  Gastro-Intestinal  lesions. 

Dr.  Senn  is  at  present  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Surger}^  and  Clinical 
Surgery  in  Rush  Medical  College,  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Chicago  Poli- 
clinic, Attending  Surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  and  Surgeon-in-Chief  to 
St.  Joseph's  Hospital.  He  is  President  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
ex-President  of  the  American  Surgical  Association,  an  Honorary  Fellow  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  (Philadelphia),  a  life  member  of  the  German  Congress  of 
Surgeons,  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Harveian  Society  (London),  an 
honorary  member  of  La  Academia  de  la  Medicina  de  Mexico,  of  the  Edinburgh 
Medical  Society,  of  the  D.  Hayes  Agnew  Surgical  Society  (Philadelphia),  and 
of  the  Ohio  and  Minnesota  State  Medical  societies,  and  a  regular  member  of 
the  American  Medical  and  the  American  Surgical  associations,  of  the  British 
Medical  Association,  the  Illinois  State  Medical,  Chicago  Gynecological,  Chicago 
Medical   and    the    Brainard  Medical  societies. 


loo  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Dr.  Senn  is  also  Surojeon- General  of  the  National  Guard  of  Illinois  and  ex- 
President  of  the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  National  Guard  of  the 
United  States.  In  the  course  of  an  eloquent  address  delivered  before  the  asso- 
ciation, in  April,  1892,  he  paid  a  well-merited  compliment  to  the  valor  of  our 
citizen  soldiery  and  the  efficiency,  loyalty  and  usefulness  of  the  National  Guard. 
He  then  passed  on  to  sketch  the  history  and  progress  of  the  movement  with 
which  he  has  been  so  prominently  identified. 

' '  Less  than  a  year  ago, "  he  said,  '  'about  fifty  surgeons  of  the  National 
Guard,  representing  fifteen  States,  met  in  the  cit}'  of  Chicago  and  organized  the 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  United  States. 
At  present  we  are  full}'  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  such  an  association, 
and  manifest  a  keen  interest  in  its  organization.  To-day  we  have  opened  our 
first  annual  meeting  in  this  beautiful  city,  and  have  received  such  a  warm  wel- 
come on  the  part  of  the  State,  the  city,  the  medical  profession  and  citizens  as 
is  seldom  extended  to  a  scientific  body.  As  an  association  we  have  not  yet 
reached  our  first  birthday  and  yet  we  have  attained  a  membership  of  over  two 
hundred." 

After  expressing  his  gratitude  that  the  profession,  the  press  and  the  Gen- 
eral Government  had  so  warmly  welcomed  the  birth  of  the  association,  he 
proceeded  to  sketch  the  improvement  in  modern  warfare,  with  its  smokeless 
powder,  its  small  conical  bullet,  rapid  firing  and  other  inventions  which  make 
war  more  fatal.  At  the  same  time  the  wounds  are  cleaner  cut  and  more 
amenable    to  surgical   treatment. 

Speaking  of  the  province  to  be  occupied  by  the  modern  military  surgeon, 
he  adds :  ' '  Bruns,  Bardeleben  and  others  have  made  careful  experimental 
researches  concerning  the  effect  of  the  new  projectile;  but  this  subject  is  not 
exhausted  and  there  is  plenty  of  room  for  original  work  by  our  members  in 
this  department  of  Military  Surgery.  The  operative  treatment  of  penetrating 
wounds  of  the  chest  and  abdomen  on  the  battlefield  offers  another  inviting  field 
for  original  investigation.  The  various  materials  devised  for  dressing  wounds  on 
the  battlefield  have  all  their  faults  and  merits,  but  none  of  them  are  perfect. 
The  methods  of  transportation  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  the  construction  of 
tents  and  movable  barracks  are  not  closed  chapters  and  are  all  susceptible  of 
improvement  by  original  thought  and  investigation.  More  ingenuity  has  been 
displayed  of  late  years  in  perfecting  firearms  and  in  the  invention  of  machines 
for  wholesale  destruction  of  life  than  in  devising  ways  and  means  for  saving  the 
lives  of  those  seriously  injured.  It  is  our  duty  as  military  surgeons  to  counteract 
as  far  as  we  can  the  horrors  of  war  by  devising  life-saving  operations  and  by 
protecting  the  injured  against  the  dangers  incident  to  traumatic  infection. 
Antiseptic  and  aseptic  surgery  must  be  made  more  simple  than  it  is  now,  in 
order  that  we  may  reap  from  them  equal  blessings  in  military  as  in  civil  practice. 


RUSH  MEDIC  A  r.    COLLEGE.  lor 

Enough  has  been  said  to  show  you  that  a  mihtary  association  of  this  kind  can 
become  an  inestimable  boon  to  mankind  if  some  of  the  members  will  explore 
unknown  regions  and  bring  to  light  the  priceless  jewel  of  original  thought  and 
research. " 

Surely  no  one  in  the  United  States  is  better  qualified  than  Dr.  Senn  to 
head  a  movement  which  has  for  one  of  its  chief  objects  the  amelioration  of  the 
horrors  of  war  along  the  lines  of  the  best  modern  and  scientific  methods  of 
surgical  operation.  His  published  investigations,  especially  his  work  on  "Surgical 
Bacteriology, "  have  gone  far  toward  bringing  about  the  desiderata  mentioned  in 
his  address — the  more  perfect  protection  against  the  dangers  incident  to  traumatic 
infection  and  the  simplification  of  antiseptic  and  aseptic  surgery.  As  he  himself 
has  remarked,  ' '  Within  a  few  years  Bacteriology  has  revolutionized  surgical 
pathology.  All  wound  complications  and  most  of  the  acute  and  chronic  inflam- 
matory lesions  which  come  under  the  treatment  of  the  surgeon  are  caused  by 
micro-organisms,  hence  the  necessity  for  a  proper  recognition  of  the  importance 
of  Bacteriology  as  an  integral  part  of  the  science  and  practice  of  modern  surgery." 

A  mere  mention  of  Dr.  Senn's  publications  will  indicate,  to  some  extent, 
their  scope  and  value,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  few  books  which  issue 
from  the  brain  and  experience  of  any  living  surgeon  are  seized  upon  by  prac- 
titioners and  students  with  more  avidity,  or  are  more  faithfully  studied,  than 
those  which  bear  his  name.  His  "Principles  of  Surgery,"  "Experimental  Sur- 
gery," "Surgical  Bacteriology,"  "Intestinal  Surgery,"  "Tuberculosis  of  the  Bones 
and  Joints,"  "Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  the  Practice  of  Surgery,"  "The  Pathology 
and  Surgical  Treatment  of  Tumors,"  not  to  mention  a  host  of  lesser  publications 
and  contributions  to  standard  text-books  and  periodicals,,  are  accepted  as  high 
authorities  not  only  in  America  but  in  Europe. 

But  one  of  the  greatest  benefits  which  Dr.  Senn  has  conferred  upon  the 
great  city  of  his  adoption  and  the  medical  profession  of  the  West  has  yet  to  be 
mentioned.  In  the  pursuance  of  his  studies,  in  the  practice  of  his  profession 
and  the  preparation  of  his  books,  he  had  for  years  been  collecting  an  extensive 
yet  select  library,  composed  of  the  best  medical  and  surgical  literature  published 
in  English,  German  and  French.  In  1886  died  Dr.  William  Pjaum,  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  University  of  Gottingen  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  German 
Congress  of  Surgeons.  For  half  a  century  he  had  been  collecting  rare  and 
valuable  works  on  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Surgery,  Gynecology,  the  Practice  and 
History  of  Medicine  and,  in  fact,  on  every  conceivable  subject  which  may  be 
covered  by  the  term  Medical  Science.  Many  of  the  books  published  in  Germany 
during  the  early  portion  of  the  eighteenth  century  were  printed  in  Latin,  then 
the  scientific  as  well  as  the  theological  language  of  the  Christian  world.  Dr. 
Baum's  expressed  wish  was  that,  at  his  death,  the  library  which  so  well  illustrated 
the  origin  of  the  modern  schools  of  medicine  should  be  purchased  by  the  German 


I02  RUSH  HfEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Congress  of  Surgeons.  As  that  organization  was  in  no  financial  condition  to 
purchase  the  collection,  however,  the  Royal  Library  of  Berlin  made  a  generous 
offer  to  the  administrator  of  the  estate  for  the  oldest  and  rarest  of  the  volumes. 
In  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  deceased,  however,  it  was  decided  to  retain 
the  collection  intact,  and  Dr.  Senn  saved  it  from  the  fate  of  a  public  auction  by 
making  a  partial  pa)'ment  upon  the  purchase  money  of  the  entire  library. 

This  was  a  splendid  addition  to  the  huge  collections  which  Dr.  Senn  had 
already  made  and  he  naturall}'  became  somewhat  anxious  for  the  safety  of  such 
priceless  possessions.  It  is  said  that  his  wife  suggested  that  they  be  transferred 
for  safe  keeping  and  public  use  tt)  the  massive  walls  of  the  Newberry  Library. 
At  all  events  in  April,  1894,  this  great  accession  to  the  medical  department  of 
that  institution  commenced  to  be  received,  and  in  a  short  time  a  total  of  more 
than  seven  thousand  volumes,  books  and  rare  sets  of  jK'riodicals,  were  safely 
stored  and  shelved.  By  the  terms  of  the  princely  donation  th-'^y  were  to  be 
known  as  the  Senn  Collection,  were  to  be  kept  together  on  the  shelves,  retained 
as  a  librar}'  in  their  entirety  and  separately  catalogued. 

It  is  impossible  to  go  deeply  into  details  regarding  the  value  of  the  Senn 
Collection  to  the  medical  profession  of  the  West.  To  give  a  faint  idea  of  its 
treasures,  however,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  set  of  "Virchow's  Archive"  dates 
from  the  beginning  of  its  publication,  1847;  "Canstatt's  Jahresbericht"  from  1842; 
"Virchow's  Jahresbericht,"  1866;  "Schmidt's  Jahrbiicher, "  1834;  "Memoires  de 
I'Academie  de  Medicin,  "  1836;  "London  Medical  Gazette,"  1827;  "Prager 
Vierteljahrschrift, "  1844;  "Dublin  Hospital  Reports,"  18 r 8;  "St.  Bartholomew 
Hospital  Reports,"  1865;  "Transactions  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of 
London,"  1809;  "Rust's  Magazin  fiir  die  Gesammte  Heilkunde, "  1823,  as  well  as 
his  "Chirurgie,"  1830;  "Hecker's  Annalen  der  Heilkunde,"  1825;  "Griife's  Journal 
der  Chirurgie"   (Paris),    1841. 

One  of  the  oldest  and  rarest  of  the  periodicals  is  a  set  of  ' '  Der  Arzt, "  bound 
in  parchment  and  first  printed  in  Hamburg  during  1 760.  The  ' '  Memoires  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Surgery, "  Paris,  commence  in  17,61,  and  there  are  numerous 
old  dictionaries  and  encylopedias  of  medicine  in  German,  F'rench  and  English. 
Among  some  of  the  rarest  of  the  volumes  may  be  mentioned  the  ' '  History  of 
Early  Greek  Medicine, "  by  Professor  Kuhn,  of  the  University  of  Leipsic,  printed 
in  Latin  and  Greek,  the  publication  of  the  twenty  volumes  commencing  in  182 1. 
There  is  an  old  volume  (1757)  in  Latin,  which  is  a  collection  of  the  most  famous 
medical  disputations  of  that  time;  a  French  dictionary  giving  a  history  of  medicine 
up  to  1778;  a  dissertation  on  the  "Human  Muscles,"  by  Albini,  printed  in  Latin, 
in  1734,  and  dozens  of  other  tomes  which,  as  stated,  throw  a  clear  light  upon 
the  crude  condition  of  medical  science  even  of  a  century  ago.  As  has  been 
stated,  the  modern  phases  of  the  subject  are  also  well  illustrated  in  the  dona- 
tions which  Dr.  Senn  has  made  from  his  own  library. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  103 

JOHN    B.   HAMILTON.   M.   D.,   LL.  D. 

The  American  ancestor  of  the  Hamilton  family,  so  noted  in  our  national 
annals,  was  James  Hamilton,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  who  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Dunbar,  Scotland,  and  in  1652  transported  with  other  war  prisoners 
to  America.  Settling  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  he  became  the  progenitor  of  a  long 
line  of  distinguished  characters,  prominent  in  colonial  history,  in  Revolutionary 
times,  in  early  statesmanship  and,  subsequently,  in  every  walk  of  professional 
and  intellectual  life. 

Nathaniel  Hamilton,  the  great-grandfather  of  Hr.  Hamilton,  served  under 
Ethan  Allen,  and  when  the  war  was  over  settled  at  Point  Harmer,  Ohio  (now 
Marietta),  with  a  considerable  colony  of  other  ex-Revolutionary  soldiers.  Sub- 
sequently he  took  up  arms  under  old  "Tippecanoe,"  in  the  Indian  wars  which 
followed  the  occupation  of  the  great  Northwest  by  the  whites,  and  served  with 
credit  in  the  Legislature  of  Ohio.  The  son,  Thomas  McCluer  Hamilton,  passed 
his  early  years  in  Ohio,  married  a  daughter  of  Captain  Benjamin  Brown,  one 
of  Washington's  body-guard  and  whose  four  brothers  were  of  Bunker  Hill  stock. 
When  Illinois  became  a  State  in  18 18  this  Thomas,  the  grandfather  of  Dr. 
Hamilton,  removed  with  his  family  to  Monroe  County,  and  after  remaining  there 
until  1830  settled  in  Greene  County.  His  son,  Benjamin  Brown  Hamilton,  was 
born  in  Monroe  County  in  1822,  and  received  his  primary  education  in  the  first 
free  school  of    Illinois,    founded  by  Dr.    Silas,    the  younger  brother  of  Nathaniel. 

Dr.  Hamilton's  father.  Rev.  Benjamin  B.,  was  a  man  of  mark  in  the  Illinois 
communities  of  which  he  was  so  long  a  member.  At  an  early  age  he  married 
Mary  Chandler,  whose  great-grandfather,  Joseph  Chandler,  was  also  with  the 
fearless  Ethan  Allen.  B.  B.  Hamilton  was  one  of  the  pioneer  anti-slavery 
leaders,  serving  as  secretary  of  the  society  of  which  William,  the  father  of 
Senator  John  M.  Palmer,  was  president.  For  many  years  he  was  a  Baptist 
minister  in  Greene  County,  was  postmaster  of  Otter  Creek,  Jersey  County,  from 
1854-58,  served  during  the  Civil  War  as  chaplain  of  the  Sixty-first  Illinois 
Infantry,  and  from  1880-84  was  postmaster  at  Whitehall,  Greene  County. 
He  died  in  October,  1894,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two  years,  his  wife  surviving 
him  and  living  now  in  Upper  Alton,  111.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  since  its 
creation  as  a  State  in  18 18  the  Hamilton  family  has  been  identified  with  its 
history. 

John  B.  Hamilton  is  both  by  birth,  education  and  affection  a  son  of  Illinois. 
He  was  born  in  Jersey  County,  on  the  first  of  December,  1847,  received  his 
early  intellectual  training  at  the  Hamilton  school,  and  later  pursued  a  classical 
course  under  Professor  John  Grant,  a  noted  Latin  scholar  from  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity. At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  minor,  and,  although  his 
blood  was  stirred,  he  continued  his  studies  and  in   1863  entered  the  office  of  his 


I04  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

uncle,  Dr.  Joseph  O.  Hamilton.  But  at  lenj^^th  the  stupendous  events  which 
had  marked  the  progress  of  the  great  Rebellion  overcame  his  professional  am- 
bitions, and  in  1864  he  enlisted  at  Jacksonville,  Morgan  County,  as  a  private  in 
Company  G,  Sixty-first  Illinois  Infantry,  the  regiment  of  which  his  father  was 
chaplain,  then  stationed  at  Little  Rock,  Ark.  Before  his  superiors  discovered 
that  they  had  accepted  a  minor,  the  young  man  had  enjoyed  an  experience  of 
six  weeks  in  guarding  railroad  bridges  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad. 

Not  long  after  his  brief  military  career  had  thus  been  abruptly  terminated, 
he  removed  to  Chicago  and  entered  Rush  Medical  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  February,  1869.  From  that  date  until  1874  Dr.  Hamilton  engaged 
in  general  practice.  In  1874  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  and  First 
Lieutenant  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  serving  at  St.  Louis  Barracks  and  in  the  De- 
partment of  the  Columbia,  at  Fort  Colville,  Washington.  Resigning  his 
commission  in  1876,  Dr.  Hamilton  presented  himself  before  the  examining 
board  as  an  applicant  for  position  in  the  United  States  Hospital  Service.  The 
result  of  the  competitive  examination  was  to  place  him  at  the  head  of  the  class 
and  secure  for  him  the  position  of  Assistant  Surgeon,  with  headquarters  in  New 
York.  From  this  point,  in  May,  1877,  he  was  ordered  to  Boston,  and  during 
the  succeeding  month  was  promoted  to  be  a  Surgeon. 

General  John  M.  Woodworth,  Supervising  Surgeon-General  U.  S.  Marine 
Hospital  Service,  died  in  March,  1879,  and  Dr.  Hamilton  was  placed  in  tem- 
porary command  of  the  Bureau  and  in  April  following  was  promoted  to  the 
vacancy.  He  immediately  began  the  reorganization  of  the  service,  managing 
campaigns  against  two  epidemics  of  yellow  fever  during  his  term  of  service,  and 
succeeding  in  having  placed  on  the  statute  books  the  National  Quarantine  Acts. 
In  1883  his  sanitary  cordon  stretched  from  Laredo  on  the  Texas  frontier  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  another  was  placed  at  the  Pensacola  Navy 
Yard,  on  account  of  a  local  epidemic  at  that  point.  In  1888  Dr.  Hamilton 
established  Camp  Perry,  on  St.  Mary's  River,  Florida,  this  being  the  first  station 
known  to  sanitary  science  which  had  been  organized  for  the  transmission  of 
yellow  fever  refugees.  After  being  thoroughly  disinfected  they  were  passed 
through  to  their  destinations,  and  so  scientifically  and  faithfully  was  the  work 
accomplished  that  in  no  case  was  there  a  reappearance  of  the  disease.  In 
connection  with  his  management  of  epidemics,  it  should  here  be  stated  that 
General  Hamilton  was  personally  upon  the  ground  which  most  required  his 
services.  Like  other  able  commanders,  he  directed  his  campaigns  from  the 
immediate  field  of  action. 

The  year  1890  was  one  of  especial  honor  to  Dr.  Hamilton,  his  annual 
report  submitted  to  the  Treasury  Department  (to  which  the  marine  service  is 
responsible)  giving  some  idea  of  the  broad  scope  of  his  activities.  They 
embraced  La   Grippe  in  its  ravages  from  Russia  to,  and  into,  the  United  States, 


''\ 


^y>(nCxA ^L^?^|r^:3^-z.'t^<^--<i...i^^^ 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  107 

cholera  in  Asia  and  Europe,  smallpox  in  Mexico  and  leprosy  in  Cuba.  In 
view  of  his  services  in  preventini^  the  introduction  of  yellow  fever  to  the  United 
States,  he  was  called  upon  by  the  American  Public  Health  Association  to  bar 
out  leprosy  from  Cuba,  and  he  therefore  issued  circulars  of  instruction  to  the 
proper  medical  officials  of  the  service,  as  well  as  to  the  collectors  of  customs, 
etc.  *  In  March,  1890,  the  Inter-State  Quarantine  law  was  drawn  by  him  and 
passed.  This  report  also  contains  the  communication  to  the  Secretary  of  State, 
James  G.  Blaine,  on  the  "Sanitation  of  Ships  and  Quarantine,"  and  the  report 
on  the  Immigration  Service,  pronounced  by  Henry  C.  Lodge,  in  the  North 
American  Rcviczv,  to  be  the  ablest  paper  on  the  subject  published  uj)  to  that 
time.  It  further  embraces  an  elaborate  and  finely  illustrated  account  of  Dr. 
Hamilton's  visit  to  the  chief  hospitals  of  Europe,  made,  under  Government 
orders,  upon  the  occasion  of  his  trip  to  Berlin  as  a  United  States  delegate  to 
the   International  Medical  Congress. 

Dr.  Hamilton  had  already  served  as  Secretary-General  of  the  Ninth  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress,  held  at  Washington  in  1887,  and  l)y  virtue  of  his 
high  standing  in  the  profession  and  being,  morover,  the  rankmg  medical  officer 
of  his  Government  present,  he  had  the  distinction  of  responding  in  behalf  of 
the  American  delegates  at  this  tenth  international  session.  His  address 
possessed  the  unusual  virtue  of  being  both  brief  and  graceful,  referring  to  the 
deep  interest  taken  by  America  in  the  congress  ' '  because  of  the  respect  and 
admiration  her  physicians  feel  for  the  profound  learning  and  social  graces  of  the 
physicians  of  the  Old  World, "  and  congratulating  all  present  upon  the  possession 
of  a  Virchow,  who  was  to  preside  over  their  deliberations — "one  whose  fame 
has  been  truly  international  for  more  than  a  (quarter  of  a  century,  and  whose 
supremacy  in  pathological  medicine  is  recognized  in  every  country  inhabited  by 
civilized  man. " 

In  the  meantime  General  Hamilton's  influential  friends  throughout  the 
country  had  been  pressing  upon  the  Government  the  justice  of  rewarding  him 
financially  in  some  degree  commensurate  with  the  value  of  his  services.  A  bill 
had  been  passed  in  the  Senate  increasing  his  salary  from  $4,000  to  $6,000,  and 
during  its  consideration,  in  February  of  this  year  (1890),  such  Senators  as 
Shelby  M.  Cullom  of  Illinois,  John  T.  Morgan  of  Alabama,  John  C.  Spooner 
of  Wisconsin  and  Wilkmson  Call  of  Florida  warmly  supj^orted  the  measure, 
speaking  of  the  Surgeon-General  in  such  terms  as  might  have  made  any  man 
proud.  Senators  Cullom  and  Spooner  had  known  him  for  years,  and  they 
both  paid  high  tributes  to  his  attainments,  not  only  professionally,  as  a  remark- 
able executive  and  chief  health  officer  of  the  country,  but  to  his  bravery  as  a 
man.  Said  Senator  Spooner:  "  WHien  Florida  was  stricken  with  yellow  fever 
this  officer  did  not  choose  to  be  a  mere  bureau  officer.  He  was  my  neighbor 
at  that  time,  and,  to  my  knowledge,  he  left  his  home  and  his  family   and  went 


io8  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Scuth    and    staid    there    in    daily    contact    with    this    epidemic,    physicians    dying 
around  him,    givin<i;  personal  attention  to  the  duties  of   his  office." 

Senator  Call's  tribute  was  in  similar  vein,  his  remarks  being  of  especial 
weight  when  speaking  of  General  Hamilton's  work  within  the  confines  of  his 
own  State:  "It  comes  within  my  knowledge  that  his  performance  of  the  duties 
of  his  office  during  the  late  epidemic  in  Florida  was  very  valuable  to  the  people 
of  the  whole  country,  and  it  is  prol)ably  due  to  his  efficient  administration  that 
the  epidemic  was  staid  within  the  limits  where  it  was  found."  It  should  be 
stated  in  this  connection  that  the  Legislature  of  Florida  passed  a  unanimous 
vote  of  thanks  to  General  Hamilton  for  his  services  of  such  value  to  the  State, 

Although  the  bill  passed  the  Senate,  it  failed  to  be  considered  in  the 
House  and  in  June,  1891,  after  his  return  from  Europe,  General  Hamilton 
resigned  his  position  and  once  more  entered  the  ranks  of  medical  officers  as  a 
surgeon.  In  June,  1892,  he  was  temporarily  ordered  to  New  York,  where  he 
established  the  first  camp  in  the  United  States  for  cholera  suspects.  Several 
vessels — notabh'  the  "Normania, "  of  the  Hamburg-American  line — were  already 
quarantined  in  New  York  harbor,  having  on  board  a  large  number  of  passengers 
who  had  been  exposed  to  the  infection,  more  than  ten  thousand  more  being 
booked  for  passage  from  European  ports  or  already  on  their  way.  Camp  Low 
was  located  on  the  Government  reservation  off  Sandy  Hook,  and  the  rapidity 
and  completeness  with  which  it  was  constructed  was  a  triumph  of  executive 
ability  and  a  remarkably  prompt  application  of   professional  knowledge. 

Dr.  Hamilton  assumed  his  present  position  as  Surgeon  in  Charge  of  the 
United  States  Marine  Hospital,  located  at  Chicago,  in  June,  1891.  It  is  the 
largest  and  most  complete  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  accom- 
modating about  two  hundred  and  fifty  permanent  patients  and  giving  dispensary 
treatment  to  three  thousand  more  annually. 

While  a  resident  of  Washington,  Dr.  Hamilton  was  elected  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  University  of  Georgetown,  from  which  institution,  in  1889,  he 
received  his  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  was  also  Surgeon  to  the  Providence  PIos- 
pital,  Washington,  and,  upon  his  resignation  as  Surgeon-General  in  1891  and 
his  return  to  Chicago,  became  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Surgery' and  Clinical 
Surgery  in  Rush  Medical  College.  He  was  also  chosen  Professor  of  Surgery  in 
the  Chicago  Policlinic  and  Surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  Dr.  Hamilton 
gave  the  annual  address  on  Surgery  at  the  Detroit  meeting  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  in  May,  1893,  was  President  of  the  section  on  Surgery  of 
the  first  Pan-American  Medical  Congress  held  in  September,  1893,  ^^'^  i^  ^-^ 
present  editor  of  the  fonnial  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  of  which 
organization  he  has  been  a  member  since  1873;  is  Secretary  of  the  Illinois 
State  Medical  Society;  member  of  the  National  Association  of  Military  Surgeons, 
the    British    Medical    Association,    Societe    Frangaise    de    Hygiene    (Honorary), 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  109 

Chicago  Medical  and  Medico-Legal  societies,  and  of  several  medical  societies  of 
the  District  of  Columbia,  besides  holding  honorary  memberships  in  various 
State  organizations.  He  is  also  connected  with  the  press  and  social  clubs  of 
both  Washington  and  Chicago,  is  a  prominent  Mason  and  Odd  Fellow,  and  a 
member  of  the  Army  and  Navy  Club,  whose  headquarters  are  at  the  National 
capital. 

Dr.  Hamilton  has  one  of  the  most  complete  private  surgical  libraries  in  the 
country,  including  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Frank  H.  Hamilton,  who  died 
in  1889.  He  edited  and  revised  the  last  edition  of  Moullin's  "Surgery"  (1895), 
and  from  1879  to  1890  contributed  papers  to  Appleton's  Annual  Encyclopedia 
on  a  variety  of  subjects.  His  article  on  "Home  Hygiene,"  covering  many 
pages  of  that  publication,  in  1880,  attracted  much  attention.  His  papers  read 
before  the  American  Medical  Association,  such  as  the  one  on  "International 
Comity  in  State  Medicine,  "  have  been  widely  circulated,  and  his  contributions 
to  general  periodical  literature  have  been  so  voluminous  as  to  make  impossible 
a  mere  enumeration  of  them. 

Dr.  Hamilton  was  married  on  October  4,  187 1,  to  Mary  L.  Frost,  the 
granddaughter  of  Judge  Richard  I.  Lowe.  They  have  had  two  children — Ralph 
A.   and  Blanche,    both  of  whom  are  living.  , 


E.    FLETCHER    INGALS,   M.  D. 

One  of  the  leading  representatives  of  his  profession  in  Illinois,  Dr.  Ingals 
was  born  at  Lee  Center,  Lee  County,  this  State,  on  September  29,  1848.  His 
parents,  Charles  F.  and  Sarah  (Hawkins)  Ingals,  are  among  the  earliest  living 
pioneers  of  the  State.  Charles  F.  Ingals  was  born  in  Pomlret,  Conn.,  whither 
his  parents  had  removed  from  Vermont,  the  first  ancestor  of  the  family  in  this 
country  coming  from  the  north  of  England  in  1627.  For  many  years  Mr.  Ingals 
was  a  leading  farmer  and  stockman  of  Lee  County,  111. ,  and  is  now  living  in 
retirement  in  Chicago,    at  the  age  of  seventy-four  years. 

Mrs.  Sarah  Ingals,  who  has  also  reached  the  age  of  seventy-four  years,  was 
born  in  Vermont.  Her  grandfather,  who  was  an  Irishman,  either  by  birth  or 
descent,  served  for  seven  years  in  the  Revolutionary  War  as  captain  of  a 
company  of  Vermont  troops. 

Dr.  Ingals  laid  the  foundation  of  his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  town,  and  subsequently  attended  the  State  Normal  School  at  Normal, 
and  Rock  River  Seminary  at  Mount  Morris,  111.  In  1867  he  came  to  Chicago 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  his  uncle.  Professor  Ephraim  Ingals, 
Three  years  later  he  graduated  from  Rush  Medical  College,  and  was  at  once 
made  a  member  of  the  Spring  faculty  of  that  institution.     For  twelve  years  past 


no  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

he  has  been  connected  with  the  regular  faculty,  being  chosen  Professor  of  Di- 
seases of  the  Chest  and  Laryngology.  For  some  years  past  he  has  also  filled 
the  chair  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Chest  in  the  Woman's  Medical  School 
of  the  Northwestern  University.  At  the  present  time  he  is  Professor  of  Laryn- 
gology and  Rhinology  in  the  Chicago  Policlinic,  and  Attending  Laryngologist 
of  the  Presbyterian  and  St.  Joseph's  hos}~)itals.  His  thorough  preparation  and 
energetic  and  judicious  treatment  of  cases  entrusted  to  his  care  placed  him  early 
in  the  front  rank  of  his  profession  in  Chicago,  and  in  his  specialty  he  is  to-day 
one  of  the  foremost  authorities  in  America.  Dr.  Ingals  is  the  author  of  a  text- 
book on  "Diseases  of  the  Throat,  Chest  and  Lungs,"  which  is  extensively  used 
in  the  medical  schools,  and  has  written  numerous  articles  for  the  medical 
journals  treating  on  these  and  kindred  topics. 

We  is  ex-President  of  the  Illmois  State  Medical  Society  and  of  the  American 
Laryngological  Association,  and  President  of  the  American  College  Associa- 
tion. Dr.  Ingals  has  been  honored  with  the  l^residency  of  the  Laryngological 
Section  of  the  Pan-American  Medical  Congress,  as  well  as  of  the  Section  of 
Laryngology  and  Otology  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  and  has  also 
served  as  First  Vice-President  of  the  American  Climatological  Association. 

In  1867  the  Doctor  was  married  to  Miss  Lucy  S.  Ingals,  daughter  of  Ejihraim 
and  Melissa  R.  Ingals,  of  Chicago,  in  which  city  the  bride  was  born.  Their 
union  has  l)een  blessed  by  the  advent  of  a  son,  Francis  E.,  and  a  daughter, 
Melissa  Iv.    Ingals.      The  family  attends  the  Second  Baptist  Church. 

Though  not  an  active  politician,  the  Doctor  takes  an  intelligent  interest  in 
the  progress  of  aliairs,  State  and  National,  and  usually  supports  the  men  and 
measures  of  the  Republican  party.  He  devotes  his  time  almost  exclusively  to 
his  professional  duties,  but  finds  occasional  intervals  for  supporting  movements 
calculated  to  benefit  the  social  and  public  interests  of  the  city. 

Dr.  Ingals  is  identified  with  the  Illinois  Club,  the  Athletic  Club,  the  Citi- 
zens' Association  and  the  Civic  Federation,  He  is,  in  a  word,  a  genial,  open- 
hearted  gentleman,  ever  ready  to  extend  practical  advice  and  encouragement  to 
the  younger  members  of  his  profession  and  to  every  earnest  worker  for  the 
welfare  of   mankind. 


WILLIAM   THOMAS   BELFIELD,   M.  D. 

In  the  province  of  Bacteriology,  which  is  occup}'ing  the  close  attention  and 
study  of  some  of  the  best  minds  of  Europe  and  America,  Dr.  Belfield  has  made 
his  mark.  In  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  also,  he 
has  few  superiors  in  the  country.  He  is  a  skillful  surgeon,  and  is  a  philologist 
of  no  mean  attainments,  being  thoroughly  grounded  in  Latin,  Greek,  French  and 
German.      In  a  word,  he  is  a  professional  gentleman  of  culture  and  philosophical 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  in 

mind,  as  well  as  a  skillful  practitioner;  and  a  combination  of  those  two  traits, 
in  these  days  of  practical  fertility  and  versatility,  is  what  makes  the  physician 
and  surgeon  of  marked  success.  To  be  a  comparatively  uneducated  practitioner 
is  no  longer  in  this  country  a  guarantee  of  high  standing;  on  the  other  hand,  a 
member  of  the  profession  who  lives  principally  among  his  books  has  not  the 
strength  of  the  one  who  develops  both  from  reading  and  practice. 

To  keep  abreast  of  all  the  best  medical  literature  of  the  day,  whether 
published  in  English,  German  or  French,  to  have  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  great  hospitals  and  clinics  of  America  and  Europe,  to  have  made  a  personal 
examination  of  representative  institutions,  and  to  be  able  to  run,  in  a  general  way, 
the  whole  gamut  of  diseases  to  which  the  disordered  body  is  subject,  as  well  as 
to  acquire  unusual  strength  and  skill  in  the  analysis  and  treatment  of  some 
special  branch — this  is  what  it  now  means  to  be  a  successful  physician.  It  is 
evident  that  these  qualifications  require  for  their  attachment  both  intellectual 
and  physical  vigor. 

Dr.  Belfield  is  a  man  of  medium  height,  sturd}'  frame  and  full  habit,  whose 
entire  appearance  is  that  of  strength  and  equipoise.  One  is  prepared  for  the 
statement  that  he  comes  of  English  ancestry,  and  that  both  maternal  and 
paternal  branches  have  grown  from  the  soil  of  England  for  many  generations. 
At  an  early  day  his  parents,  William  and  Selener  Marshall  Belfield,  settled  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  where  their  son,  Willid^n  T. ,  was  born  on  June  i,  1855.  Later 
they  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  attended  the  public  schools  and  the  high 
school  of  the  city,  afterward  graduating  from  the  University  of  Michigan.  He 
then  secured  a  position  as  teacher  of  Latin  and  Mathematics  in  the  Chicago 
High  School, 

This  avocation,  however,  was  not  entirely  to  his  liking,  although  it  enabled 
him  to  pursue  a  medical  course  at  Rush  Medical  College.  From  this  institution 
he  graduated  in  1878,  and,  after  serving  for  two  years  as  Resident  Physician  in 
Cook  County  Hospital,  he  went  abroad,  residing  for  two  years  and  a  half  in 
Vienna,  Berlin,  Paris  and  London. 

Among  the  results  of  his  European  residence  may  be  mentioned  the  prep- 
aration of  the  Cartwright  lectures  and  their  delivery  in  New  York,  during  1883, 
the  subject  being  "Relations  of  Micro-Organisms  to  Disease,"  and  his  con- 
tribution to  Wood's  Library  of  Standard  Medical  Authors  in  the  shape  of  a 
volume  on    "Diseases  of  the  Urinary  and  Male  Sexual  Organs." 

The  estimation  in  which  he  is  held  by  his  Alma  Mater  and  other  city  in- 
stitutions is  somewhat  indicated  by  the  fact  that  he  holds  the  positions  of 
Professor  of  Bacteriology  and  Lecturer  on  Surgery  at  Rush  Medical  College, 
Professor  of  Principles  of  Surgery  at  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery  and 
Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases  at  the  Chicago  Policlinic. 


112  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


DANIEL    ROBERTS    BROWER,   B.  S.,    M.  D. 

The  Brouwers  trace  their  hneage  back,  in  chrect  line,  to  Wilham  of  Nassau, 
Prince  of  Orange.  A  family  sprung  from  such  stock  must  not  only  cherish  a 
pardonable  pride  of  ancestry,  but  inherit  traits  of  character  which,  through  the 
lapse  of  years,  mark  the  vigor  of  the  root  from  which  it  sprung.  One  of  the 
great  canals  of  Amsterdam  also  bears  the  family  name,  and  in  the  realm  of  art 
Adrian  Brouwer,    the  painter,    stands  as  one  of  the  foremost  artists  of  his  time. 

During  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  much  religious  dissention 
prevailed,  and  intolerance  was  rife  throughout  the  Netherlands.  No  sect  suffered 
more  from  it  than  the  followers  of  the  Anabaptist,  Simon  Mennon,  who  were 
known  as  Mennonites.  Many  of  the  Brouwer  family  were  of  this  sect,  and,  with 
others,  fled  from   the  land  of  their  fathers  to  avoid  further  persecution. 

The  l)ranch  of  the  family  from  which  Dr.  Brower  is  descended  coming  to 
America,  some  of  them  settled  in  New  Amsterdam  (now  New  York),  while 
Mr.  Brower's  grandfather,  Daniel  R.  Brouwer,  with  other  Mennonites,  located  in 
Chester  County,    Pa.,  near  Philadelphia. 

On  the  maternal  side  the  ancestry  is  English-American.  Dr.  Brower's 
grandmother,  of  an  old  American  family,  married  Major  Charles  Farmar,  an 
English  officer,  who,  at  the  close  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  resigned  his 
commission,  and,  casting  his  lot  with  the  colonists  he  was  sent  over  to 
subdue,  settled  down  with  his  American  wife  and  became  a  loyal  and  patriotic 
citizen  of  the  new  republic.  Daniel  Rife  Brower  (son  of  Daniel  R.  Brouwer, ) 
left  the  Mennonites  and  married  Ann  Billop  Farmar,  daughter  of  Major  Charles 
Farmar  and  wife,    before  mentioned. 

To  this  couple  was  born  on  October  13,  1839,  a  son,  whom  they  named 
Daniel  Roberts  Brower.  At  six  years  of  age,  his  family  removed  to  New  Jersey, 
where  he  lived  until  he  was  thirteen  years  old,  when  they  returned  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  settled  in  Norristown,  where  the  Tremont  Seminary  was  then  located. 
Young  Brower  entered  this  institution  and  there  began  in  earnest  the  work  of 
acquiring  a  liberal  education.  In  1856,  being  prepared  for  college,  he  entered 
the  Polytechnic  College  of  Philadelphia  to  complete  a  course  of  study  in  engi- 
neering, in  accordance  with  the  decision  of  his  father,  who  had  destined  him  for  a 
mining  engineer  long  before  he  had  attained  to  sufficient  age  to  evince  any 
averse  inclination.  Although  it  gradually  dawned  on  the  young  man's  mind  that 
his  life-work  was  to  be  in  an  entirely  different  field  from  that  for  which  he  was 
preparing,  he  faithfully  pursued  the  four  years'  course  of  study  prescribed  and 
graduated  in  i860,  receiving  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Science  and  Master  of 
Mining  Engineering.  A  year's  trial  in  the  business  for  which  he  had  been 
specially    trained   proved    so    distasteful    to    him    that    he    abandoned   it    forever. 


RUSH  31 E  Die  A  L    COLLEGE. 


113 


His  decision  was  two-fold,  as  it  not  only  embraced  the  abandonment  of  the 
vocation  his  father  had  chosen  for  him,  but  a  determination  to  adopt  the  med- 
ical profession  to  which  his  individual  tastes  had  always  drawn  him,  and  with 
increased  force  as  his  own  individuality  became  more  marked  with  the  attain- 
ment of  mature  thought  and  personal  responsibility.  Indeed  he  had  all  through 
his  college  course  read  much  medical  lore,  as  a  relief  from  the,  to  him,  irksome 
studies  the  curriculum  forced  upon  him. 

He  announced  his  determination  to  his  father  and  forthwith  entered  the 
medical  department  of  Georgetown  University  at  Washington,  D.  C,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  February,    1864. 

Having,  in  January  previous  to  his  graduation,  passed  an  examination  for 
Assistant  Surgeon  in  the  United  States  Volunteer  Corps  and  received  his  com- 
mission, he  immediately  entered  the  service,  being  attached  to  the  Army  of  the 
James  River,  with  which  he  served  for  nearly  a  year  and  a  half,  when  he  was 
detailed  to  organize  at  Richmond  the  first  institution  ever  established  for  the 
treatment  of  insane  freedmen,  the  Howard  Grove  Asylum.  By  his  deep 
knowledge  of  Neurology  gained  during  his  college  course,  he  was  peculiarly  fitted 
for  this  work,  in  which  special  department  he  has  since  attained  the  highest  rank. 

In  1868  he  became  Superintendent  of  the  Eastern  Lunatic  Asylum  of  Vir- 
ginia,   which  position  he  held  for  eight  years. 

In  February,  1876,  he  located  permanently  in  Chicago,  where  his  experi- 
ence, skill  and  great  educational  attainments  at  once  placed  him  at  the  head  in 
his  specialty  and  in  the  front  rank  in  all  departments  of  his  profession. 

A  partial  list  of  the  many  honorable  and  responsible  positions  he  has  filled 
gives  ample  proof  of  his  high  professional  standing.  Soon  after  his  settlement 
in  Chicago  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Neurology  in  Rush  Medical  College  and 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College, 
holding  positions  on  the  staff  of  several  of  the  leading  hospitals. 

In  1878  he  became  Professor  of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases  in  the 
Woman's  College,  where  he  was  the  first  Neurologist  in  the  West  and  one  of 
the  first  in  the  country  to  illustrate  clinical  instruction  in  insanity  by  taking 
his  students  to  study  actual  cases  in  the  asylums.  Later  he  was  made  Adjunct 
Professor  of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases  in  Rush  Medical  College,  and  was 
honored  with  the  full    professorship  in    i8go. 

In  1889  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Neurology  in  the  Post-Graduate 
Medical  School.      He  still  holds  the  chairs  above  mentioned. 

At  different  times  Dr.  B rower  has  been  Neurologist  to  St.  Joseph's,  the 
Mary  Thompson,  the  Cook  County,  the  Woman's  and  the  Presbyterian  hos- 
pitals,   holding  a  like  position  at   the  Washingtonian  Home. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  being  chairman  of 
the    sections    on    Neurology  and    Medical    Jurisprudence.      Connected    with    the 


114  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society  and  the  Practi- 
tioner's Club,  he  is  also  associated  with  State  as  well  as  local  organizations, 
having  served  as  President  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical,  Chicago  Medical  and 
the    Chicago  Medico-Legal  societies. 

Dr.  Brower  has  long  been  acknowledged  as  one  of  the  leading  experts  of 
the  country  in  medico-legal  cases  involving  insanity.  He  has  also  been  a  vol- 
uminous writer  in  the  current  medical  journals,  not  only  on  his  professional 
specialty,  but  on  nearly  every  other  subject  or  cjuestion  of  interest  to  the  medi- 
cal profession. 

Dr.  Brower  was  married  on  May  15,  1868,  to  Eliza  Ann  Shearer.  They 
have    two  children,    Eunice  Anne  and  Daniel  R.    Brower,   Jr. 


ALFRED  CLEVELAND  COTTON,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 

If  so  forceful  a  character  as  Dr.  Cotton  ever  required  an  incentive  in  life, 
other  than  his  own  inborn  determination  to  make  an  honorable  name  in  the 
professional  world,  he  would  have  found  it  in  the  genealogical  annals  of  his 
distinguished  family.  It  may  be  said  without  exaggeration  that  the  Cottons 
and  the  Mathers  are  a  part  of  the  very  foundation  of  New  England  and  of  the 
United  States.  Moreover,  their  ruggedness  of  character  was  permeated  and 
refined  by  the  intellectual  culture  of  the  universities.  By  education  and  by 
instinct  the  members  of  the  Cotton  family  were  drawn  into  the  channels  of 
professional  life,  and  for  many  generations,  whether  as  clergymen,  teachers  or 
physicians,  have  stood  in  the  van  as  leaders  in  the  provinces  of  morals,  intellect, 
science  and  practical  works. 

Rev.  John  Cotton,  founder  of  the  American  branch  of  the  family,  was  born 
in  Derby,  England,  on  the  fifteenth  of  December,  1585,  and  was  a  Fellow  of 
Cambridge  University  and  a  Puritan  clergyman  previous  to  his  removal  from 
the  old  Boston  to  the  new  in  1633.  Previous  to  landing  at  the  infant  Hub, 
however,  his  wife  gave  birth  to  a  son,  who  in  commemoration  of  the  fact  was 
named  Seaborn.  In  the  order  of  nature  Seaborn  grew  to  manhood,  married, 
and  his  wife  had  a  daughter,  Sarah,  who,  in  turn  was  espoused  by  the  famous 
Increase    Mather,    their  son  in  turn    being  Cotton   Mather  of   still  greater    fame. 

The  branch  of  the  Cotton  family  to  which  Dr.  Cotton  is  directly  related 
has  as  its  buds,  first,  John  the  son  of  Seaborn,  a  citizen  of  Hampton,  N.  H. ; 
Thomas  and  Melvin  representing  the  succeeding  generations,  the  latter  being  a 
Revolutionary  patriot,  and  all  diversifying  successful  professional  work  with  the 
healthful  and  necessary  labors  of  the  agriculturist. 

Gradually  spreading  from  the  Hub,  members  of  the  family  located  in  the 
colonies  and  commonwealths    north  of   the  Old  Bay  State.      Porter,    the   son  of 


^^^'fy^'^f-fr     ,  ^r^^' 


E»=  B(    Hs.,p-,.   T;>vu. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  "  ii" 

Melvin  Cotton,  a  literary  character  and  a  teacher  of  hij^h  standing,  married  Miss 
Elvira  Cleveland  of  that  State.  Emigrating  to  the  South,  although  a  Congre- 
gationalist  and  an  anti-slavery  advocate  of  radical  views,  his  abilities  were  promptly 
recognized  and  he  served  for  some  time  in  the  faculty  of  Washington  College, 
an  institution  of  high  standing  near  Natchez,  Miss.  Notwithstanding  that  he 
might  have  made  a  name  for  himself  as  an  educator  in  the  South,  his  social 
and  political  beliefs  were  so  antagonistic  to  those  prevailing  in  that  section  of 
the  country  that  he  returned  to  Vermont,  and  after  suffering  some  business 
reverses  decided  to  cast  his  fortunes  with  those  of  the  great  new  West.  In 
1835,  therefore,  he  located  in  Griggsville,  Pike  County,  111.,  and,  like  the  practical 
man  that  he  was,  became  a  mill  owner,  a  grain  dealer  and  a  freneral  merchant, 
despite  his  thorough  education  and  his  training  as  a  pedagogue.  Cultured, 
modest,  industrious,  upright,  original  and  a  power  in  the  young  community,  he 
lived  here  for  forty-five  years,  dying  in  the  ripeness  of  old  age  universally 
respected  and  loved.  . 

Of  the  four  children  born  at  Griggsville,  Dr.  Cotton  is  the  )'oungest,  the 
date  of  his  birth  being  May  18,  1847.  After  receiving  a  primary  and  a  grammar 
school  education,  in  accordance  with  his  father's  wishes,  Alfred  was  placed  under 
the  intellectual  care  of  Rev.  W.  H.  Whipple,  a  Congregational  clergyman,  the 
design  being  to  prepare  the  boy  for  college.  At  sixteen  years  of  age,  however, 
his  studies  were  interrupted  by  the  Civil  War.  Enlisting  with  the  Union  Army 
as  a  drummer,  he  experienced  sixteen  months  of  service,  half  of  which  period 
he  spent  in  Southern  prisons,  having  received  wounds  from  which  he  did  not 
recover  for  some  time  after  being  mustered    out  of  the  service. 

As  soon  as  his  health  would  permit,  he  resumed  his  studies  at  the  Illinois 
State  Normal  University,  at  Bloomington,  being  soon  elected  president  of  the 
Philadelphian  Literary  Society.  Graduating  from  that  institution  in  1869,  for 
the  succeeding  six  years  Dr.  Cotton  served  as  a  principal  of  grammar  and  high 
schools  and  superintendent  of  city  schools.  During  this  period  traits  of  char- 
acter, which  were  no  doubt  partially  inherited,  were  so  developed  by  experience 
and  trainin^r  as  to  mark  him  as  amono;  the  foremost  educators  of  the  State,  he 
being  especially  prominent,  perhaps,  as  a  teacher  of  Latin  and  the  natural 
sciences,  and  most  successful  as  an  organizer  of  graded  schools.  It  was  during 
the  period  above  named  (in  1873)  that  Dr.  Cotton  also  served  as  Deput}'  Count}' 
Superintendent  of  Schools  for  Iroquois  Count}'. 

But  several  years  jirevious  to  this  time  he  had  commenced  his  medical 
studies  with  Dr.  J.  R.  Stoner  of  Griggsville,  and  in  1876  he  abandoned  his 
career  of  non-professional  teaching  forever.  During  the  Autumn  ot  that  \'car, 
well  grounded  in  the  preparatory  branches  for  a  medical  course,  he  entered 
Rush  Medical  College,  graduating  in  1878  as  valedictorian  and  president  of  his 
class.      He    was    at    once    invited    to    accept  a  lectureship    as  a   member  of   the 


ii8  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Spring  faculty.  This  he  did,  but  decided  to  locate  for  practice  at  Turner,  Du 
Page  County,  111.  Here  his  abilities,  both  as  an  executive  and  professional 
man,  promptly  earned  for  him  not  only  a  large  practice,  but  such  public  positions 
as  Coroner  of  the  County  in  1878  and  1881,  and  Health  Officer  of  the  village 
in  1880.  As  the  smallpox  epidemic  invaded  that  part  of  the  State  during  his 
incumbency  of  the  last  named  position  the  office  proved  far  from  being  a 
sinecure.  As  Turner  is  quite  an  important  railway  center,  Dr.  Cotton's  practice 
included  much  railway  surgery,  he  receiving  the  appointment  of  an  Assistant  Sur- 
geon  in  the  Chicago  &  North-Western  Railway. 

The  continuous  encouragement  which  he  received  from  his  Alma  Mater, 
added  to  the  promptings  of  his  own  ambition  for  a  broader  professional  field, 
attracted  him  irresistibly  to  Chicago.  In  1880  he  had  accepted  the  position  of 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  at  Rush  Medical  College  and, 
although  still  a  resident  of  Turner,  established  an  office  in  this  city.  It  was 
during  May,  1882,  that  he  established  himself  in  Chicago,  on  the  West  Side, 
as  a  resident  jihvsician,  where  he  has  become  widely  known,  especially  as  an 
expert  in  Diseases  of  Children. 

Dr.  Cotton  had  previously  served  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Knox  in  the  newly- 
established  clinical  department  on  Diseases  of  Children,  connected  with  Rush 
Medical  College,  and  during  1883-84,  that  he  might  further  perfect  himself  in 
this  specialty  as  well  as  in  the  studies  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  he 
spent  a  year  in  the  leading  medical  institutions  of  Baltimore,  Philadelphia  and 
New  York,  particularh'  in  the  Post-Graduate  and  Policlinic  schools  of  the 
metropolis.  Returning  to  Chicago  in  the  Fall  of  1884,  he  energetically  pursued 
his  former  lines  of  work,  being  splendidly  equipped  to  accept  the  further  honors 
which  came  to  him.  In  1886  he  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from 
Illinois  College,  in  1888  he  was  made  Adjunct  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics  in  Rush  College,  and  in  1892,  on  the  decease  of  Dr.  Knox,  he  was 
appointed  to  succeed  him   in  the  clinical  chair  of  Pediatrics. 

Dr.  Cotton's  eminent  success,  both  as  a  theoretical  and  clinical  instructor 
in  Diseases  of  Children,  led  Rush  Medical  College  to  create  for  him  a  full  pro- 
fessorship of  that  department,  which  he  still  occupies  and  honors.  His  prominence 
in  this  specialt}'  has  also  induced  many  other  public  institutions  to  solicit  his 
services.  Since  1882  he  has  been  connected  with  the  Children's  department  of 
the  Central  Free  Dispensary,  either  as  Attending  or  Consultmg  Physician,  and  for 
many  years  he  has  served  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in  a  like  capacity,  as  well 
as  holding  the  positions  of  Obstetrician  to  that  institution  and  Lecturer  to  the 
Illinois  Training  School  for  Nurses. 

Besides  the  many  duties  connected  with  his  extensive  practice  and  the 
public  institutions  named  above.  Dr.  Cotton  has  assumed  those  naturally  asso- 
ciated   with  his   service   of    several    years  on  the    medical   staff   of    Cook  County 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  119 

Hospital  and  three  years  as  City  Physician  of  Chicago.  His  term  in  the  latter 
capacity  covered  the  period  1891-93,  under  Mayor  Washburne,  being  continued 
under  Mayor  Swift  from  June,  1895,  up  to  date.  By  virtue  of  his  position  he 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Health,  has  medical  supervision  of 
the  Police  Department  and  House  of  Correction,  and  is  in  charge  of  the  Chicago 
Isolation  Hospital  and  the  infectious  disease  ward  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital. 
During  President  Harrison's  term  of  office  he  served  as  Examining  Surgeon  on 
the  U.  S.  Pension  Board  and  for  years  has  been  elected  Surgeon  for  the  two 
posts  of  the  G.  A.  R.  and  the  Veteran  Union  League. 

Dr.  Cotton  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  and  Pathological  societies, 
the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  and  the  American  Medical  Association,  before 
which  he  has  read  papers  that  have  been  widely  circulated.  In  1894,  at  the 
meeting  of  the  national  body  held  in  San  Francisco,  he  was  chosen  temporary 
chairman  of  the  section  on  Diseases  of  Children,  and  at  the  Baltimore  Congress, 
which  assembled  in  June,  1895,  he  was  selected  as  chairman  of  that  section. 
It  may  be  added  that  Dr.  Cotton's  reputation  made  as  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
Children  to  Rush  Medical  College  has  firmly  established  his  position  as  one  of 
the  leading  American  authorities  on  Pediatrics.  He  is  one  of  the  few  Americans 
who  have  been  honored  with  election  to  membership  of  the  Socictc  Francaisc 
cl'  Hygiene. 

Dr.  Cotton  is  a  Mason  of  high  rank,  being  also  identified  with  the  Royal 
Arcanum  and  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Lincoln  Club,  and  is  as  popular  in  social  and  Grand  Army  circles  as  in  the 
professional  walks  of  life. 

The  Doctor's  family  includes  his  wife,  formerly  Miss  Nettie  McDonald,  and 
his  infant  daughter,  Mildred  Cleveland  Cotton. 


JOHN    MILTON    DODSON,   A.   M.,   M.  D. 

Although  a  young  man  and  a  resident  of  Chicago  for  but  a  few  years.  Dr. 
Dodson  is  so  purely  a  Western  product  of  manhood  that  he  has  readily  adapted 
himself  to  the  city  of  his  adoption  and  has  attained  a  position  here  for  which 
others  might  strive  half  a  lifetime.  Born  at  Berlin,  Wis.,  on  February  17,  1859,  he 
is  the  elder  of  the  two  sons  of  Nathan  Monroe  and  Elizabeth  Abbott  Dodson. 
He  laid  the  sound  foundation  of  his  professional  life  by  a  thorough  training  in 
the  common  and  high  schools  of  his  native  town,  after  which  he  attended  the 
State  University  at  Madison,  from  which  latter  institution  he  was  graduated  in 
1880,  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  As  an  earnest  student  he  now  removed  to 
Chicago,  and,   after  taking  a  course  at  Rush  Medical  College,  received  his  degree 


I20  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

of    M.  D.   in   1882,    the    Jefferson    Medical    College,    Philadelphia,   conferring   the 
same  honor  upon  him  during  the    succeeding  year. 

After  graduating  from  Rush  Medical  College,  for  three  years  he  practiced 
his  profession  in  Berlin,  removing  then  to  Madison,  where  he  continued  as 
before  to  live  and  thrive  among  his  oldtime  associates  and  friends.  Just  pre- 
vious to  occupying  his  broader  field  in  Chicago  (in  1888)  his  Alma  Mater,  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,    conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  A.    M. 

In  January,  1889,  Dr.  Dodson  removed  to  Chicago,  and  here  again  the 
institution  which  had  watched  his  course  and  marked  his  talents  honored  him 
with  a  professorship.  First  he  became  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  and  Lecturer 
on  Osteology,  in  Rush  Medical  College,  occupying  that  position  until  1891 
wdien,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  same  institution,  which 
chair  he  still  holds.  To  add  to  his  other  public  and  professional  offices  of  trust, 
in  1894  Dr.  Dodson  was  elected  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Children  in  the 
Women's  Medical  School  of  the  Northwestern  University. 

That  Dr.  Dodson  has  a  wide  acquaintance  among  the  members  of  his  pro- 
fession is  evident  from  the  fact  that  he  is  associated  with  such  prominent  organi- 
zations as  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society,  the 
Practitioner's  Club,  the  Wisconsin  State  Medical  Society,  the  American  Associa- 
tion of  Anatomists,  the  National  Association  of  Railway  Surgeons  and  the  Beta 
Theta  Ri  and  the  Mi  Sigma  Nu  fraternities. 

In  the  midst  of  his  active  practice  and  the  duties  connected  with  his  college 
professorships,  he  has  found  time  to  contribute  not  a  little  to  the  medical  literature 
of  the  day.  Among  other  papers  maybe  mentioned  "The  Diagnostic  Signifi- 
cance of  Epitheha  in  Urine"  (1890)  and  "The  County  Insane  Asylum  System 
in  Wisconsin  "   ( 1 89 1 ). 

It  will  tlms  be  seen  that  Dr.  Dodson  is  giving  his  entire  strength  and  his 
marked  ability  to  the  profession  which  he  has  adopted,  allowing  no  outside 
attractions  to  distract  his  mind  and  energy.  The  consequence  is  that  although 
he  has  been  among  us  ])ut  little  more  than  seven  years,  he  has  advanced  rapidly 
to  the  front  ranks,  and  those  who  have  watched  his  course  from  the  time  he 
commenced  his  medical  studies  in  Rush  Medical  College  until  the  present  pre- 
dict for  him  a  substantial  future. 


ARTHUR  DEAN  BEVAN,   M.   D. 

Professional  ability  may  be  said  to  depend  partly  upon  natural  aptitude,  or 
inheritance,  and  partly  upon  education.  In  both  of  these  Dr.  Bevan  was  for- 
tunate. His  father,  Thomas  Bevan,  after  receiving  a  thorough  medical  educa- 
tion    in    Cincinnati    and    Paris,    came    to    Chicago    in    1853    and    here   practiced 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  121 

his  profession  for  more  tlian  a  quarter  of  a  century,  or  until  his  death  in 
March,    1880. 

That  Dr.  Thomas  Bevan  was  a  man  of  mark  in  his  chosen  field  is  evident 
from  the  fact  that  he  was  for  many  years  Professor  of  Hyj^iene  and  Clinical 
Medicine  at  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  and  Attending  Physician  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Board  of  Cook  County  Hospital.  His  wife,  and  the  mother 
of  Arthur  Dean  Bevan,  was  a  Miss  Sarah  Ramsey,  the  granddaughter  of  John 
Morrow,   one  of  the  first  governors  of    Ohio. 

Dr.  Bevan  was  born  in  Chicago  in  August,  i860,  and  now  holds  the  chair 
of  Anatomy,  Descriptive  and  Surgical,  at  Rush  Medical  College,  being  also  one 
of  the  Surgeons  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  Not  only  is  he  a  native  of  this 
city,  but  received  his  early  education  here,  graduating  from  the  Chicago  High 
School  in  1878.  Next  we  find  him  a  student  at  Yale,  and  then,  in  1883,  a 
graduate  in  medicine  at   Rush  College. 

Soon  afterward  Dr.  Bevan  led  all  competitors  in  an  examination  for  the 
United  States  Marine  Hospital  service,  retaining  his  connection  with  it  until 
1888,  and  being  stationed  at  Chicago,  Detroit,  Portland  (Ore.)  and  New  York. 
While  in  Portland  he  was  at  different  times  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Med- 
ical Department  oi  the  State  University,  Chief  Surgeon  of  the  Oregon  Railway 
and  Navigation  Company,  Division  Surgeon  of  the  Union  Pacific,  Surgeon  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  and  the  Northern  Pacific  Terminal  Company,  and  County 
Physician.  He  was  also  Surgeon  of  the  First  Regiment  Oregon  National 
Guards,  serving  as  a  private  in  that  organization  during  the  Chinese  riots  of 
1886. 

It  was  during  the  succeeding  year  that  Dr.  Bevan  was  called  to  the  chair 
of  Anatomy  at  Rush  College  to  succeed  Professor  Charles  T.  Parkes.  In  1892 
he  was  matriculated  at  the  University  of  Leipzig,  devoting  a  year  to  medical 
studies  there  and  at  Vienna  and  Berlin. 

The  Doctor  is  a  member  of  such  organizations  as  the  Delta,  and  Phi  Sigma 
Psi  medical  fraternities,  American  Medical  Association,  Association  of  American 
Anatomists,  Academy  of  Railroad  Surgeons,  Chicago  Medical,  Chicago  Medico- 
Legal  and  Chicago  Pathological  societies. 

Dr.  Bevan  has  given  his  time  and  strength  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion, to  the  performance  of  those  duties  of  a  semi-public  nature  which  have 
devolved  upon  him  by  virtue  of  high  standing,  and  to  the  maintenance  of  those 
various  organizations  which  perhaps  bind  together  the  members  of  his  brother- 
hood as  closely  as  those  of  any  other.  He  has  confined  himself  to  the  broad 
field  of  his  calling  and  takes  rank  among  the  leading  surgeons  of  this  city. 

In  1896  Dr.  Bevan  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  Barber,  daughter  of  O.  C. 
Barber, 


122  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

JOHN  EDWIN  RHODES,   A.   M.,    M.   D. 

Born  at  Bath,  Summit  County,  Ohio,  on  the  twelfth  of  February,  185 1, 
Dr.  Rhodes'  ancestors  were  of  that  industrious,  substantial  and  intelligent  Ger- 
man stock  which  has  done  so  much  to  make  Pennsylvania,  and  especially  West- 
ern Pennsylvania  what  it  is — one  of  the  most  prosperous  sections  of  the  United 
States.  His  father,  John  Rhodes,  was  a  well-to-do  merchant  of  that  place, 
blessed  in  the  course  of  time  with  a  numerous  family  of  children.  In  search  of 
a  greater  competency  than  the  country  aftorded,  when  Dr.  Rhodes  was  still  a 
child  he  removed  to  Akron,  Ohio,  and  subsequently  to  South  Bend,  Indiana. 
Still  searching  for  fresher  and  more  productive  commercial  fields  in  the  farther 
West,  the  father  took  the  long  trip  overland,  with  his  family,  from  the  latter 
point  to  Webster  City,    Iowa. 

At  that  time,  1856,  Iowa  was  on  the  frontiers  of  civilization,  but  the  com- 
mon school  had  found  its  way  far  in  advance  of  the  railroad,  so  that  during 
the  eleven  years  of  his  residence  in  Webster  City  young'  Rhodes  was  enabled 
to  make  good  progress  in  his  education.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  returned 
with  the  family  to  South  Bend,  and  later  found  his  home  in  Belvidere,  111. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  made  such  progress  that,  after  a  preliminary  course 
of  instruction,  he  entered  the  University  of  Chicago,  graduating  from  its  clas- 
sical course  in    1876    with  the  degree  of  A.   B. 

It  is  characteristic  of  Dr.  Rhodes  that  during  his  collegiate  course  he  was 
actively  identified  with  the  societies  and  fraternities  which  form  so  vital  a 
force  in  university  life  outside  of  the  class-rooms — in  short,  it  may  be  ques- 
tioned whether  they  do  not  as  much  influence  and  reveal  the  character  of  the 
student  as  the  college  curriculum  itself.  As  stated,  Dr.  Rhodes  was  actively 
identified  with  all  of  these  outside  movements,  which  may  be  said  to  consti- 
tute a  training  school  for  the  practical  career  of  after  life.  He  was  editor 
of  the  college  paper,  the  Volatite,  president  of  the  literary  society  and  a 
leading  member  of  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  fraternity.  In  all  the  debates 
and  oratorical  contests  which  so  test  a  student's  temper  and  ability  Dr. 
Rhodes  was  among  the  foremost,  and  on  graduating  was  chosen  by  his  class- 
mates as  class  orator.  It  should  be  added  that  three  years  after  leaving  the 
university  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  his  Alma  Mater  conferred  an  A.  M.  upon  him. 

Graduating  from  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1876,  Dr.  Rhodes  spent 
the  Summer  in  travel  in  the  East,  visiting  Philadelphia  and  the  Centennial  Ex- 
position, after  which  he  located  in  Sacramento,  Cal.,  and  went  into  the 
employ  of  the  well-known  hardware    house,    Huntington,    Hopkins  &  Co. 

Shortly  afterward,  in  July,  1877,  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Anna 
Louise  White,  of  Chicago.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Rhodes  have  two  children,  a  girl  of 
four  and  a  boy  of  eight  years. 


RUSH  IMEDICAL    COLLEGE.  125 

During  the  seven  years  which  constituted  his  business  career,  Dr.  Rhodes 
proved  his  abihty  as  a  man  of  affairs;  but  his  inchnation  from  the  first  had 
been  toward  a  professional  career.  Thus  it  was  that  he  was  drawn  more  and 
more  to  the  study  of  mechcine,  and  finahy  he  determined  to  rehnquish  his 
excellent  business  prospects  and  return  to  Chicago  to  enter  Rush  Medical  College. 
During  1883-86  he  faithfully  pursued  the  full  Winter  and  Spring  courses,  and 
graduated  as  valedictorian  of  his  class  in    the  latter  year. 

At  present  he  is  Treasurer  of  the  Rush  Medical  College  Alumni  Associ- 
ation. Since  he  has  held  this  position  — three  years,  only —  the  membership 
has  increased  from  thirty  to  six  hundred,  and  a  commendable  spirit  of  enthu- 
siasm and  loyalty  to  their  Alma  Mater  has  been  aroused  among  her  thousands 
of  graduates.  Dr.  Rhodes  is  President  of  the  Instructor's  Association  of  Rush 
Medical  College,  the  members  of  which  are  doing  much  in  advancing  medical 
education  in  Rush  College.  He  has  recently  also  been  elected  Historian  of 
the  college,  and  a  member  of  the  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  a  flourishing  medical  inter- 
collegiate society.  He  is  Chairman  of  the  Managing  Committee  of  the  Inter- 
collegiate Department  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  It  is  needless  to  say  to  those  who 
are  at  all  conversant  with  the  inner  aspects  of  college  life  that  a  commendable 
work  is  being  accomplished  by  this  growing  branch  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  in  the  maintenance  and  elevation  of  morals  among  the 
students   of   American   colleges. 

After  graduation  from  Rush  and  before  entering  private  practice.  Dr.  Rhodes 
spent  some  time  in  European  study  and  travel  connected  with  his  profession. 
Coming  home  to  Chicago,  he  became  associated  with  Dr.  E.  Fletcher  Ingals  in 
practice  of  a  general  nature.  After  a  few  years,  however,  he  conhned  himself 
to  the  specialties  in  which  his  professional  associate  and  friend  had  already 
acquired  such  eminence,  to  Diseases  of  the  Nose,  Throat  and  Chest.  He  has 
been  elected  by  the  faculty  of  Rush  Medical  College  as  Lecturer  on  Laryn- 
golog}/  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest,  which  chair  he  still  occupies.  Several  years 
ago  he  became  identified  with  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  at  that  time  under 
the  presidency  of  the  late  Dr.  Wm.  H.  By  ford.  This  institution  has  since 
become  the  Woman's  Medical  School  of  the  Northwestern  University.  Dr. 
Rhodes  still  maintains  his  connection  with  it,  and  holds  the  chair  of  Professor 
of  Physical  Diagnosis  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  school.  Dr.  Rhodes  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society, 
the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Physician's  Club  and  the  Chicago  Pathological 
Society. 

With  all  his  duties  connected  with  college,  society  and  professional  work, 
and  those  which  necessarily  come  to  the  private  life  of  one  whose  acquaintance  and 
friendship  are  so  wide-spread  as  Dr.    Rhodes',  he  has  found  time  to  make  not  a 


126  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

few    contributions    to    current    medical    literature,     chiefly    in    the    line    of    his 
specialties. 

The    history    of    Rush    Medical    College    was  prepared  for  this  volume  by 
Dr.   Norman  Bridge  and  Dr.    Rhodes. 


SAMUEL    L.   WEBER,   M.  D. 

Samuel  L.  Weber  was  born  in  Kaschau,  Hungary,  on  August  i,  1861,  his 
parents  immigrating  to  this  country  when  he  was  yet  a  child.  He  received  his 
preliminary  and  high  school  education  in  Chicago,  and  after  engaging  in  business 
for  six  years  entered  the  University  of  Chicago.  When  this  institution  went  out 
of  existence  Dr.  Weber  entered  Harvard  University.  Here  he  devoted  himself 
mainly  to  Biology,  Chemistry  and  Physics,  leaving  Harvard  before  completing 
his  course  and  commencing  the  study  of  medicine.  He  took  his  first  year  at 
Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  and  the  second  and  third  years  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York  City.  Graduating  from  the  latter  school 
with  honors  in  May,  1888,  Dr.  Weber  entered  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  New  York 
City,  as  interne  in  its  surgical  service.  In  this  position  he  served  two  and  one- 
half  years — two  terms  as  House  Surgeon.  Such  was  the  confidence  of  the  visiting 
surgeons  and  gynecologists  in  him  that  they  allowed  him  to  do  over  five 
hundred  major  operations  during  his  two  terms  as  House  Surgeon.  During  the 
second  of  these  terms  he  very  frequently  gave  the  regular  clinics,  in  place  of 
Professors  Wyeth,    Munde  and  Fluhrer. 

Resigning  from  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  Dr.  Weber  went  to  Europe  for  further 
study  and  experience.  Abroad  he  served  as  Voluntar  Artz  at  the  Konigliche 
Erauenklinik  in  Dresden,  also  taking  Surgical,  Gynecological  and  Pathological 
work  in  Berlin  and  Vienna. 

Returning  to  America,  he  began  private  practice  in  Chicago  in  the  Fall  of 
1891.  Dr.  Weber  now  gives  a  course  of  lectures  on  Surgery  at  the  Post-Graduate 
Medical  School,  is  Attending  Surgeon  to  the  out-patient  department  of  the  Michael 
Reese  Hospital,  and  to  the  Central  Free  Dispensary,  and  Lecturer  on  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics  at  Rush  Medical  College.  He  has  frequently  contributed 
papers  on  surgical  and  gynecological  subjects  to  medical  journals,  and  is  among 
the  rising  young  physicians  and  surgeons  of  Chicago. 


WILLIS  CLAUDE  STONE,  M.  D. 

Born  in  Smithfield,  Madison  County,  New  York,  on  the  twenty-first  of 
April,  1855,  Dr.  Stone  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  a  combination  of  blood 
which  has  produced    some    of    our  most  brilliant    as  well  as  substantial  citizens. 


I 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  129 

Captain  James  Riley  Stone,  the  father  of  Wilhs,  was  one  of  the  most  prom- 
inent men  of  afifairs  in  his  section  of  the  State,  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  responded  promptly  to  the  call  to  arms,  being  given  a  command  in  the 
One  Hundred  and  Fifty-seventh  New  York  State  Volunteers.  But  he  was  not 
fated  to  rise  to  prominence,  since,  after  spending  nearly  a  year  at  Libby  Prison 
and  a  short  time  at  Andersonville,  he  died  in  a  rebel  prison  at  Macon,  Georgia — 
and,  gauged  by  the  comparative  degree  of  mental  and  physical  suffering,  such 
a  lingering  death  is  a  far  greater  test  of  heroism  than  when  the  life  is  torn 
away  in  the  rush  and  turmoil  of  battle. 

Dr.  Stone's  mother  was  Pamela  Coe  Ellinwood,  daughter  of  George  W. 
Ellinwood  of  Siloam,  also  situated  in  Madison  County,  Squire  Ellinwood  was, 
as  his  title  implied,  a  man  of  importance  even  in  a  community  which  boasted 
of  such  men  as  Gerret  Smith.  He  was  capitalist,  statesman,  legal  adviser  and 
everything  else  which  "Squire"  implies  in  an  Eastern  country.  Dr.  Smith  and 
Squire  Ellinwood  lived  only  about  a  mile  apart  and  were  fast  friends,  and 
young  Willis,  while  visiting  his  maternal  grandfather  when  a  very  little  boy, 
has  often  seen  them  talking  together — doubtless  earnestly  discussing  the  abolition 
of  slavery  and  the  ultimate  result  of  the  increasing  bitterness  between  the  North 
and  the   South. 

One  of  Squire  Ellinwood's  sons  and  an  uncle  of  Dr.  Stone  was  Truman 
J.  Ellinwood,  a  famous  stenographer  of  New  York,  of  the  hrm  of  Ellinwood  & 
Munson,  and  for  many  years  the  official  reporter  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher's 
sermons. 

It  is  also  interesting  to  record  the  fact  that  Dr.  Stone  is  related,  on 
his  mother's  side,  to  Daniel  Webster,  as  is  Phil.  D.  Armour,  the  great  packer 
and  financier — the  Armours  and  the  Ellinwoods  being  therefore  of  kindred 
blood. 

To  return  to  our  narrative,  the  boy  Willis,  up  to  his  fourteenth  year,  had 
attended  the  district  schools  and  the  Evans  Academy  at  Peterboro,  which 
was  the  educational  center  of  Madison  County,  as  it  was  virtually  the  geo- 
graphical. At  this  time  (about  1869)  the  family,  consisting  of  the  widow  and 
five  children,  settled  at  Reedsburg,  Wisconsin,  where  Willis  derived  the  benefit 
of  a  high  school  training.  This  advanced  him  so  materially  that  he  obtained 
a  position  as  a  teacher  in  one  of  the  common  schools,  and  after  attending  the 
Oshkosh  State  Normal  School  for  two  years  (1876-78),  he  took  a  special  course 
of  another  year  in  the  Wisconsin   State  University  at  Madison. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  decided  to  ultimately  adopt  the  medical  profession, 
using  pedagogy  as  a  means  toward  that  end.  He  had  already  spent  one  year 
in  the  office  of  a  leading  Reedsburg  physician,  and,  soon  after  leaving  the  State 
University  at  Madison,  was  matriculated  at  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago, 
from  which  he  graduated  in    1884. 


I30  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Durinor  this  year  Dr.  Stone  cast  his  lot  in  Potter  County,  Dakota,  and  not 
only  did  he  here  successfully  practice  his  profession,  but  was  sent  by  his  county 
to  the  convention  at  Sioux  Falls  which  formed  the  State  constitution.  The 
constitution  was  adopted  in  the  Fall  of  1889  and  Dr.  Stone  was  a  part  of  all 
that  excitement  occasioned  by  the  rivalry  of  Huron,  Watertown,  Sioux  Falls 
and  Pierre  over  the  location  of  the  capital  of  South  Dakota.  Before  the  Fall 
election  of  1890,  however,  which  made  Pierre  the  permanent  capital,  he  had 
accepted  a  call  from  his  Alma  Mater,  had  located  in  Chicao;o  and  abandoned 
politics. 

In  1890  Dr.  Stone  became  Clinical  Assistant  to  the  chair  of  Gynecology  at 
Rush  Medical  College,  which  position  he  held  four  years.  He  has  been,  and 
still  is.  actively  identified  with  the  Harvard  Evening  College  as  Professor  of 
Gynecology.  He  has  also  served  as  secretary  of  that  institution  for  two  years 
and  was  connected  with  the  Central  Free  Dispensary  for  an  entire  decade. 
Since  coming  to  Chicago  from  Dakota  Dr.  Stone  has  given  his  energies  and 
talents  to  the  work  of  establishing  a  general  practice,  although,  if  he  has 
one  specialty  more  than  another,  it  may-  be  said  to  be  the  treatment  of 
malignant  tumors. 

Although  Dr.  Stone's  family,  neither  on  the  paternal  nor  maternal  sides, 
seems  to  have  a  medical  leaning,  his  wife's  relatives  have  a  decided  tendency 
to  the  calling  which  he  has  himself  adopted.  He  was  married  in  the  Fall  of 
1885  to  Miss  Elmira  Nichols,  a  well-known  teacher  in  the  public  schools  of 
Chicago.  His  wife's  grandfather  was  a  physician,  she  has  two  sisters  and  a 
brother  who  are  practicing  medicine,  and  she  herself  is  about  to  follow  in  their 
footsteps  and  in  those  of  her  husband.  Dr.  Emma  Nichols,  one  of  her  sisters, 
now  of  Grand  Rapids,  but  formerly  of  Chicago,  and  a  Professor  in  the  Woman's 
Medical  College,   is  widely  and  favorably  known  in  this  city. 


CASSIUS    DOUGLAS   WESCOTT,   M.   D. 

Although  for  several  generations  back  Dr.  Wescott's  ancestors  were  Amer- 
icans, he  originally  comes  from  both  English  and  Scotch  stock.  His  mother 
was  a  descendant  of  Sir  Andrew  Murray,  of  Scotland,  the  Doctor's  seventh 
grandfather  on  the  maternal  side  being  that  nobleman.  His  father,  from  whom 
he  derives  his  English  blood,  practiced  medicine  in  New  York  State  until  the 
boy  Cassius  was  seven  years  of  age,  when  the  family  moved  West  and  located 
in  Chicago. 

Born  on  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  May,  1861,  in  the  little  town  of  Salisbury 
Center,  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y.,  he  came  West,  as  stated,  before  his  school 
days    were    fairly    commenced.      He    is,    therefore,    by  adoption    and   education  a 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  131 

product  of  this  section  of  the  country  and  particularly  of  Chicago.  After  being 
grounded  in  the  common  branches,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  entered  the  old 
Central  High  School,  taking  the  scientific  course.  On  account  of  poor  health, 
however,  he  was  unable  to  finish  the  third  year.  But,  although  thus  temporarily 
retarded,  his  illness  directed  his  mind  toward  the  study  of  medicine  and  the 
alleviation  of  the  many  ills  to  which  flesh  is  heir.  By  persevering  in  this 
new  line  of  mental  endeavor  he  was  enabled  to  enter  Rush  Medical  College 
as  a  faculty  student  when  nineteen  years  of  age,  graduating  in  the  Spring  of 
1883. 

In  what  esteem  Dr.  VVescott  was  held  by  his  Alma  Mater  is  evidenced  by 
the  fact  that  immediately  after  receiving  his  degree,  the  faculty  of  Rush  College 
appointed  him  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry.  His  superior  was  Professor  Walter 
S.  Haines,  and  during  the  year  that  he  so  acceptably  pertormed  his  college 
duties  he  also  assisted  his  father  in  the  conduct  of  an  increasing  practice.  In 
the  Spring  of  1884,  however.  Dr.  Wescott  obtained  the  appointment  of  Assist- 
ant Physician  at  the  Illinois  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  at  Kankakee,  111. 
Here,  under  Dr.  Richard  Dewey,  one  of  the  foremost  experts  in  insanity  of  the 
country,  he  successfully  labored  for  over  two  years,  after  which  he  returned  to 
Chicago  to  resume  practice. 

In  the  meantime  Dr.  Wescott  had  wisely  determined  to  become  a  specialist, 
which  in  these  days  of  fierce  competition  is  almost  as  necessary  in  professional 
as  in  business  life.  Deciding  to  confine  his  energies  to  the  study  and  treatment 
of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  he  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  Ophthalmology 
at  the  Chicago  Policlinic  in  1886.  Durmg  the  Spring  of  the  next  year  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  in  the  ear  department  of  the  Illinois  Charitable 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  but  resigned  the  position  in  order  to  take  charge  of  the 
Eye  and  Ear  Clinic  at  the  Central  Free  Dispensary  connected  with  Rush  Medical 
College.  His  Alma  Mater  again  honored  him,  in  the  Spring  of  1888,  with  the 
appointment  of  Lecturer  of  Anatomy,  but,  on  account  of  failing  health,  he  was 
obliged  to  give  up  the  chair  at  the  end  of  one  year.  In  1891  Dr.  Wescott 
was  appointed  Oculist  and  Aurist  to  the  Cook  County  Hospital  and  was  reap- 
pointed to  the  same  position  in  1893.  From  the  above  brief  resume  of  his 
professional  career  for  the  past  decade  it  will  be  seen  that  he  is  remarkably 
well  fitted  for  his  special  work,  which,  of  late,  he  has  even  further  concentrated 
by  limiting  his  practice  to  Diseases  of  the  Eye.  Although  he  is  not  given  to 
contributing  profusely  to  medical  literature,  his  clinical  reports  to  the  profes- 
sional journals  and  societies  are  highly  valued. 

Dr.  Wescott  is  a  member  of  the  Americal  Medical  Association,  the  Chicacro 
Medical  Society,  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society  (vice-president),  the  Practitioner's 
Club  (secretary)    and  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society.      Of  the  last  named  he 


132  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

was  president  in   1893,    ^^^cl  besides  now  holding  the  offices  mentioned  above  is 
associate  editor  of  the  Railway   Snro-con. 

Considering  that  Dr.  Wescott  has  during  much  of  his  hfe  been  in  deHcate 
health,  it  is  little  short  of  a  wonder  that  he  has  been  able  to  do  so  much  so 
well. 


SAMUEL   GUSHING   BEAGH.   M.  D. 

Although  ancestry  does  not  make  or  unmake  the  man,  the  study  of 
genealogy  is  often  of  scientific  interest  as  affording  an  explanation  of  individual 
traits  and  tendencies.  For  example.  Dr.  Beach  is  a  musician  both  by  instinct 
and  training,  as  was  his  father  and  his  grandfather  before  him — in  fact,  for  several 
years  he  was  so  successful  a  professional  as  to  earn  sufficient  money  to  pay  all 
the  expenses  of  a  preliminary  and  thorough  medical  education  at  Rush  Medical 
Gollege.  Thus,  outside  of  the  profession  which  he  has  adopted  as  a  life  work, 
he  has  acquired  a  thorough  training  in  a  branch  of  art  upon  which  he  may  now 
rely  as  a  means  of  personal  diversion  and  social  entertainment.  To  have  made 
such  decided  progress  in  both  a  profession  and  an  accomplishment  is  certainly 
somewhat  remarkable,  when  it  is  remembered  that  their  possessor  is  yet  a  young 
man  who  has  but  just  passed  his  twenty-sixth  birthday. 

Dr.  Beach  is  the  only  son  of  Samuel  Swift  and  Bena  (Gushing)  Beach- 
Arnold,  and  was  born  on  the  twelfth  of  January,   1870,  at  Glinton,  Iowa. 

Dr.  Beach's  father  was  of  a  scientific  and  classical  turn  of  mind,  being 
master  of  several  languages,  including  Greek,  Latin,  French,  German  and  Italian, 
and  a  member  of  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  fraternity.  During  the  Givil  War 
he  served  as  a  private  under  General  Nathaniel  P.  Banks,  taking  part  in  the 
Red  River  campaign,  and  being  promoted  for  services  performed  during  that 
trying  ordeal  to  the  Union  army  and  the  Union  fleet.  When  the  son  Samuel 
was  two  years  of  age,  the  father  died,  and  three  years  later  the  widow  (nee 
Bena  Gushing)  removed  with  her  son  to  Ghicago,  The  deceased  was  an 
exceptionally  gifted  man  who  would  have  doubtless  attained  great  eminence  in 
his  profession  had  he  not  died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-two,  his  death  being 
hastened  by  privations  endured  during  military   service. 

From  his  father's  family  Dr.  Beach  inherits  his  predilection  for  the  medical 
profession,  he  being  the  fourth  Dr.  Samuel  Beach  in  the  direct  line  of  succession. 
His  grandfather  was  a  leading  physician  of  Bridgeport,  Gonn.,  and  well  known 
through  the  entire  East.  He  was  killed  at  Norwalk,  Gonn.,  in  the  well 
remembered  railroad  disaster,  in  which  fifty  physicians  returning  from  a  medical 
convention  in  New  York  lost  their  lives.  Besides  being  an  eminent  physician 
this  Dr.  Beach  was  a  brilliant  musician  and  a  highly  educated  and  popular  man. 
On  the  side  of  his  maternal  grandmother  Dr.    Beach  can  point  with  pride  to  a 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  133 

long  line  of  Knickerbocker  ancestry,  being  a  direct  descendant  of  the  celebrated 
Van  Waart  family  of  Revolutionary  fame.  His  grandfather  on  the  maternal 
side  was  of  an  eminent  English  family,  numbering  among  its  members  the  cele- 
brated statesman  Caleb  Gushing. 

In  Clinton,  la.,  in  1875,  Mrs.  Beach  was  married  to  Frederick  Asa  Arnold, 
now  private  secretary  to  Frederick  Morgan,  of  Morgan  &  Wright.  He  is  a  native 
of  Chicago  and  an  active  member  of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Club,  a  charter 
member  of  the  Union  League  Club,  Chicago  Society  of  Artists  and  the  Art 
Institute.  Mr.  Arnold  is  also  prominently  identified  with  the  Sons  of  the 
Revolution,  and,  all  in  all,  is  a  citizen  widely  and  favorably  known  in  various 
circles,    business,   athletic  and  social. 

Dr.  Beach  received  his  preliminary  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Chicago  and  in  the  West  Division  High  School.  From  the  latter  institution 
he  graduated  in  1889,  when  in  pursuance  of  a  long  cherished  ambition  he 
matriculated  at  Rush  Medical  College,  from  which  he  obtained  his  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  1892.  For  two  years  thereafter  he  served  as  Resident  Physician,  Sur- 
geon and  Accoucher  at  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  being  also  assistant  to  Dr.  E. 
Fletcher  Ingals  in  the  Department  of  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest. 
In  1893  3-nd  during  his  hospital  service  he  was  appointed  by  the  faculty  of 
Rush  Medical  College  as  Instructor  in  Laryngology  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest. 
He  continued  to  serve  in  this  capacity,  and  in  1894,  his  hospital  service  expiring, 
received  appointments  as  Instructor  in  the  Departments  of  Materia  Medica  and 
of  Chemistry.  Dr.  E.  Fletcher  Ingals  at  this  time  received  him  as  assistant  in 
his  private  and  office  practice,  which  distinction  he  still  enjoys.  As  Chief  of 
Clinics,  under  Dr.  Ingals,  at  Rush  College,  Dr.  Beach  supervises  the  work  of 
twelve  assistants,  and  twenty-five  students,  being  personally  responsible  for  their 
work  and  the  proper  care  of  the  forty  to  sixty  patients  who  come  to  consult 
Dr.  Ingals.  It  may  also  be  noted  that  he  is  assistant  to  Professor  Salisbury  in 
the  Laboratory  of  Physiological  Chemistry  connected  with  the  Woman's  Medical 
School  of  the  Northwestern  University,  having  also  delivered  a  series  of  lectures 
at  that  institution.  He  has  also  for  some  time  past  been  Medical  Examiner  for 
the  Bankers'  Life  Insurance  Company,  of  New  York  City.  In  1895  he  was 
elected  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  Instructors'  Association  of  Rush  Medical 
College,  a  society  in  whose  organization  and  management  he  took  an  active  part. 
He  is  an  active  member  of  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society,  and  has  maintained 
his  old  high  school  affiliations  through  his  connection  with  the  Irving  Society, 
a  literary  organization  which  has  acquired  quite  a  standing  even  among  similar 
societies  older  in  years  and  composed  of  more  mature  members. 

It  should  further  be  added  that  in  addition  to  his  musical,  professional  and 
social  talents.  Dr.  Beach  is  of  such  an  inventive  turn  that  he  has  devised 
several  new  and   labor-saving    surgical  instruments,    which    have    been    promptly 


134  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

adopted  by  experienced  members  of  his  profession.  In  accordance  with  the 
sacred  calhng  of  his  profession,  he  was  brought  up  in  the  Protestant  CathoHc 
Church  being  baptized  by  Rev.  James  Trimble  of  Chnton,  la.,  and  upon  coming 
to  Chicago  being  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  Theodore  N.  Morrison, 
his  firm  friend  and  helper,  by  whom  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Superintendent 
of  the  Sunday-School  in  1895,  still  holding  that  position.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Brotherhood  of  St.  Andrew,  a  religious  organization  known  throughout 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  as  well  as  in  Great  Britain. 


GIDEON    VON   BACHELLE,    M.  D. 

It  has  been  predicted  that  the  Americans  are  destined  to  be  the  most  cos- 
mopolitan of  people,  because  in  them  are  combined  the  nations  and  races  of  the 
world.  A  notable  and  single  instance  of  this  stupendous  process,  which  is  nothing 
more  nor  less  than  the  crystallization  of  a  new  race,  is  found  in  the  ancestral 
and  personal  life  of  Dr.    Bachelle. 

As  his  name  implies,  he  is  of  French  descent,  his  great  great  grandfather 
being  one  of  those  brave,  intelligent  and  industrious  Huguenots  whose  emigra- 
tion from  France,  on  account  of  religious  persecution,  bereft  that  country  of  an 
invaluable  element  of  its  population.  This  advance  guard  of  the  Bachelle  family 
settled  in  Prussia  in    1686. 

Dr.  Bachelle's  father,  Rudolph,  was  long  a  government  official  and  a  citizen 
of  high  standing  in  the  Kingdom  of  Hanover,  where  he  himself  was  born  on  the 
seventeenth  of  November,  1845.  His  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Louise 
Boening,  was  a  native  of  Brunswick,  and  comes  of  a  family  whose  members 
have  made  a  mark  in  the  professions.  One  of  her  brothers  was  a  clergyman, 
and  another.  Dr.  Louis  Boening,  a  physician  who  is  specially  identified  with 
the    early  medical    history    of    Chicago    and  with    the    career    of    Dr.     Bachelle. 

During  the  year  of  Gideon's  birth  Dr.  Boening  emigrated  to  America  and 
settled  in  Chicago  as  its  first  regular  German  physician,  and  while  the  nephew 
in  the  Fatherland  was  attending  school  and  being  drilled  in  the  classics  by  pri- 
vate tutors,  the  uncle  was  steadily  pursuing  his  chosen  profession  and  building 
up  a  large  and  profitable  practice. 

In  1862,  when  Dr.  Bachelle  was  seventeen  years  of  age,  his  uncle  requested 
that  he  be  sent  to  Chicago  for  the  purpose  of  entering  his  office,  studying 
medicine  and  assisting  him  in  his  professional  business..  He  therefore  came  to 
this  city  alone,  which  he  found  in  the  midst  of  the  excitement  and  turmoil  of 
the  Civil  War.  For  more  than  a  year  he  continued  his  studies  and  assisted 
his    uncle,    but  at  length    the  war    fever    seized  him,    as    it    did  the    majority    of 


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RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLRGE.  137 

manly  youths,  and  in  January,  1864,  he  joined  the  Eighth  Ilhnois  Cavalry  as 
hospital  steward.  He  served  until  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  his  only  injury 
being  a  wound  in  the    left    arm  which    he    received  at  Fort  Stevens,    D.   C,    in 

1864.  ,  Mustered  out  of    the    service    at    Benton    Barracks,    St.    Louis,   in    July, 

1865,  he  at  once  returned  to  Chicago  to  pursue  a  regular  course  of  medical 
studies. 

On  the  nineteenth  of  January,  1867,  Dr.  Bachelle  graduated  from  Rush 
Medical  College,  and  at  once  entered  into  partnership  with  his  uncle.  They 
continued  together  for  five  years,  when  Dr.  Boening  retired  from  his  share  of 
the  practice,  leaving  it  in  the  energetic  and  able  keeping  of  his  young  partner. 
That  good  and  honored  German  physician  died  in  1877,  and  Dr.  Bachelle  has 
continued  to  hold  the  same  substantial  position  in  the  affection  and  high 
regard  of  his  countrymen  in  Chicago,  his  practice  growing  in  proportion  to  the 
marvelous  increase  of  the  city.  At  first  he  established  himself  on  the  West 
Side,  and  then  was  located  for  nearly  fifteen  years  on  Fifth  Avenue,  during 
most  of  this  period  in  the  Siaats  Zcitjtng  building.  Thus  centrally  located, 
his  practice  grew  to  such  proportions,  calls  upon  him  coming  from  all  sections 
of  the  city,  that  it  was  a  physical  impossibility  to  keep  up  with  the  demands 
and  do  justice  to  his  patients.  He  therefore  abandoned  his  downtown  office 
and  located  on  Blue  Island  Avenue,  where  he  has  since  worked  and  thrived, 
and,  notwithstanding  that  Dr.  Bachelle  is  thus  so  far  removed  from  the  center 
of  population,  he  still  has  urgent  calls  from  the  North  and  the  South  divisions 
of  the  city,  while  there  is  probably  no  physician  on  the  West  Side  who  has  a 
better  practice  among  the  German  element  than  Dr.  Bachelle.  Although  that 
practice  is  general,  a  great  share  of  his  attention  has  been  given  to  Obstetrics 
and  Gynecology. 

Dr.  Bachelle  was  married  in  1868  to  Caroline  Peterson  of  Chicago, 
daughter  of  the  late  Captain  George  Peterson,  one  of  the  oldest  and  best 
known  captains  on  the  Lakes.  Captain  Peterson  was  a  hardy  Dane  and  his 
wife  is  of  English-Welsh  extraction.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  by  going  back 
but  a  few  generations  we  find  that  Dr.  Bachelle's  children,  American  born  and 
American  educated,  have  in  their  veins  good  blood  of  French-German-Danish- 
English-Welsh  extraction,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  they  are  living 
examples  of  the  fulfillment  of  the  general  prediction  made  at  the  commence- 
ment of  this  sketch.  Three  sons  and  one  daughter  have  been  born  to  the 
Doctor.  The  oldest.  Otto,  after  being  educated  at  the  Chicago  Manual  Training 
School  and  Cornell  University,  became  interested  in  electricity  and  is  now 
successfully  conducting  an  electric  light  plant.  Cecil  is  in  his  last  vear  at  the 
Chicago  University,  and  is  prominent  both  in  athletics  and  his  collegiate 
studies.  He  will  probably  follow  in  his  father's  footsteps.  Ethel,  the  daughter, 
and  Percy,   the  youngest  son,   are  attending  the  Chicago  Academy. 


138  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

EDWARD    BURBANK    WESTON,    M.  D. 

Edward  Burbank  Weston,  son  of  Edward  Payson  (A.  M.)  and  Mary  Eliza 
(Burbank)  Weston  and  grandson  of  Rev.  Isaac  Weston,  was  born  on  July  31,  1846, 
in  Auburn,  Me.,  He  was  educated  at  Bowdoin  College,  Brunswick,  in  that 
State,  receiving  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1870,  and  A.  M.  in  1873,  and  com- 
mencing the  study  of  medicine  in  1870  at  Portland,  Me.,  under  Drs.  William 
Warren  Green  and  Frederick  Henry  Gerrish  of  that  city.  After  attending  two 
courses  at  the  Medical  School  of  Maine,  Bowdoin  College,  and  at  Rush  Medical 
College,  he  graduated  from  the  latter  in  1873.  The  following  four  months  of 
that  year  were  spent  at  Long  Island  College  Hospital,  as  assistant  to  William 
Warren  Green,    Professor  of  Surgery. 

Dr.  Weston  began  the  private  practice  of  medicine  at  Lewiston,  Me.,  in 
August,  1873;  in  1876  removed  to  Highland  Park,  111.,  and  since  1886  has 
practiced  his  profession  in  Chicago.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Medicine,  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  Chicago  Medical  Society,  Chicago 
Gynecological  Society  and  of  the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society.  He  was 
elected  Lecturer  on  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Children  at  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege in    1890-91,    and  is  medical  examiner    for  various  life    insurance    companies. 

Dr.  Weston's  contributions  to  medical  literature  include  the  following  papers: 

"Metritis,"  read  before  the  Chicago  Gynecological  Society. 

' '  A  new  Procedure  in  Cases  of  Anticipated  Complete  Rupture  of  the  Per- 
ineum," Ibid. 

' '  A  plea  for  the  use  of  Anesthetics  in  Obstetrical  Practice, "  Chicago  Medi- 
cal Society. 

' '  Cases  of  Synovitis  of  the  Knee    Joint, "  Ibid. 

' '  The  Care  of  the  Lying-in  Patient, "  Ibid. 

"Anesthetics  in  Obstetrical  Practice,"  a  lecture  delivered  at  Rush  Medical 
College. 

Dr.  Weston  was  married  on  June  9,  1874,  to  Miss  Alice  Jeannette  Brett, 
of  Farmington,  Me.,  who  died  in  January,  1892,  leaving  two  children,  Mary 
and  Edward  Henry  Weston. 

J.   CHARLES  ANTHONY  STAMM,   M.  D. 

There  are  none  of  the  younger  class  of  practitioners  in  the  city  who  have 
a  larger  practice,  or  one  more  readily  obtained,  than  that  enjoyed  by  Dr.  Stamm. 
In  fact,  night  and  day  his  office  and  his  residence  are  so  besieged  by  patients 
that  he  is  not  allowed  the  time  for  necessary  rest,  to  say  nothing  of  recreation. 

Dr.  Stamm's  abilities  as  a  practitioner  are  perhaps  inherited  in  part  from 
his  father.  Dr.  Andreas  Stamm.     The  latter  was  born  at  Bingen  on  the  Rhine, 


0"-orrf  Aui/;sh"'i^°\ 


Eno  b»  HenkyTa^lor  J«  Chi 


RUSH   MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  141 

studying  medicine  at  the  universities  of  Munich  and  Heidelberg,  under  Liebig, 
Niemeyer  and  other  masters.  He  graduated  from  the  University  of  Munich 
on  March   24,   i866,  receiving   extraordinary  honors. 

The  son  of  Dr.  Andreas  and  Helena  (Feile)  Stamm,  J.  Charles  Stamm 
is  a  native  of  Chicago,  where  he  was  born  on  the  second  of  February,  1868. 
Being  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  in  accord  with  his  religious  belief,  he  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  Ignatius  College,  taking  a  classical  course.  Previous,  however,  he 
had  had  some  experience  in  his  father's  drug-store  and  naturally  conceived  a 
liking  for  the  medical  profession.  He  had  already  made  considerable  progress 
in  the  study  of  pharmacy,  so  that  on  his  graduation  from  St.  Ignatius  College 
Dr.  Stamm's  future  course  was  clear. 

Entering  Rush  Medical  College  and  faithfully  pursuing  the  full  course,  he 
graduated  therefrom  on  February  19,  1889.  Dr.  Stamm  promptly  enteied  into 
practice,  opening  an  office  in  the  same  building  occupied  by  his  father's  drug- 
store. A  pleasing  personality,  professional  skill  and  unusual  energy  and  exec- 
utive force  won  a  position  at  a  stroke  which  others  have  striven  years  to 
acquire,  so  that  at  the  present  time  no  physician  on  the  West  Side  has  a 
larger  professional  business,  or  a  more  promising  professional  career.  The 
Doctor  has  not  changed  his  office  since  he  established  himself  seven  years  ago 
in  his  present  location  at  No.    203   Blue   Island  Avenue. 

Dr.  Stamm  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Ignatius  Alumni  Association  and  of 
the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  being  Medical  Examiner  for  the  I.  O.  O.  F. , 
C.  O.  F.,  K.  O.  F.  M.  and  W.  C.  O.  F.  Pohtically  he  is  a  Republican,  and, 
whether  considered  as  a  man  of  affairs  or  as  an  able,  successful  and  honored 
member  of  his  profession,  is  looked  upon  as  a  marked  character  who  is  des- 
tined  ever   to    be    in    the    front    ranks. 


ADELBERT  H.  TAGERT,   M.   D. 

Dr.  Tagert  is  justly  proud  of  his  descent,  which  he  traces  direct  from  the 
Douglasses  of  Scotland  through  his  maternal  ancestors.  His  grandmother  was 
of  this  historic  branch.  After  her  marriage  to  his  grandfather,  who  was  a 
prosperous  and  substantial  gentleman  farmer  and  stock  raiser,  the  family 
emigrated  to  America,  locating  in  Vermont  at  a  very  early  day.  Here  he 
followed  the  occupation  in  which  he  had  been  so  successful  in  Scotland,  and 
became  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  Blue  Mountain  State  in  the  raising  of  fine 
sheep — an  industry  which  has  since  made  Vermont  famous  throughout  the 
world. 

It  may  also  be  added  that  there  is  Stuart  blood  in  the  veins  of  Dr. 
Tagert — in    fact,   that   he    is    blue-blooded  in    the    best  sense  of  the  word.      His 


142  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

immediate  ancestors  were  natives  of  Vermont,  who  have  furnished  so  much  that 
is  hardy  and  invahiable  to  Western  communities.  The  son  of  Dr.  Hugh 
Tagert,  himself  a  prominent  physician  of  that  State,  and  Lucy  A.  Tagert,  he 
was  born  in  Hinesburg,  Vermont,  on  the  second  of  October,  1845.  Until 
his  fourteenth  year  he  attended  school  in  his  native  place,  and  then  with 
his  parents  removed  to  Shelburne,  where  he  entered  the  academy  of  that  town. 
Instead  of  idling  away  his  vacations,  as  would  most  bo3S  under  the  plea  of 
necessary  rest  and  recreation,  he  worked  upon  his  uncle's  farm  when  he  was 
not  attending  school. 

As  indicating  the  bent  of  his  mind  in  his  young  days,  it  may  be  stated 
that  he  was  specially  fond  of  mathematics  and  of  mechanics.  From  the  first 
he  was  practical  and  hard-headed,  and  when  later  he  commenced  the  study  of 
medicine  his  mechanical  talents  naturally  led  him  to  give  much  of  his  attention 
to  surgery.  He  was  only  seventeen  years  of  age  when  he  matriculated  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Vermont,  taking  his  degree  as  Doctor 
of  Medicine  in  1866.  Realizing  the  importance  of  becoming  thoroughly  familiar 
with  drugs  and  their  preparation,  he  spent  one  year  in  learning  the  business  at 
Northboro,  Massachusetts,  and  he  justly  considers  the  time  then  passed  in 
a  drug-store  as  well  spent. 

For  the  two  succeedmg  years  Dr.  Tagert  taught  school  in  Shelburne  and 
Ferrisburg,  Vt. ,  after  which  he  removed  to  I^uffalo,  N.  Y. ,  to  assist 
Dr.  Joseph  C.  Greene  in  his  extensive  practice.  On  account  of  unremitting 
labor  in  his  profession  Dr.  Greene's  health  had  commenced  to  suffer,  and  it 
was  not  long  before  he  confidently  cast  many  of  his  burdens  upon  the  stronger 
shoulders  of  his  young  assistant.  It  was  while  thus  busily  engaged  that  Dr. 
Tagert  frecjuently  met  Dr.  Miner,  then  the  leading  surgeon  in  Buffalo.  He 
continued  to  practice  his  profession  in  that  city  until  1873,  when  he  located  in 
Chicago. 

During  the  succeeding  year  (1874)  Dr.  Tagert  became  connected  with  the 
Free  Dispensary  of  Rush  Medical  College,  where  his  practical  knowledge  of 
drugs  was  of  great  benefit  to  him  and  his  patients.  He  continued  in  that 
connection  for  an  entire  decade,  besides  acting  as  Surgeon  of  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad  from  1875  to  1891,  and  attending  faithfully  to 
a  constantly  increasing  private    practice. 

Seven  months  of  the  years  1888  and  1889  Dr.  Tagert  spent  at  the  great 
University  of  Vienna  and  had  the  benefit  of  instruction  under  masters  whose 
fame  in  their  special  provinces  was  world-wide.  It  is  seldom  that  such  lights 
are  gathered  in  one  constellation  as  Billroth  in  Surgery,  Kaposi  in  Diseases  of 
the  Skin,  Ultzmann  in  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  Carl  Brown  and  Breisky  in 
Gynecology,  Nothnagel  in  General  Histology  and  Hoffman  in  Pathology.  Under 
these    and    others    of    perhaps    equal   fame    did    Dr.    Tagert  labor,    and  the  time 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  145 

thus  spent  was  no  season  of  half-hearted  investigation  but  was  passed  in  hard 
work.  To  one  of  his  temperament,  however,  it  was  thoroughly  enjoyable. 
Awake  early  in  the  morning,  to  find  at  his  very  elbow  a  roll  and  cup  of 
coffee — breakfast  often  in  bed — up  and  off  to  his  enticing  round  of  lectures 
and  clinics  by  7:30  a.  m.,  and  busy  bodily  and  mentally  until  late  at  night — 
these  were  the  general  items  of  his  daily  program.  •  . 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  Dr.  Tagert  returned  to  Chicago  thoroughly  equipped 
in  modern  methods  for  the  large  practice,  both  medical  and  surgical,  which  he 
at  once  resumed.  Since  then  he  has  established  himself  not  only  as  one  of  the 
most  successful  practitioners  of  the  city,  but  as  an  educator,  both  didactic  and 
clinical,  whose  abilities  are  recognized  to  be  practical  as  well  as  scholarly. 

At  present  Dr.  Tagert  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association 
and  the  Illinois  State  Medical,  the  Chicago  Medical  and  the  Chicago  Patho- 
logical societies.  He  is  also  connected  with  the  Hebrew  Mission  Dispensary 
and  is  President  of  the  Harvard  Medical  College,  which  is  now  recognized  by 
the  State  Board  of  Health.  Organized  in  1892,  its  prime  aim  is  to  reach  a 
large  and  increasing  class  of  young  and  ambitious  men  of  moderate  means  or 
whose  time  is  so  occupied  that  the  hours  of  the  day  cannot  be  devoted  to 
study.  The  Harvard  College  is  therefore  an  evening  school  and  not  onh'  has 
ample  facilities  for  recitation,  laboratory  and  dispensary  work,  but  furnishes 
beside  instruction  in  its  hospital  as  well  as  regular  evening  clinics.  Clinical 
instruction  is  extended  to  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  the  Illinois  Charitable 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  other  city  hospitals.  Lawyers  who  clesu'e  to 
become  grounded  in  anatomy,  legal  medicine  and  toxicology,  dentists  who  wish 
to  broaden  their  education  and  obtain  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  and  physicians  who 
see  the  need  of  perfecting  themselves  in  special  lines  of  practice  or  investiga- 
tion, are  enabled  to  attain  their  objects  through  the  Harvard  institution.  It  is 
alike  creditable  to  Dr.  Tagert's  sound  judgment  and  sympathetic,  helpful  nature 
that  he  should  have  perceived  the  need  of  such  an  institution  and  been  so 
earnestly  identified  with  it  from  its  inception.  As  the  head  of  the  faculty  and 
Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery,  his  has  been  a  potent  influence  in  guiding  it  to 
its  present  good  standing. 

On  May  5,  1875,  Dr.  Tagert  was  married  to  Miss  Mary  Harvey  of  Grand 
Rapids,  Michigan.  They  have  had  six  children,  four  li\ing — Julia  L.,  the  wife 
of  George  Smith,  a  merchant;  Carrie  M.,  married  to  Abbott  Kay,  now  studying 
medicine  in  the  Harvard  College;   May  E.   and  Alice  A.   Tagert. 

Although  he  has  never  formally  identified  himself  with  any  denomination, 
by  home  education  Dr.  Tagert  is  a  Methodist  and  he  has  been  a  rather 
constant  attendant  upon  the  services  of    that  church. 

Coming    as    he    does    from  the  Green  Mountain    State,    he  must,    almost    of 
necessity,   have  become  rooted  in  Republicanism. 
10 


146  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE, 

ALPHONSO    L.   CORY,   M.   D. 

There  is  a  theory,  which  seems  to  be  founded  upon  a  rational  and  wide 
observation,  that  many  good  strains  of  blood  are  productive  of  the  most 
substantial  and  valuable  stock.  The  friends  of  Dr.  Cory  are  firm  believers  in 
that  theory,  knowing,  as  they  do,  that  on  the  paternal  side  his  ancestors  were 
German-Dutch,  and  on  the  maternal,  Scotch-English.  The  son  of  Vincent  P. 
Cory  and  Alzina  (Wightman)  Cory,  he  was  born  in  Adrian,  Mich.,  on  the 
twenty-sixth  of  September,   1851. 

After  receiving  a  public  and  a  high  school  education,  the  boy  entered  the 
office  of  Dr.  A.  J.  Leslie  and  studied  medicine  for  two  years.  Coming  to  Chicago 
in  1869,  he  entered  Bennett  Medical  College — somewhat  under  a  misapprehension, 
as  he  says,  regarding  the  exact  nature  and  scope  of  the  course  which  he  was  to 
pursue.  He  graduated,  however,  in  January,  1871,  and  for  a  quarter  of  a  century 
has  been  engaged  here  in  general  and  surgical  practice.  As  his  professional  life 
expanded,  however,  and  he  was  thrown  among  the  prominent  practitioners  of 
the  city,  he  concluded  that  he  labored  under  a  disadvantage  as  the  graduate  of 
an  eclectic  college.  About  twenty  years,  therefore,  from  the  date  of  receiving 
his  degree  from  Bennett  he  commenced  a  regular  course  at  Rush  Medical 
College,  from  which  he  graduated  in   1892. 

Dr.  Cory  first  practiced  on  the  West  Side,  but  the  great  fire  of  1871  burned 
hmi  out,  his  being  the  first  physician's  office  to  be  touched.  In  August,  1872, 
he  removed  to  the  South  Side,  to  the  section  formerly  known  as  the  Town  of 
Lake,  in  the  Stock  Yards  district.  In  the  meantime,  during  December,  1871, 
he  had  been  appointed  Surgeon  of  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Rail- 
road Company,  but,  in  order  to  give  more  time  to  his  increasing  private  practice, 
resigned  that  position  in  October,  1873.  Dr.  Cory  was  reappointed,  however,  in 
August,  1886,  and  still  holds  the  position.  For  some  time,  also,  he  served  as 
Physician  to  St.  Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum. 

In  August,  1880,  Dr.  Cory  organized  the  Health  Department  of  the  Town 
of  Lake,  of  which  he  acted  as  Commissioner  until  May,  1883,  when,  by  a  shifting 
of  politics,  he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  his  post.  Then  Dr.  Cory  was  a 
Republican,  as  he  now  is,  but  that  was  his  only  experience  in  the  domain  of 
practical  politics. 

From  October,  1893,  to  April,  1895,  he  served  on  the  Surgeons'  staff  of  the 
Chicago  Hospital  and  in  January,  1895,  was  appointed  Gynecologist  to  the 
Englewood  Hospital,  still  serving  in  the  latter  capacity. 

Dr.  Cory  is  also  Medical  Examiner  of  the  Royal  League  and  a  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  the  National  Association  of  Railway  Surgeons, 
the  Illinois  Medical  Society  and  the  Physician's  Club  and  Medical  Society  of 
Chicago.      He  is  a  Mason  in  high  standing,  being  a  member  of  Medinah  Temple, 


i 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  147 

A.  A.  O.  N.  M.  S.,  Apollo  Commandery  No.  i,  K.  T.,  Past  T.  I.  Master, 
Temple  Council  No.  65,  R.  and  S.  M;  Past  High  Priest  Delta  Chapter  No,  191, 
R.  A.  M.,   and  Past  Master  Mystic  Star  Lodge  No.  758,  A.  T.  and  A.  M. 


WARREN  M.  SWEETLAND,   M.   D. 

HIGHLAND    PARK,    ILL. 

Dr.  Sweetland  comes  of  pioneer  and  heroic  blood  on  both  his  paternal  and 
maternal  sides.  His  father,  Colonel  Bowen  Sweetland,  of  Scotch  and  Endish 
ancestry  was  born  in  Fitzwilliam,  Cheshire  County,  N.  H.,  on  the  twenty-sixth 
of  December  1786,  and  at  the  age  of  nine  years  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Vermont.  Here  he  remained  until  he  arrived  at  manhood,  when  he  settled  in 
Cayuga  County,  New  York,  marrying  Miss  Betsey  Durkee,  the  first  white  child 
born  in  the  town  of  Scipio,  if  not  in  the  county  itself.  The  Durkees  were 
among  the  most  substantial  and  highly  respected  families  of  this  region,  and 
the  interesting  event,  which  occurred  on  the  fifth  of  December,  1789,  was  con- 
sidered of  such  moment  that  his  comely  bride,  young  Mrs.  Sweetland,  received 
a  substantial  testimonial  from  the   public  authorities. 

The  main  charm  of  history,  and  especially  of  biography,  consists  in  tracing 
a  chain  of  events  to  a  certain  culmination,  which  was  in  this  case  the  marriage 
of  Betsey  Durkee  to  Bowen  Sweetland.  Before  this  peaceful  union  could  be 
assured  the  ancestors  of  the  bride  must  pass  through  savage  wars  and  massa- 
cres with  all  their  attendant  horrors.  Her  mother,  a  Miss  Hannah  Gore,  was 
a  native  of  Norwich,  New  London  County,  Conn.,  where  she  was  born  on 
the  eighth  of  September,  1769.  As  a  babe  she  was  taken  by  her  parents  to 
Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  it  being  their  design  to  found  a  home  upon  lands  granted  by 
the  King  to  the  Connecticut  colonists.  Within  a  few  weeks,  however,  they  were 
driven  away  by  the  Pennymites,  the  original  colonists,  the  father  being  captured 
by  them.  Making  his  escape,  however,  he  took  his  family  to  New  Jersey. 
After  living  here  about  two  years  all  returned  to  Wilkesbarre,  where  Mr.  Gore 
built  a  sawmill  and  a  comfortable  house  of  two  stories.  At  the  end  of  another 
two  years  of  pioneer  life  spent  in  this  region  he  learned  that  the  Pennymites 
had  raised  another  force  and  were  advancing  toward  the  new  settlements  for 
the  purpose  of  burning  the  buildings  and  plundering  the  occupants.  The  inva- 
ders were  in  ambush  about  two  miles  away,  but  all  the  settlers  who  could  bear 
arms  collected  and,  after  a  brisk  skirmish,  drove  them  away.  This  was  in 
1776,  and  soon  afterward  Mr.  Gore  assisted  in  the  organization  of  a  rifle  com- 
pany for  the  Revolutionists,  entering  service  as  a  lieutenant.  He  was  not  pres- 
ent at  the  battle  of  Wyoming,   fought   near  Wilkesbarre,   on    the  fourth  of  July 


148  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

1778,   but  many  of   his    neighbors    were    at    home   on    parole  and  were  killed  in 
the  engagement. 

x\t  this  time  the  grandparents  on  the  mother's  side  (Avery  by  name) 
formed  a  portion  of  the  family  oi  whieh  Hannah,  now  a  girl  of  nine  years, 
was  a  member.  They  lived  on  one  side  of  the  Susquehanna  River  and  her 
Grandfather  Gore  on  the  other.  Upon  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Wyoming  a 
party  of  Tories  burned  Mr.  Gore's  house,  after  collecting  their  plunder,  and  the 
mother,  with  her  two  children  (one  of  them  a  girl  of  three  years,  whom  she 
carried  in  her  arms),  started  for  New  Jersey,  through  the  woods,  on  foot,  being 
also  accompanied  by  her  parents.  Being  indisposed  and  unable  to  travel, 
Hannah  was  left  with  her  grandfather  and  afterward  was  taken  to  Forty  Fort, 
situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  opposite  Kingston  Flats. 
The  fort,  or  stockade,  was  soon  compelled  to  surrender,  however,  after  which 
the  Indians  massacred  the  soldiers  and  plundered  the  houses.  Of  seven  uncles 
who  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Wyoming  five  were  killed  and  one  was  wounded. 
At  this  time  Hannah  was  broken  out  with  the  measles,  and  as  the  Indians 
were  told  that  she  had  the  smallpox  she  was  not  disturbed.  Afterward  her 
father  returned  and  took  her  to  New  Jersey,  where  she  joined  her  brave  mother. 

Although  elected  subsequently  to  the  State  Legislature,  Colonel  Gore 
returned  to  Pennsylvania,  only  to  be  driven  about  by  the  Indians  and  Tories 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  The  family  finally  located  at  the  town  of  Susque- 
hanna, on  the  Chemung  River,  where  Hannah's  parents  spent  the  remainder  of 
their  days.  At  the  age  of  nineteen,  on  the  ninteenth  of  (3ctober,  1788,  she 
was  married  to  Elisha  Durkee,  moving  to  Scipio,  Cayuga  County,  New  York. 
Here,  on  the  fifth  of  December,  1789,  was  born  their  daughter  Betsey,  who 
married,  as  has  been  stated,  Colonel  Bowen  Sweetland,  the  father  of  Warren 
M.  After  the  marriage  the  young  couple  settled  on  land  which  afterward  be- 
came the  town  of  Dryden,  Tompkins  County,  Southern  New  York,  where  the 
father  cleared  land  for  a  farm,  built  sawmills,  dealt  in  lumber,  became  a  hotel 
proprietor,  was  prominent  in  military  as  well  as '  in  civic  affairs  and  died  on 
the    thirteenth  of    March,    1859,    at  the    age  of    seventy-three    years. 

Dryden  was  the  native  town  of  Warren  M.  Sweetland,  the  date  of  his 
birth  being  November  18,  1819.  From  early  boyhood  his  ambition  was  to 
acquire  a  collegiate  education,  but  although  circumstances  interposed  to  defeat 
his  purpose,  by  the  time  he  was  twenty  years  of  age  he  had  not  only  received 
a  good  education  in  the  common,  select  and  academic  institutions  of  the 
neighborhood,  but  had  become  well  grounded  in  the  higher  mathematics, 
French  and  Latin.  His  father  had  already  invested  in  Western  property,  and 
the  great  inducements  offered  to  intelligent  and  energetic  youth  by  the  growing 
city  of  Chicago  and  its  vicinity  induced  Warren  to  visit  this  locality  in  1839, 
he    being    then    in    his    twenty-first    year.       After    spending  a    year    on    a    farm 


Evr„.v  H.-v  T.,,„     J„,    C„, 


Uz-Ultjt^LA^cl    }pt'^ 


Otrw^i   fi.i    ';,]     Chica' 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  151 

owned    by    his    father    in    La  Salle  County,    he    returned    to  Dryden    to   act   as 
deputy  postmaster  and  clerk  in  the  hotel,   continuing  his  studies. 

Gradually  the  determination  had  increased  in  strength  to  pursue  a  medical 
course,  and  in  the  Fall  of  1842  he  took  passage  on  a  vessel  to  Paris  by  way 
of  the  West  Indies.  But  his  case  of  books  attracted  the  attention  of  thieves, 
who  broke  into  it  and  made  sad  havoc  of  his  little  library.  This  incident 
induced  him  to  leave  the  vessel  at  the  Island  of  St.  Thomas,  where  he  spent 
the  Winter,  visiting  also  Havana,  Cuba,  Turks  Island  and  the  Bermudas,  and 
abandoning  his  project  of  visiting  Europe  for  the  more  charming  and  exciting 
experiences  which  came  to  him  in  these  regions,  then  so  seldom  seen  by 
American  travelers.  St.  Thomas  being  a  treaty  port,  although  a  Danish 
possession,  was  visited  by  the  ships  of  all  nations  and  the  young  New  Yorker 
thoroughl}'  enjoyed  the  cosmopolitan  appearance  of  the  fine  harbor,  sometimes 
filled  with  a  diverse  collection  of  men-of-war  and  merchantmen.  His  social 
disposition  soon  made  him  a  universal  favorite  among  townsmen  and  sailors 
alike,  and  he  left  nothing  undone  to  give  others  pleasure,  as  well  as  to  obtain 
a  fair  share  for  himself,  Mr.  Sweetland  was  at  St.  Thomas  when  a  low, 
black  brig  entered  port,  recognized  as  the  American  man-of-war,  "Somers. " 
Her  crew  had  mutinied,  three  of  the  leaders  (young  midshipmen)  had  been 
executed,  and  the  acknowledged  plot  to  convert  the  ship  into  a  pirate  of  the 
high  seas  had  been  frustrated.  The  chief  incriminating  evidence  had  been 
discovered  in  papers  secreted  in  the  black  cravat  of  one  of  the  mutineers, 
appointing  him  the  leader  and  giving  an    outline  of  the  proposed  plan  of  action. 

Mr.  Sweetland  narrowly  escaped  the  great  tidal  wave  which  so  devastated 
the  shipping  at  St.  Thomas  a  short  time  after  he  had  sailed  for  the  States. 
His  homeward  voyage  was  by  the  way  of  the  Bahamas,  Key  West,  the  Island 
of  Cuba  and  New  Orleans,  thence  up  the  Mississippi  River  to  Illinois.  Natu- 
rally of  a  fearless  disposition,  Mr.  Sweetland  had  been  accustomed  to  the  use 
of  fire-arms  from  an  early  age,  and  these  two  points,  well  known  to  the 
seamen  of  St.  Thomas,  undoubtedly  induced  the  captain  of  the  ship  in  which 
he  took  passage  for  the  United  States  to  rely  upon  him  in  a  very  serious 
emergency.  The  mate  of  the  vessel  had  a  record  of  crime  and  robbery  upon 
the  seas,  having,  it  is  said,  been  a  pirate  on  the  South  American  coast  and 
killed  several  men  with  a  huge  sword  which  was  still  the  constant  companion 
of  his  voyages.  He  had  been  detected  by  the  captain,  with  several  confeder- 
ates, in  the  act  of  selling  a  portion  of  the  ship's  cargo,  which  was,  of  course, 
a  criminal  oftense,  and  for  which  the  conspirators  expected  to  suffer  when  they 
were  brought  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  American  courts.  The  leader  and 
mate  was  especially  determined  that  he  never  would  suffer  for  his  crime,  and, 
with  his  huge  animal-like  mouth  and  savage  face,  he  looked  capable  of  resort- 
ing to  any  extremity  in  order  to  escape  his  deserts.     Before  sailing,    the  captain 


152  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

took  young  Sweetland  into  his  confidence,  warning  him  of  the  desperate  char- 
acter ot  the  mate  and  giving  him  authority  to  thwart  any  plans  which  might 
develop  during  the  course  of  their  voyage.  Notwithstanding  which,  while 
passing  through  Providence  Channel,  between  the  Bahamas  and  Key  West, 
the  villain,  from  all  appearances,  attempted  to  wreck  the  vessel  by  running  it 
upon  a  reef.  After  this  experience  the  captain  and  Mr.  Sweetland  so  arranged 
the  watches  that  one  of  them  should  be  on  deck  continuously.  Upon  one 
occasion  the  mate  discovered  that  a  sailor  had  been  taking  soundings,  under 
orders  from  Mr.  Sweetland,  and  became  so  furious  that  he  was  only  quieted  by 
the  captain  appearing  upon  the  scene  and  threatening  to  shoot  him.  Through 
it  all  the  young  New  Yorker  kept  his  equilil)rium,  as  usual — prepared  to  act, 
if  necessary,  but  coolly  watching  the  progress  of  the  human  storm^.  Repeatedly 
thwarted  in  his  attempts  to  frighten  Mr.  Sweetland,  to  create  disorder  on  ship- 
board and  a  spirit  of  mutiny  among  the  men,  or  to  wreck  the  vessel,  the  mate 
seemed  to  subside  and  accept  his  fate.  But  one  night,  when  both  the  captain 
and  his  assistant  had  turned  in  for  a  little  rest,  stealthy,  muffled  steps  were 
heard  descending  the  cabin  stairs.  Soon  the  conspirator  reached  the  bottom 
in  his  stocking  feet,  looking  carefully  around,  lifting  up  the  clothing  of  the 
supposed  sleepers,  and  going  first  to  one  and  then  to  the  other,  as  if  to  satisfy 
himself  that  they  were  unconscious.  When  he  himself  was  not  being  observed 
Mr.  Sweetland  had  an  eye  upon  the  mate,  or  upon  the  captain,  prepared  to 
spring  from  his  couch  and  grapple  with  the  villain  upon  the  first  indication  of 
any  malicious  move.  But  the  mate  departed  stealthily,  and  when  his  soft  steps 
were  again  heard  moving  across  the  deck,  the  quaking  captain  whispered  hoarsely 
"Did  you  see  that,  Sweetland?"  The  young  man  had.  Then  the  captain  in- 
formed him  that  not  daring  to  rely  upon  the  ship's  ax,  for  which  he  was  looking 
under  the  clothing,  the  mate  had  undoubtedly  gone  for  his  trusty  sword,  having 
satisfied  himself  that  they  were  both  asleep.  What  was  to  be  done?  Mr. 
Sweetland  did  not  like  to  kill  a  fellow  being,  but  bidding  the  thoroughly  fright- 
ened captain  remain  where  he  was,  he  re-capped  his  pistol  and  crept  up  the 
stairs  after  the  would-be  assassin.  Just  as  he  emerged  upon  the  deck  the  mate's 
head  appeared  through  a  hatchway  at  the  farther  end  of  the  vessel,  but  almost 
immediately  disappeared.  Soon  afterward  the  villain  came  upon  the  deck,  as 
if  nothing  had  happened,  and  no  reference  was  made  to  the  circumstance. 
When  the  vessel  arrived  at  Key  West,  however,  he  was  in  great  trepidation, 
and  the  captain  and  Mr.  Sweetland  discussed  various  plans  for  disposing  of 
him.  As  a  trial  in  court  would  involve  months  of  delay,  it  was  decided  by 
advice  of  Judge  Marwin  to  let  him  escape  at  Key  West — to  lose  him  like  a 
worthless  cur.  So  one  day,  to  his  unbounded  delight,  he  was  told  that  he  could 
accompany  Mr.  Sweetland  to  shore  in  order  to  engage  counsel.  An  opportunity 
was  soon  given  him  to  escape,  he  took  prompt  advantage  of  it,  and  that  was 
the  last  of  him,    so  far  as  Mr.    Sweetland  was  concerned. 


RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  153 

It  was  in  March,  1843,  that  a  steamer  from  New  Orleans  commenced  the 
ascent  of  the  Mississippi.  There  was  considerable  ice  in  the  river  and  it  was 
a  tedious  voyage,  about  the  only  enlivening  feature  of  the  trip  being  a  hunting 
excursion  made  by  Mr.  Sweetland  during  the  delay  off  the  Arkansas  shore. 

During  the  succeeding  two  years  Mr.  Sweetland's  time  was  spent  in  farming 
and  teaching,  and  he  commenced  the  systematic  study  of  medicine  in  the  Winter 
of  1845-46  by  attending  lectures  at  Rush  Medical  College.  He  graduated  in 
1848,  commencing  practice  at  Lisbon,  Kendall  County,  111.  Dr.  Sweetland 
established  a  good  practice  in  this  locality  until  1849,  when  he  finally  located 
in  Newark  in  the  same  county.  The  neighboring  towns  made  demands  for  his 
professional  services  necessitating  long  rides  over  the  country  and  much  night 
work,  but  with  his  education  he  had  also  laid  in  a  splendid  stock  of  vigor,  and 
labors  which  would  have  broken  many  men  he  sturdily  bore  upon  his  shoulders. 
It  was  in  Newark  that  Dr.  Sweetland  spent  the  larger  portion  of  his  active 
professional  life,  accumulating  both  a  goodly  store  of  worldly  goods  and,  what 
is  better,  making  a  substantial  and  enviable  reputation  in  every  path  of  life 
which  he  trod.  He  frequently  served  as  a  town  official  and  of  Flower  Institute, 
once  a  very  flourishing  educational  institution,  since  burned,  he  was  President 
and  Lecturer  on  Physiology. 

In  1 87 1  Dr.  Sweetland  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  company  organized  to 
build  a  railroad  from  Joliet  to  Mendota.  The  right-of-way  was  secured,  a  por- 
tion of  the  grading  done  and  enough  stock  subscribed  to  build  the  bridges  and 
finish  the  roadbed,'  when  a  letter  came  to  President  Sweetland  cautiously  asking 
him  how  much  money  it  would  take  to  transfer  the  franchise  to  another  company. 
Although  the  writer  was  unmercifully  scored  for  his  underhanded  suggestion 
and  immediately  subsided,  by  intrigue  and  false  representation  Dr.  Sweetland 
was  voted  out  of  the  presidency  and  the  new  management  sold  out  the  stock- 
holders and  turned  the  road  over  to  another  organization,  accomplishing  the 
purpose  of  defeating  the  project.  As  an  indication,  however,  of  the  confidence 
which  the  people  reposed  in  him,  he  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Convention  which  met  in  Philadelphia  in  1872,  which  nominated  General  Grant 
for  the  second  time,  and  was  chairman  of  his  delegation.  Dr.  Sweetland  has 
belonged  to  the  Republican  party  ever  since  its  organization  and,  as  he  says, 
has  "never  had  any  reason  for  a  change."  He  well  remembers  the  Lincoln- 
Douglas  debates  and  saw  the  unwilling  Lincoln  at  Ottawa  when  he  was  carried 
away  in  triumph  on  the  shoulders  of  the  enthusiastic  crowd. 

Since  1877,  when  Dr.  Sweetland  located  in  Highland  Park,  he  has  been 
somewhat  retired  from  active  practice,  although  his  services  have  often  been  in 
demand.  He  has  invested  in  several  farms,  in  real  estate  on  the  South  and 
Northwestern  sides  of  Chicago,  as  well  as  built  and  improved  his  beautiful  home- 
stead,  with  its  spacious  and  well  kept  grounds.      He  has  been  Alderman  of  the 


154  RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

thriving  little  city  for  four  years,  and  Mayor  for  the  same  period,  having  been 
accorded  the  honors  here  as  elsewhere  which  are  due  from  the  public  to  citizens 
of  ability  and  probity. 

But  although  passing  the  latter  years  of  his  life  with  evidences  thick  around 
him  of  the  universal  esteem  in  which  he  is  held,  although  the  lord  of  an  elegant 
and  hospitable  home,  where  resides  a  devoted  wife  and  two  daughters,  Dr.  Sweet- 
land's  vigorous  constitution  will  not  allow  him  to  rest,  and  he  still  takes  a  keen 
interest  in  ramblings  through  wild  native  forests  in  quest  of  sport  with  his  trusty 
rifle.  He  is  not  satisfied  at  anything  short  of  such  game  as  bear  or  deer,  and 
has  scoured  no  small  portions  of  the  forests  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota 
in  search  of  them.  In  1894  Northern  Wisconsin  was  his  field,  and  he  points 
with  just  pride  to  the  head  of  a  noble  stag  as  a  victim  of  his  skill  after  he 
had  passed  his  seventy-fifth  birthday.  A  large  room  in  the  upper  portion  of  his 
house  is  literally  filled  with  his  trophies — about  a  dozen  mounted  deer  heads, 
antlers,  mammoth  bear  skins,  etc. — while  several  large  rugs  in  the  lower  part  of 
his  home  have  been  donated  by  Bruin,  much  against  his  wishes. 

Like  the  stalwart  American  that  he  is,  Dr.  Sweetland's  travels,  with  the 
exception  of  his  trip  to  the  West  Indies,  have  been  confined  to  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  but  they  have  embraced  much  of  this  vast  territory  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Vancouver  Island  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  doctor  has  been  twice  married.  His  first  wife  was  Miss 
Martha  N.  Patten  of  New  York,  to  whom  he  was  married  on  October  28,  1845, 
and  who  died  childless  more  than  one  year  thereafter.  On  November  9,  1850, 
he  was  united  to  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Sherrill,  nee  Wilcox,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Joseph 
Wilcox,  Esq.,  of  Utica,  N.  Y.  They  are  the  parents  of  six  children.  Miss  Helen 
Maie  and  Miss  Elizabeth,  living  at  home;  Miss  Louise,  the  eldest  daughter,  the 
wife  of  Leslie  Brinckerhoff,  resides  at  Kenilworth;  Dana  W.  married  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Charles  G.  Wicker,  and  is  a  citizen  of  Chicago;  Dale,  who  married 
Miss  Hattie  Warden,  is  a  druggist  at  Highland  Park,  111.,  and  J.  Alice, 
who  became  the  wife  of  Harrie  L.    ReQua,  resides  at  Highland  Park. 

From  youth  Dr.  Sweetland  has  been  religiously  inclined,  his  first  act  after 
graduating  from  Rush  Medical  College  in  1848  being  to  unite  with  Dr.  Robertson's 
Presbyterian  Church  in  Chicago.  In  1850  he  was  transferred  to  the  Newark  (111.) 
Congregational  Church,  where  he  officiated  as  trustee  and  Sabbath-School 
Superintendent,  and  in  1877,  when  he  located  at  Highland  Park,  he  with  other 
members  of  his  family  joined  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  this  point. 

Again  referring  to  his  professional  life,  it  may  be  remarked,  in  conclusion, 
that  Dr.  Sweetland  is  a  member  of  the  Lake  County,  of  the  Illinois  and  of  the 
National  Medical  associations,  and,  although  virtually  retired  from  practice,  is 
still  highly  esteemed  by  members  of  his  fraternity. 


NORTHM'ESTERN  UNIVERSITY 
MEDICAL  SCHOOL 


History  of  Northwestern  University  Medieal  School. 

(CHICAGO    MEDICAL    COLLEGH) 


By  SAMUEL  J.  JONES,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  LL.  D. 


FOUR    REFORMS    IN    MEDICAL    EDUCATION. 

Although  this  school  has  had  a  corporate  existence  of  but  thirty-seven 
years,  the  institution  known  since  1891  as  Northwestern  University  Medical 
School  has  been  the  pioneer  in  at  least  four  reforms  which  have  radically 
afiected  the  course  of  medical  education  in  the   United  States. 

1.  From  the  first  the  founders  of  the  school  established  a  high  standard 
of  attainments  for  the  recjuired  admission  of  students  of  medicine.  In  the 
words  of  Dr.  Hosmer  A.  Johnson,  one  of  its  founders,  "they  considered 
medicine  as  a  liberal  profession,  and  they  determined  to  strive  for  the  broadest 
and  most  liberal  culture  on  the  part  of  those  who  should  come  to  them  for 
instruction."  The  result  of  this  determination  was  that,  although  the  class  in 
attendance  upon  the  first  course  of  lectures  was  small,  its  members  consisted 
of  young  men  who  enjoyed  a  more  thorough  education  in  the  sciences  and  the 
classics  than  the  students  usually  found  in  the  medical  schools  of  this  country.  In 
other  words,  their  mental  training  preparatory  to  their  professional  studies  was  of 
a  higher  grade — a  requisite  for  admission  upon  which  the  faculty  of  this  school 
insisted  from  the  beginning,  maintaining  their  position  persistently  and  con- 
sistently, despite  the  opposition  of  those  who  argued  that  this  high  standard 
was  held  at  the  expense  of  a  diminished  attendance,  and  finally  definiteh- 
outlining  this  preliminary  course  necessary  as  a  preparatory  part  of  their  system 
of  instruction.  This  is  one  of  the  four  beneficial  reforms  in  the  medical  educa- 
tion of  the  country  which  originated  with  the  institution  now  known  as 
Northwestern  University  Medical   School. 

2.  With  this  enforcement  of  a  standard  of  preliminary  education  was  the 
establishment  and  development  of  "the  graded  curriculum,  by  which  a  definite 
number  of  branches  are  assigned  to  each  year  in  such  natural  order  that  the 
mastery  of  one  group  makes  the  mastery  of  the  next  easier  and  the  accomp- 
lishment of  the  whole  more  comprehensive  and  complete."     As  at  first  adopted 

157 


158  NORTHWESTERN    UNH^ERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

in  1859  the  curriculum  embraced  two  courses  of  instruction,  first  and  second 
years.  Briefly  stated,  the  studies  embraced  by  the  first  course  were  theoretical 
— designed  for  the  acquisition  of  professional  knowledge  and  scientific  principles 
— and  were  preliminary  to  the  more  practical  branches  of  the  second  course. 
And  yet  this  classification  of  medical  studies,  by  which  the  student  was  first  to 
secure  the  principles  of  his  adopted  profession  and  then  be  taught  to  apply 
them,  was  a  marked  innovation  in  the  methods  of  medical  education  in  the 
United  States.  Although  now  it  seems  so  natural,  at  the  time  it  was  adopted 
it  was  considered  so  far  in  advance  of  the  West,  of  the  country  and  of  the  re- 
quirements of  would-be  practitioners  that  a  large  and  by  no  means  uninflu- 
ential  portion  of  the  profession  prophesied  failure  for  it.  The  organizers  of  the 
school,  however,  held  firmly  to  the  scientific  and  common-sense  curriculum, 
keeping  in  view  the  cardinal  principles  upon  which  it  was  established,  but  ex- 
tending the  course  of  instruction  to  three  and  finall}'  to  four  years,  continually 
adding  to  the  number  of  studies  embraced  in  it  and  the  lectures  delivered, 
and  keeping  abreast  of  the  most  modern  and  tried  methods  of  European  in- 
struction, irrespective  of  those  to  which  the  older  medical  institutions  of  this 
country  persistently  adhered. 

3.  The  third  important  step  taken  by  this  school  is  that  by  which,  with 
the  extension  and  expansion  of  its  curriculum,  its  annual  courses  of  irstruction 
have  been  lengthened.  This  was  also  an  advance  in  the  methods  of  medical 
education  in  the  United  States.  When  first  organized  it  established  a  lecture 
term  of  five  months,  which  was  then  longer  than  that  of  the  only  other  medical 
college  in  this  city,  and  equal  to  that  of  any  medical  school  in  the  country. 
Since  then  the  annual  course  has  been  lengthened  month  by  month,  until  it 
now  covers  two-thirds  of  a  year. 

4.  Northwestern  University  Medical  School  must  also  be  accorded  the 
honor  of  inaugurating  and  establishing  in  this  country  a  Practitioners' -  course 
or,  as  it  has  now  become  generally  known  throughout  the  country,  a  Post- 
Graduate  course.  This  established  branch  of  the  educational  system  in  med- 
icine, alihough  inaugurated  as  late  as  1880,  was  then  considered  an  uncertain 
experiment,    but  proved  so  successful  as  to  lead  to  general  adoption. 

The  points  enumerated  above  are  reasons  why  this  school  should  be  con- 
sidered one  of  the  leading  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  They  lie  at 
the  foundation  of  its  claim  that  none  of  its  age  presents  a  more  honorable 
record  for  advanced  work  which  has  made  an  enduring  impress  upon  the  cause 
of  education  in  the  United  States.  To  go  more  into  detail  as  to  the  progress 
and  development  along  these  lines  of  work,  indicating  to  whom  honor  is  due 
and  describing  the  growth  as  a  whole  of  this  institution,  which  had  so  modest 
an  inception  in  the  year  1859,  is  but  just  to  those  who  builded  so  well.  It  is 
evident    that  from  the    first    they  endeavored    to   emphasize    the    truth    that    the 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDIC  AT    SCHOOL.  159 

mastering  of  their  profession  means  long-continued  and  faithful  work  ;  that  its 
foundation  should  be  laid  broad  and  deep  and  strong,  and  that  professional 
education  does  not  end  with  the  beginning  of  practice  —  in  fact,  is  never 
completed. 

For  some  time  previous  to  the  first  formal  meeting  of  those  who  believed 
that  the  occasion  was  favorable  for  the  establishment  of  a  medical  school  upon 
a  higher  plane  than  any  then  existing,  a  number  of  the  prominent  and 
scholarly  physicians  of  Chicago  had  been  quietly  but  enthusiastically  discussing 
the  enterprise  in  an  informal  manner.  Several  of  them  had  for  years  held 
important  chairs  in  the  faculties  of  other  medical  colleges,  and  they  were  all, 
both  by  education  and  experience,  well  qualified  to  place  the  proposed  insti- 
tution upon  a  broad  and  enduring  foundation. 

THE    FIRST    MEETING. 

The  first  informal  meeting  to  consider  the  matter  was  held  on  March  12, 
1859.  Drs.  Hosmer  A.  Johnson,  Edmund  Andrews,  Ralph  N.  Isham  and  David 
Rutter  were  present.  It  was  announced  by  Dr.  Johnson  that  the  object  of 
the  meeting  was  to  organize  a  medical  department  of  Lind  University  on  the 
basis  of  a  proposition  made  to  them  by  the  trustees  of  that  institution  and 
submitted  for  consideration.  Dr.  Johnson  thus  formally  opened  the  meeting 
and    was  elected  its  chairman. 

The  proposition  was  considered  by  them  and  accepted  as  made  by  the 
executive  committee  of  the  university,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Sylvester 
Lind,  the  founder  of  that  institution.  It  provided  that  the  university  should 
furnish  the  medical  department  with  rooms  for  instruction  free  of  rent  for 
three  years.  At  the  end  of  that  period  it  should  provide  either  a  permanent 
building  or  suitable  rooms  for  the  department.  After  paying  current  expenses 
the  matriculation  and  graduation  fees  were  to  accrue  to  the  university,  the 
professors  to  be  nominated  by  the  faculty  but  appointed  b}'  the  board  of 
trustees.  All  expenses  excepting  room  rent  were  to  be  met  by  the  faculty 
out  of  the  funds  accruing  to  the  medical  department.  The  degrees  were  to 
be  conferred  by  the  university  board  upon  recommendation  of  the  faculty  of 
medicine. 

Having  accepted  this  proposition,  it  was  resolved  to  establish  professorships 
of  Midwifery  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  Physiology  and  Histology. 
Practical  Medicine,  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery,  Surgical  Anatomy  and 
the  Operations  of  Surgery,  Descriptive  Anatomy,  Materia  Medica  and  General 
Therapeutics,  Medical  Jurisprudence,  Inorganic  Chemistry,  General  Pathology 
and  Public  Hygiene  and  Organic  Chemistry  and  Toxicology. 

The  following  nominations  were  then  made:  Dr.  Rutter,  Emeritus  Professor 
of  Midwifery  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children;  Dr.  Johnson,  Professor  of 


i6o  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Physiology  and  Histology;  Dr.  Andrews,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Surgery,  and  Dr.  Isham,  Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy  and  the  Operations 
of  Surgery.  It  was  further  resolved  that  Drs.  Johnson,  Andrews  and  Isham  be  a 
committee  to  wait  upon  Professors  Nathan  S.  Davis  and  William  H.  By  ford 
to  request  their  acceptance  of  the  nominations  to  the  chairs  respectively  of 
Practical  Medicine  and  Midwifery  and  the  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children. 
At  the  next  meeting  it  was  announced  that  these  chairs  were  accepted  by 
Professors  Davis  and  Byford. 

It  's  suggestive  of  unusual  strength  of  purpose,  faithfulness  to  the  imposed 
trust  and  firm  confidence  in  a  good  cause  that  these  names  should  be  for  years 
associated  with  the  history  of  Northwestern  University  Medical  School, 
all  but  one  representing  active  and  long-continued  forces  contributing  to  its  pro- 
gress. Professor  Rutter  was  the  exception,  his  connection  with  the  college  as 
Emeritus  Professor  lasting  from    1859  to  the  time  of  his  death  in    1865. 

FOUNDERS    OF    THE    SCHOOL. 

Although  not  yet  thirty-seven  years  of  age  and  a  graduate  of  Rush  Medical 
College  of  but  seven  years'  standing,  Professor  Johnson  was  already  considered 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  and  scholarly  members  of  his  profession  in  the  West. 
During  the  first  year  after  his  graduation  he  became  indentified  with  the 
faculty  of  his  Alma  Mater  and  resigned  from  it,  only  to  come  into  greater 
prominence  as  one  of  the  foremost  organizers  of  the  new  college.  Almost 
simultaneously  he  became  head  of  this  institution  and  also  of  the  Illinois  State 
Medical  Society,  retaining  his  connection  as  one  of  the  most  influential  members 
of  the  college  faculty  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on  the  twenty-sixth  of 
February,   1891. 

Professor  William  H.  Byford,  several  years  his  senior,  had  already  enjoyed 
valuable  experience  as  professor  at  the  Evansville  College  of  Indiana,  and 
had  held  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  in 
Rush  Medical  College  for  about  a  year  when  called  to  the  same  position  by 
the  medical  faculty  of  Lind  University.  For  twenty  years  he  continued  to 
hold  that  chair  in  the  new  medical  school,  not  only  contributing  to  its  growing 
fame   but   assisting  it  financially  in   its    trying  ordeal   of    educational    reform. 

Professor  Davis  had  perhaps  the  highest  professional  standing  of  the 
founders  of  this  new  medical  school.  Brilliant  as  a  student  in  the  East, 
he  had  held  a  lectureship  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  City  when  Rush  Medical  College,  in  1849,  offered  him  the  chair  of  Physi- 
ology and  Pathology  which  he  assumed  at  that  time.  One  year  later  he  was 
made  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine.  He  was  already  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  founders,  if  not  the  originator,  of  the  American  Medical 
Association;    was  one  of  the  earliest  members    of  the  Illinois  State  society  and 


NORTHWESrERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCflOOL.  i6i 

was  amonp;  the  foremost  citizens  of  Chicago  in  all  public  and  charitable  works 
in  which  entered  either  questions  of  medical  practice  or  sanitary  science.  From 
that  time  until  the  present,  a  period  of  more  than  thirty-seven  years,  Professor 
Davis  has  been  one  of  the  guiding  forces  of  the  institution,  holding  continuously 
the  chair  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  serving  during  most 
of  this   period   either    as  President  or  Dean  of  the   Faculty. 

Professor  Edmund  Andrews,  although  a  native  of  Vermont,  graduated  at 
the  University  of  Michigan,  and  had  held  a  professorship  in  it.  He  was  just 
commencing  to  be  generally  recognized  as  a  cultured  and  able  member  of  his 
profession  and  of  especial  promise  as  a  skillful  surgeon.  He  also  has  been 
continuously  identified  with  this  institution  from  its  organization,  holding  dur- 
ing this  Icng  term  of  service  a  surgical  professorship  and  several  official  posit- 
ions in  the  faculty. 

The  youngest  member  among  the  founders  was  Professor  Ralph  N.  Isham, 
one  of  the  three  members  connected  with  the  college  from  its  inception  to  the 
present  time.  During  all  this  period  he  has  also  occupied  a  surgical  chair 
besides  holding  several  important  official  positions  of  prominence,  not  only  in 
the  faculty,    but  also  in  other  walks  of  life. 

THE     FIRST     YEAR. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  faculty,  held,  as  stated,  on  the  twelfth  of 
March,  it  was  decided  that  the  chairs  of  Descriptive  Anatomy,  Physiology  and 
Histology,  Inorganic  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica  and  General  Therapeutics, 
General  Pathology  and  Public  Hygiene  constitute  the  first  course  of  instruc- 
tion, and  that  those  of  Surgical  Anatomy  (with  the  operations  of  Surgery), 
Obstetrics  and  the  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  Organic  Chemistry  and 
Toxicology  and  Practical  Medicine  constitute  the  second  course,  and  that  the 
two  courses  be  given  simultaneously.  A  lecture  term  of  five  months  was  sub- 
sequently established.  Thus  was  the  first  graded  method  of  medical  instruc- 
tion inaugurated  in  the  United  States.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  new  medical 
school  boldly  announced  its  program  to  be  a  course  of  instruction  scientifically 
graded,  with  longer  terms  of  instruction  than  those  of  other  colleges. 

At  the  second  meeting  of  the  faculty,  held  on  March  15,  1S59,  an 
invitation  was  extended  to  Dr.  John  H.  Hollister,  late  of  Rush  Medical 
College,  to  accept  the  chair  of  Descriptive  Anatomy,  which  he  did.  The 
organization  of  the  faculty  was  completed  by  the  appointment  of  Dr.  M.  K. 
Taylor  to  the  chair  of  General  Pathology  and  Public  Hygiene  ;  Mr.  F. 
Mahla  to  the  two  Professorships  of  Inorganic  and  Organic  Chemistry ;  Mr. 
H.  G.  Spaftord  to  the  chair  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  and  Dr.  Titus  De 
Ville,    to  that  of  Descriptive  Anatomy. 


i62  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAI    SCIIOOI. 

At  the  third  meeting  of  the  faculty,  held  on  March  24,  1859,  Professor 
Johnson  was  elected  President,  Professor  Isham  Recording  Secretary,  Professor 
Byford  Corresponding  Secretary,  and  Professor  Andrews  Treasurer.  The  faculty 
evinced  its  desire  to  allow  none  to  pass  from  the  school  into  the  active  prac- 
tice of  medicine  without  being  qualified  to  assume  the  responsibilities  of  their 
profession.  It  was  therefore  resolved  that  the  faculty  invite  the  Illinois  State 
Medical  Society  to  appoint  a  committee  of  two  to  attend  the  examinations 
of  candidates  for  graduation  in  the  medical  department  of  Lind  university 
and  vote  upon  their  qualihcation  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 
Commenting  upon  this  invitation  Professor  Johnson  says:  "In  extending  this 
invitation  the  college  desired  to  furnish  to  the  profession  at  large  the  means  of 
judging  of  the  success  or  failure  of  the  method,  and  also  to  give  the  fullest 
guarantees  that  with  the  sanction  of  this  institution  none  should  be  admitted 
to  this  responsible  office  whose  attainments  were  not  satisfactory  to  those  not 
immediately  interested  in  teaching.  This  invitation  was  continued  from  year 
to  year,  but  the  State  society  either  never  made  the  appointment  or,  if  so, 
the  committee  has  failed  to  respond." 

In  August,  when  the  faculty  of  the  college  had  been  fully  organized,  a 
public  dispensary  was  established  in  connection  with  the  medical  school, 
with  Professors  Edmund  Andrews,  William  H.  Byford  and  Dr.  Horace  VVardner 
as  physicians  and  surgeons.  During  the  first  year  more  than  three  thousand 
patients  were  treated  by  them. 

Both  school  and  dispensary  were  installed  in  Lind  block,  where  lecture 
and  anatomical  rooms  were  fitted  up  and  a  museum,  with  Dr.  Horace  Ward- 
ner  as  its  first  curator,  established  for  illustrative  purposes.  The  opening 
ceremonies,  held  on  October  10,  were  conducted  by  Professor  Johnson  as 
President  of  the  Faculty,  and  were  inaugurated  with  prayer  by  Rev.  J. 
Ambrose  Wright,    the  address  being  delivered  by  Professor  Davis. 

In  connection  with  the  first  course  of  lectures  Professors  Davis  and 
Andrews  were  appointed  to  conduct  two  clinics,  including  one  daily  bedside 
lecture  at  Mercy  Hospital  and  two  weekly  lectures  at  the  college.  This  was 
a  distinct  advance  in  the  line  of  practical  teaching  over  anything  which  had 
before  been  attempted  in   the  West. 

The  first  term  opened  on  October  ii,  1859,  and  terminated  on  March  5, 
i860.  There  were  but  thirty -three  students  in  attendance,  of  whom  the 
following  received  degrees:  Abraham  Dexter  Andrews,  Thomas  I.  Rigg, 
James  Stewart  Jewell,  Lucian  Ashley,  John  F.  Hopkins,  Rupert  D.  Cogswell, 
John  Conant,  Charles  De  Haven  Jones  and  James  M.  Kendall.  Drs.  Ezra 
A.    Steele  and  Edward  C.    Dickinson    received  Ad  Eundem  degrees. 

Thus  was  the  medical  department  of  Lind  University  fairly  started  upon 
its    mission    of  reform    in    medical    education,      In    addition    to  the  general  un- 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  163 

certainty  as  to  whether  its  views  could  be  carried  to  a  successful  issue,  it  was 
soon  burdened  with  material  complications  quite  mdependent  of  the  plan  upon 
which  it  had  been  established  and  was  being  developed.  The  opening  of  the 
Civil  War  found  Sylvester  Lind  a  man  of  wealth,  which,  unfortunately,  de- 
pended largely  for  its  security  upon  the  solvency  of  certain  State  banks, 
with  whose  failure  Lind  block  and  other  tangible  property  passed  from  his 
hands,  and  the  university  itself  was  hopelessly  involved  in  the  financial  em- 
barrassment   of    its    founder. 

BECOMES    AN     INDEPENDENT    ORGANIZATION. 

In  November,  1861,  the  trustees  of  Lind  University,  therefore,  requested  the 
medical  faculty  to  release  them  from  that  portion  of  the  contract  which  required 
them  to  provide  the  medical  department  with  new  quarters  at  the  expiration 
of  three  years.  The  faculty  acceded  to  the  request  and  immediately  proceeded 
to  establish  an  independent  organization  under  the  name  of  Chicago  Medical 
College. 

In  accord  with  this  determination,  during  the  Summer  of  1863  the  faculty 
commenced  the  formation  of  a  building  fund  from  the  lecture  fees.  A  con- 
tract was  made  for  the  purchase  of  the  lot  and  building  No.  1015  State  Street, 
near  Twent3'-second,  which  was  occupied  by  the  college  during  the  Spring  of 
1864,  when,  by  mutual  agreement,  each  party  was  released  from  the  original 
contract  and  the  members  of  the  faculty  became  the  trustees  of  the  new 
college. 

At  this  location,  for  six  years,  Chicago  Medical  College  continued  its  work, 
steadily  increasing  its  educational  facilities,  extending  its  curriculum  and,  while 
maintaining  its  higher  standard  both  for  admission  and  graduation,  gaining  a 
substantial  increase  of  attendance  and  of  public  confidence.  On  April  25,  1868, 
the  faculty  extended  the  two  years'  curriculum  to  three,  each  course  consisting, 
as  before,  of  a  separate  group  of  subjects  or  studies.  Still  the  college  was  in  the 
advance,  no  medical  school  in  the  United  States  having  then  adoped  so  complete 
and  extended  a  curriculum  of  study. 

A    DEPARTMENT    OF    NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY. 

The  year  1869  marks  another  epoch  in  the  life  of  this  institution,  an 
arrangement  being  then  made  by  which,  while  retaining  its  name,  Chicago 
Medical  College  became  a  department  of  Northwestern  University;  and,  what 
was  also  important,  besides  its  name,  it  retained  control  of  its  professorships 
and  curriculum  of  study.  Under  the  terms  of  this  union  the  medical  degrees 
are  conferred  under  the  authority  of  the  university,  on  the  recommendation  of 
the  medical  faculty.  Further,  the  undergraduates  of  the  university  department 
known  as  the  College  of    Liberal  Arts  have  access    to  the  chemical    laboratory 


i64  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

of  the  medical  collef^je  for  practical  instruction  and  graduates  of  the  College  of 
Liberal  Arts  are  entitled  to  instruction  in  the  medical  college  without  the  pay- 
ment of  full   lecture  fees. 

ERECT    A    M(_)RE    COMMODIOUS    BUILDING. 

More  extended  facilities  for  instruction  were  already  demanded  and  ground 
had  been  leased  from  the  authorities  of  Mercy  Hospital  and  adjoining  that 
institution  for  the  erection  of  a  suitable  and  commodious  building.  This  was 
completed  and  occupied  in  September,  1870.  The  introductory  lecture  was 
delivered  by  Professor  Johnson,  which  marked  the  opening  both  of  the  new 
building    and    the    college    session    of    1870-71. 

CLINICS    AT    MERCY    HOSPITAL. 

Referring  to  the  relations  existing  between  the  college  and  Mercy  Hospital, 
he  said:  "By  the  terms  of  the  contract  between  the  trustees  and  hospital 
authorities  the  faculty  of  this  institution  became  the  medical  officers  of  the 
hospital,  and  are  required  to  give  in  its  wards  such  clinical  instruction  as  the 
interests  of  the  college  demand;  the  services  of  these  medical  officers  to  be 
considered  as  payment  in  full  for  the  ground-rent  of  these  premises  for  at  least 
twenty  years,  and  so  much  longer  as  the  adjacent  building  shall  be  occupied 
for  hospital  purposes.  It  is  believed  that  the  interests  of  both  parties  to  this 
contract  are  met  in  the  permanent  relations  thus  established.  The  material 
result  of  these  arrangements  with  the  university  and  the  society  owning  and 
controlling  the  hospital  is  the  elegant  and  convenient  building  in  which  we  are 
to-night  for  the  first  time  assembled.  It  is  not  only  architecturally  attractive 
and  admirably  adapted  to  medical  teaching,  but  its  location  and  relations  to 
the  hospital  are  such  that  for  all  practical  purposes  that  institution  becomes  a 
part  of  the  college  organization.  Each  didactic  chair  has  its  corresponding 
clinical  chair  in  the  hospital,  where  the  theories  of  the  lecture  room  are  daily 
tested  at  the  bedside  of  the  patient.  In  this  respect,  also,  it  differs  materially 
from  most  medical  schools  of  this  country  and,  to  the  same  extent,  approxi- 
mates in  its  means  as  well  as  in  its  modes  of  teaching  the  best  institutions  of 
the  Old  World. 

"During  the  present  year  the  corps  of  instructors  has  been  still  further 
increased.  Professor  Wheeler  has  resigned  the  two  professorships  of  Chemistry 
and  the  trustees  have  appointed  Dr.  N.  Gray  Bartlett  to  the  chair  of  Inorganic 
and  Practical  Chemistry  and  Dr.  H.  P.  Merriman  to  the  chair  of  Organic  Chem- 
istry and  Toxicology.  In  consequence  of  the  large  and  increasing  number  of 
pupils  engaged  in  the  study  of  Analytical  Chemistry  this  division  of  the  work 
has  become  absolutely  necessary.  A  chair  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear  has 
been  definitely  established  and  Dr.    Samuel  J.   Jones  appointed  professor.      Dr. 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSETY   }[EE)IC.\L    SCIIOOE. 


165 


Jones  is  now  in  Europe,  or  on  his  way  home,  and,  witli  all  desirable  means  of 
illustrating  his  department,  will  commence  his  course  on  the  first  of  November. 
Professor  H.  O.  Heydock  has  resigned  the  professorship  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics  and  Dr.  William  E.  Quine  has  been  appointed  to  the  vacancy." 
The  structure  thus  occupied  by  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  which  seemed 
to  possess  more  of  an  clement  of  permanency  about  it  than  any  in  wliich  the 
institution  had  hitherto  been  established,  was  a  substantial  building  of  brick, 
two  stories  and  a-half  in  height  and  cost  $25,000.  It  contained  two  large 
lecture  rooms  or  amphitheaters,  so  that  instruction  could  be  given  to  different 
classes  during  the  same  hour.  The  dissecting  rooms  of  the  Anatomical  depart- 
ment were  airy  and  well  lighted  and  there  were  well  appointed  laboratories  for 
chemical  and  microscopical  work.      In  the  museum  was  a  large  and  continually 


CHICAGO    MEDICAL    COLLEGE    (1870-94). 

increasing  collection  of  anatomical  and  pathological  specimens,  while  the  library 
and  reading-room  supplied  the  students  with  many  valuable  books  and  period- 
icals, enabling  them  to  keep  abreast  of  the  medical  literature  of  the  day. 
Located  in  the  basement  of  the  college  building  was  also  the  South  Side  Dis- 
pensary, its  patients  being  subdivided  into  classes,  each  class  having  a  separate 
room  and  an  attending  physician.  Eor  clinical  instruction  here  the  students 
were  divided  into  small  groups  and  assigned  in  rotation  to  the  different  rooms 
and  afforded  an  opportunity  for  them  to  make  personal  examination  of  the 
patients  with  their  instructors. 

EXTENSION    OF    CLINICAL    INSTRL'CTION. 

For  twenty-four  years,  under  the  contract  made  with  the  authorities  of 
Mercy  Hospital,  the  college  occupied  this  site.  During  this  period  great  pro- 
gress was  made  in  all  directions.  One  most  important  feature  of  this  growth 
was  the    firm  establishment  and  extension  of    its  system  of    clinical  instruction, 


1 66  NORTinVESTERX    UXH^ERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOE 

its  basis  being  the  material  furnished  by  Mercy  and  St.  Luke's  hospitals,  the 
dispensary  and  such  ambulatory  patients  as  could  advantageously  be  brought 
before  the  classes  in  the  college  amphitheaters.  At  the  time  of  the  removal 
of  the  college  to  its  present  location,  in  1894,  some  15,000  patients  were  being 
treated  annually  at  the  dispensary.  The  clinical  classes,  confined  to  the 
second  and  third  year  students,  were  distributed  also  among  Mercy,  St.  Luke's 
and  Wesley  liosiiitals. 

EXTENSION    OF    CURRICULL'M. 

The  marked  extension  of  the  curriculum  to  a  three  years'  course,  made  in 
1868,  has  already  been  described  in  detail.  A  fourth  year  has  since  been 
added.  It  is  still  an  essential  for  graduation  that  the  student  shall  have  had 
a  hospital  attendance  during  the  last  two  years  of  the  course,  and  this, 
furthermore,  in  conjunction  with  a  lengthening  of  the  annual  course,  which  in 
1890  had  been  increased  from  six  to  seven  months  and  later  from  seven  to 
eight  months. 

A    POST-GRADUATE    COURSE    ESTABLISHED. 

It  was  midway  between  these  two  decades  (1870-90),  so  pregnant  with 
results  which  redounded  to  the  fame  of  Chicago  Medical  College,  that  the 
faculty  established  a  Practitioners',  or  Post-Graduate  course.  It  was  inaugu- 
rated in  March,  1880,  and  as  it  was  unique  in  the  scheme  of  medical  education 
then  in  vogue  in  this  country,  it  is  thus  described  in  the  words  of  the  annual 
announcement  for  the  year:  "This  course  is  designed  for  the  benefit  of  practi- 
tioners and  is  entirely  distinct  from  that  for  students.  It  begins  the  day  fol- 
lowing public  Commencement  and  continues  four  weeks.  Especial  attention  is 
given  to  bedside  clinical  teaching.  Short  clinical  courses  are  given  in  General 
Medicine  and  Surgery,  and  in  Gynecology,  Nervous  Diseases,  Ophthalmology 
and  Otology,  and  other  specialties.  These  are  accompanied  by  didactic  lectures 
on  the  same  subjects.  The  aim  is  to  give  a  comprehensive  summary  of  the  most 
recent  advances  in  these  departments.  An  opportunity  is  also  given  to  review 
scientific  branches.  A  course  is  given  in  Surgical  Anatomy.  The  dissecting 
room  is  open  and  the  supply  of  material  abundant.  Practical  work  may  be 
pursued  in  the  chemical  and  microscopical  laboratories.  A  short  review  of 
some  of  the  most  important  advances  in  Pathology  is  given,  illustrated  by  dia- 
grams and  with  microscopes.  Special  courses  of  didactic  lectures  will  also  be 
given  having  reference  to  the  needs  of  those  who  desire  to  make  a  thorough 
review  of  their  professional  studies." 

PRESENT    SCITOOE    BUIEDTNC.S. 

After  the  expiration  of  the  first  twenty  years'  contract  between  Chicago 
Medical  College  and  Mercy  Hospital,  and  after  a  new  contract  had  been  made 
by  them    by  which  the  former  leased   its  building-site,    arrangements  were  con- 


NORTHWESTERN   UNIVERSITY  MEDICAI    SCHOOL.  167 

eluded  by  Northwestern  University  for  the  purchase  of  ground  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Dearborn  and  Twenty-fourth  streets.  During  the  year  1890  the  uni- 
versity purchased  four  hundred  and  fifty  feet  frontage  upon  which  were 
subsequently  erected  the  medical  and  pharmaceutical  and  dental  schools  and 
Wesley  Hospital.  It  was  the  munihcence  of  William  Deering,  of  Evanston, 
that  thus  enabled  the  medical  school  to  enjoy  the  splendid  facilities  with  which 
it  is  now  supplied.  His  gift  of  $20,000  to  the  university  made  possible  the 
purchase  of  the  present  ample  site,  and  within  the  succeeding  three  years 
arose  the  buildings  now  forming  these  professional  departments  of  Northwestern 
University.  In  conformity  with  the  plan  adopted  by  the  university  in  1891 
of  naming  its  different  professional  departments,  Chicago  Medical  College  be- 
came Northwestern  University  Medical  School,  and  the  title  of  dean  of  the 
school  was  substituted  for  that  of  president. 

For  three  years  previous  to  the  purchase  of  the  present  site  on  Dearborn 
Street  Wesley  Hospital  occupied  temporary  cjuarters,  but  as  a  consideration  for 
the  transfer  of  one-half  this  land  the  hospital  agreed  to  supply  clinical  facili- 
ties to  the  students  of  the  medical  school.  The  first  pavilion  of  the  hospital 
was  erected  in  the  Summer  of  1891.  It  accommodates  about  forty  beds,  the 
hospital  staff   being  chiefly  members  of  the  medical  school. 

In  1893  ths  iiiain  laboratory  building  was  completed.  It  'is  situated  on  a 
portion  of  the  same  site,  and  has  a  frontage  of  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  and 
a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  five  feet,  is  five  stories  above  the  basement,  and 
is  constructed  of  cut  stone  and  brick,  with  terra  cotta  trimmings.  In  the  base- 
ment are  the  boilers  and  apparatus  for  steam  heating,  a  refrigerator  for  anatom- 
ical material,  prosector's  room,  janitor's  rooms,  many  cloak  rooms  and  a  good 
recitation  room. 

On  the  first  floor  are  the  Amphitheater,  Office  and  Faculty  Rooms,  Anatom- 
ical Museum  and  Laboratory  of  Physiology  and  Biology,  the  latter  occupy- 
ing not  less  than  4,000  square  feet  of  floor  space. 

On  the  second  floor  are  the  museums  of  Botany  and  Pharmacognosy,  the 
Pharmaceutical  and  Dispensing  laboratories,  and  the  Office  and  Rooms  of  the 
Dean  of  the  School  of  Pharmacy. 

On  the  third  floor  are  ample  laboratories  of  Normal  and  Pathological  His- 
tology and  Bacteriology,  with  three  smaller  rooms  for  original  research.  These 
rooms  are  equipped  with  desks,  lockers  for  microscopes  and  all  necessary  ap- 
paratus. A  large  lecture  room,  with  the  necessary  apparatus,  and  office  rooms 
of  the  Professor  of  Chemistry  are  on  the  same  floor. 

On  the  fourth  floor  one-half  of  the  entire  space  is  occupied  as  a  Chemical 
Laboratory  for  students'  practical  work,  and  the  other  half  by  the  Laboratory  of 
Physiological  Chemistry,  with  several  smaller  rooms  for  more  advanced  or  original 
work. 


1 68  NORTHWESTERN    UNIJ^ERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

On  the  fifth  floor  is  an  ample  Dissecting  or  Practical  Anatomy  Room,  a 
room  for  demonstrating  surgical  operations  and  three  smaller  rooms  for  special 
dissections.  This  floor  is  throughout  finished  with  asphalt  and  every  apphance 
for  insuring  the  most  complete  cleanliness  and  comfort.  In  the  corridor,  at  the 
head  of  the  stairs  from  the  fourth  floor,  there  are  a  number  of  lockers  in  which 
students  can  leave  books,  instruments  and  articles  of  clothing.  The  fixtures  and 
fittings  throughout  the  building  are  such  that  both  hot  and  cold  water  may 
be  had  whenever  needed,  and  the  lighting  may  be  by  either  gas  or  electricity, 
or  by  both. 

The  museum  of  the  school  is  abundantly  furnished  with  preparations  and 
specimens  illustrative  of  Normal,  Pathological  and  Comparative  Anatomy  and 
Materia  Medica. 

The  name  of  Dr.  Ephraim  Ingals  is  closely  associated  with  the  great 
laboratory  building,  because  of  the  $10,000  which  he  presented  to  the  medical 
school  in    1893  to  aid   in  its  erection. 

In  1894  William  Deering  made  a  further  donation  to  the  university  by 
endowing  the  N.  S.  Davis  Professorship  of  Physiology.  In  recognition  of  the 
valuable  services  of  the  venerable  and  beloved  Dean,  the  medical  school  is 
called  Davis  Hall,  which  stands  beside  the  laboratory  builchng.  It  was  erected 
during  the  year  following  the  completion  of  that  structure.  On  its  first  floor 
are  offices  and  faculty  rooms,  a  large  amphitheater,  an  apothecary's  room  and 
an  examination  room  for  the  clerk  of  the  dispensary.  Suites  of  rooms  on  the 
first  and  second  floors  are  provided  for  the  use  of  the  medical  and  surgical 
departments  of  the  dispensar)-. 

Through  the  generosity  of  Mrs.  P.  S.  Hayes  to  the  college,  has  been 
donated  the  library  and  electrical  apparatus  of  the  late  Dr.  Plymmon  S.  Hayes. 
This  has  been  arranged  in  a  room  adjoining  that  devoted  to  nervous  diseases, 
and  makes  a  complete  outfit  for  the  demonstration  of  Electro-Diagnosis  and 
Therapeutics.  Until  recently  the  third  and  fourth  floors  of  this  building  were 
devoted  to  the   uses  of    Northwestern    University    Dental    School. 

PRESENT    CLINICAL    ADVANTAGES. 

More  than  twent) -two  thousand  patients  are  treated  annually  in  the  dis- 
pensary. Its  departments  are  Medical,  Surgical,  Throat,  Eye  and  Ear,  Gyn- 
ecological Neurological,  Diseases  of  Children,  Syphilis  and  Diseases  of  the  Skin 
and  Orthopedic  Surgery.  Each  department  occupies  a  separate  room,  or  suite 
of  rooms,    and  is  in  charge  of  a  clinical  instructor. 

Thus  the  clinical  facilities  now  afforded  are  complete.  Third-year  students 
attend  the  college  clinics  and  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
departments  of  the  dispensar}'.  The  fourth-3'ear  class  attend  the  clinics  at 
Mercy    Hospital,    which    is    still    under    the    exclusive    professional    care    of    the 


NORTH]VESTERX    l/X/J^ERS/TV  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  169 

faculty,  and  the  general  college  clinics.  In  each  of  these  two  years  it  is  possible 
for  a  student  to  attend  from  two  to  four  clinics  daily.  By  paying  in  addition 
a  small  annual  fee  he  may  also  secure  the  privileges  of  the  clinics  held  at 
Cook  County  Hospital,  including  the  post-mortem  examinations  conducted  in 
the  amphitheater  of   the  morgue. 

THE    CURRICLfLUM     IN    (;ENKRAL. 

As  stated,  attendance  upon  the  clinics  is  obligatory  with  students  of  the 
last  two  years.  One  of  the  requirements  for  graduation  is  dissection  of  a 
median  half  of  the  human  body.  F'irst  and  second-year  students  do  not  attend 
the  clinics,  their  instruction  being  by  didactic  lectures,  reading,  quizzes  and 
laboratory  work.  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Histology,  Embryology  and  Chemistry, 
with  daily  dissections,  constituting  their  course.  In  entering  upon  his  curriculum 
the  student,  both  by  didactic  and  laboratory  instruction,  is  furnished  with  the 
groundwork  of    his  future  studies,    the  elements  oi   the   branches   above  named. 

o 

He  learns  to  broadly  analyze  the  human  body,  with  the  functions  of  its  parts 
and  systems,  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  poisons  and  the  most  important  com- 
pounds, and  to  prepare  ready  for  study  and  illustrate  by  free-hand  drawing 
normal  sections,  both  histological  and  embryological.  The  second  year  an 
advance  is  made  into  the  region  of  Physiological  Chemistry,  pathological  tissue 
taking  the  place  of  normal  in  the  laboratory,  the  lectures  being  devoted  to 
Pathological  Histology.  Materia  Medica,  Bacteriology,  Hygiene  and  Physical 
Diagnosis  are  taught  by  lectures  and  by  laboratory  work.  As  to  Physical  Diag- 
nosis, the  demonstrator  first  points  out  the  physical  signs  in  the  healthy  indi- 
vidual and  in  patients,  and  then  places  in  contrast  the  abnormal  physical  con- 
ditions as  witnessed  in  the  material  furnished  by  the  dispensary  and  the  hos- 
pitals. 

In  the  third  year's  course  the  clinics  play  a  very  important  part,  the  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,  Therapeutics  and  Surgery  being  taken  up  in  all  their  branches. 
Special  attention  is  devoted  to  such  branches  as  Dermatology,  Syphilis  and 
Gonorrhea,  Orthopedic  Surgery,  Laryngology  and  Rhinology,  Electro-Thera- 
peu-tics  and  Obstetrics,   Ophthalmology   and    Otology. 

The  advance  made  beyond  this  course  in  the  fourth  year  is  in  such 
branches  as  Gynecology  and  Children's  Diseases,  E}e  and  Ear  Diseases, 
Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases  and  Medical  Jurisprudence.  During  the  last 
year  clinical  examinations  are  held  in  Practical  Medicine,  Surgery,  Gynecology, 
Obstetrics  and  Dermatology.  Cases  are  assigned  for  special  study  and  writ- 
ten histories  descriptive   of   the    cases  and  diagnoses  are  required. 

At  present,  beside  the  legal  age,  payment  of  all  fees,  satisfactory  exam- 
ination, good  character,  dissection  of  half  of  the  human  body  and  clinical 
attendance    for    two    years,    a    requirement    for    graduation    is    that    the   student 


I/O  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

shall  have  attended  four  annual  courses  of    lectures  of  eight  months  each — the 
extension  of  the  course  from  seven  months   being  made  in    1894. 

Upon  graduation  a  number  of  interneships  at  different  hospitals  are  open 
to  competitive  examination.  Only  students  of  this  school  are  eligible  to  exam- 
ination at  Mercy  Hospital,  four  appointments  being  made  annually.  Graduates 
of  any  regular  medical  college  in  this  city  may  compete  for  the  four  appoint- 
ments at  St.  Luke's,  the  eight  at  Cook  County,  the  three  at  Michael  Reese, 
the  two  at  St.  Elizabeth's  and  the  one  each  at  the  Alexian  and  Wesley  hos- 
pitals. 

THE    FACULTY    (  I  859- I  896). 

Having  thus  traced  the  progress  of  Northwestern  University  Medical 
School  along  its  lines  of  development  and  given  an  idea  of  its  present  com- 
plete machinery  for  putting  in  force  all  the  modern  appliances  of  medical 
education,  a  ])resentation  of  the  roster  given  below  should  add  to  the  historic 
value  of  this  sketch.  By  following  the  general  plan  of  grouping  those  profes- 
sorships which  are  logically  related  according  to  medical  science,  and  preserv- 
ing, as  a  rule,  the  chronological,  order  of  their  establishment  by  the  college 
faculty,  the  reader  will  be  enabled  to  further  note  the  methods,  changes  and 
subdivision  of  labor  which   have  resulted  in  its  present  corps  of  instructors. 

Following  is  the  roster  indicated: 

Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  of  Clinical  Medicine: 
Nathan  Smith  Davis,  1859-92,  Emeritus,  1892-96;  Hosmer  A.  Johnson,  Emeritus, 
1881-91;  Nathan  S.  Davis,  Jr.,   1892-96;   Frank  Billings,    1892-96. 

Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine:  Hosmer  A.  Johnson,  1875-77,  1882-85; 
John   H.    Hollister,    1882-95,    Emeritus,    1895-96;   Isaac  N.    Danforth,    1883-96. 

Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine:  N.  S.  Davis,  Jr., 
1887-92. 

Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  and  of  Clinical  Surgery 
(previous  to  1863,  including  Military  Surgery);-  Edmund  Andrews,  1859-81; 
Ralph  N.    Isham,    1888-96;  John   E.    Owens,    1892-93. 

Professor  of  Principles  and   Practice  of  Surgery:  Ralph  N.   Isham,    1881-88. 

Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy  and  Operative  Surgery:  Ralph  N.  Isham, 
1859-81;  John  E.    Owens,    1891-88;  Wm.    E.    Morgan,    1892-96. 

Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery:  Edmund  Andrews,  1881-96;  E.  Wyllys 
Andrews,    1888-96;  Frederick  C.    Schaefer,    1892-96. 

Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy  and  Operative  Surgery  and  of  Clinical 
Surgery:  John    E.    Owens,    1888-92. 

Professor  of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery:  John  E.  Owens,  1893-96; 
Christian  Fenger,    1893-96. 


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NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  173 

Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children:  David 
Rutter,  Emeritus,  1859-64;  Wm.  H.  Byford,  1859-79;  E.  O.  E.  Roler,  Asso- 
ciate,   1869-79. 

Professor  of  Obstetrics:  Edward  O.  E.  Roler,  1879-85;  Emeritus,  1885-96; 
Wm.  W.  Jaggard,    1885-96. 

Professor  of  Gynecology:  Edward  W.  Jenks,  1879-82;  Emilius  C.  Dudley, 
1882-96. 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children:   Marcus  P.  Hatfield,   1883-96. 

^Professor  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology:  Joseph  S.  Hildreth,  1869-70; 
Samuel  J.  Jones,    1870-96. 

Professor  of  Clinical  Ophthalmology  and  Otology:  Horace  M.  Starkey, 
1892-96. 

Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery:  Julian  S.  Sherman,  1869-70;  John  Ridlow, 
1893-96. 

Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  and  Diseases  of  the  Joints:  Julian  S. 
Sherman,    1870-71,    1876-77. 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  Respiratory  and  Circulatory  Organs:  Hosmer  A. 
Johnson,   1868-75. 

Professor  of   Surgery  of  Genito-Urinary  Organs:   Christian  Eenger,   1882-83. 

Professor  of  General  Pathology  and  Public  Hygiene:  M.  K.  Taylor, 
1859-63;  Henry  Wing,  1863-65;  Hosmer  A.  Johnson,  1865-66,  Emeritus, 
1866-67;  John   H.    Hollister,    1866-69. 

Professor  of  General  Patholog}/  and  Pathological  Anatomy:  John  H.  Hol- 
lister,   1 869- 1 882;   Christian  Eenger,    1882-86;   Erank  S.  Johnson,    1886-96. 

Professor  of  State  Medicine  and  Public  Hygiene,  Oscar  C.  De  Wolf, 
1882-92. 

Professor  of  General   Etiology  and  Hygiene:   Henry   Gradle,    1893-94. 

Professor  of  General  Etiology  and  Hygiene  and  of  Clinical  Ophthalmology 
and  Otology:    Henry  Gradle,   1894-96. 

Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence:  H.  G.  Spafford,  [859-64;  H.  O.  Hey- 
dock,  1864-66;  R.  J.  Patterson,  1866-74;  H.  P.  Merriman,  1874-75;  M.  P.  Hat- 
field,  1881-83;  J.  S.  Jewell,   1883-84. 

Professor  of  Hygiene:  Thomas  Bevan,   1860-75. 

Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Hygiene:   H.  P.  Merriman,    1S75-81. 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Idistology:  Hosmer  Allen  Johnson,  1859-66; 
J.    M.    Woodworth,    1866-67;  Daniel  T.    Nelson,    1867-79. 

*In  1869-70  Dr.  Joseph  S.  Hildreth  delivered,  by  invitation,  a  course  of  lectures  on 
Diseases  of  the  Ej'e  and  Ear,  but  the  chair  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology  was  not  estab- 
lished  until   November,    1870. 


174  NORTHWESTERN    UNU'ERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Professor  of  Physiology:  Henry  Gradle,  1879-84;  R.  W.  Bishop,  1884-87; 
George  W.  Webster,   1889-94;   Winfield  S.    Hah,   1895-96. 

Professor  of  Histology  and  Practical  Microscopy:    Lester  Curtis,   1879-86. 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Dermatology:    R.    W.    Bishop,    1887-88. 

Professor  of  Physical  Diagnosis  and  Clinical  Medicine:  Frank  Billings, 
1887-92. 

Professor  of  Histology:    Frank  T.    Andrews,   1888-94. 

Professor  of  Histology  and  of  Clinical  Gynecology:  Frank  T.  Andrews, 
1894-96. 

Professor  of  Dermatology  and  Syphilis:    Joseph   Zeisler,   1890-91. 

Professor  of  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases:    Joseph  Zeisler,    1891-96. 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Physical  Diagnosis:  George  W.  Webster, 
1894-95. 

Professor  of  Bacteriology:    John  D.    Kales,    1894-96. 

Professor  of  Physical  Diagnosis:    George  W.  Webster,    1895-96. 

Professor  of  Descriptive  Anatomy:  Titus  De  Ville,  1859-60,  Emeritus,  1860- 
65;  John  H.  Hollister,  1860-63;  J.  S.  Jewell,  1863-69;  W.  H.  Boyd,  1869-74; 
Thomas  S.  Bond,   1874-79;   R.  L.    Rea,    1879-82;  Frederick  C.  Schaefer,   1882-88. 

Professor  of  Descriptive  and  Surgical  Anatomy:  Frederick  C.  Schaefer, 
1888-92. 

Professor  of  Anatomy;  Thomas  B.  Swartz,  1893-96;  Samuel  C.  Plummer, 
1893-94.  ■  • 

Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics:  John  H.  Hollister,  1859-60; 
A.  L.  McArthur,  1860-63;  John  H.  Hollister,  1863-65;  Henry  Wing,  1865-66; 
M.  O.  Heydock,   1866-71;  Wm.  E.  Quine,   1871-1882;  Walter  Hay,   1882-84;  Wm. 

E.  Casselberry,    1884-86. 

Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  and  of  Laryngology  and 
Rhinology:    Wm.   E.    Casselberry,   1886-92. 

Professor  of  Therapeutics  and  of  Laryngology  and  Rhinology:  Wm.  E. 
Casselberry,   1892-96. 

Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  John  Leeming,   1894-96. 

Professor    of    Inorganic     Chemistry,    Organic    Chemistry    and    Toxicology: 

F.  Mahla,   1859-67;  John  E.    Davies,   1867-68;  C.    Gilbert  Wheeler,   1868-71. 

Professor  of  Inorganic  Chemistry:  N.  Gray  Bartlett,  1871-72;  Walter  S. 
Haines,    1872-74;   M.    P.    Hatfield,   1875-77. 

Professor  of  Organic  Chemistry  and  Toxicology:  H.  P.  Merriman,  1871- 
72;  Walter  S.    Haines,   1872-74. 

Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology:  Walter  S.  Haines,  1874-77;  M.  P. 
Hatfield,   1877-82;  John  H.    Long,   1882-83. 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSETY  MEDIC  AT    SCHOOL.  175 

Professor  of  Medical  and  General   Chemistry;    John   H.    Long,    1883-93. 
Professor    of    Chemistry  and    Director  of    the  Chemical  Laboratories:    John 
H.    Long,   1893-96. 

Professor  of  Psycological  Medicine  and  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases:  J.  S. 
Jewell,   1872-84,    Emeritus,    1884-87. 

Professor  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases  and  of  Medical  Jurisprudence: 
Walter  Hay,   1884-90;   Elbert  Wing,    1891-92. 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System:  Elbert  Wing, 
1892-93. 

Professor  of  Nervous  Diseases:    Elbert  Wing,   1893-96. 

Professor  of  Mental  Diseases  and  Medical  Jurisprudence:  Archibald  Church, 
1893-96. 

GRUWTII     OF     THE     SCHOOL     ( 1 859- 1 895). 

In  conclusion  is  presented  the  following  statistical  resume,  showing  the 
growth    of    the    college    throughout    the    thirty-six    sessions    of    its    existence : 

Sessio/is.  .  Sfi/(ffiifs.  Cii  aJi/a/cs. 

859-60 33 9 

860-6  I , 54 ,,..=  ..  I  4 

861-62 63 17 

862-63 81 17 

863-64 89 17 

864-65 93 31 

865-66 102 ,  .  , 31 

866-67 104 33 

867-68 .0 113 , 50 

868-69  ■  •  •  • 85 42 

869-70 .  7^ ^7 

870-71 107 30 

871-7^- 101 2>2> 

872-73- •• 120 • 43 

873-74 128 46 

874-75 ^38 46 

875-76 148 53 

876-77 126 39 

877-78 .153 ' 50 

878-79 152- •- • 2,7 

879-80 148 38 

880-81 152 45 

881-82 155.  .• 41 


1/6  NORTHWKSTERN    [/NIJ'ERS/TV  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Sessions.  Students.  Graduates. 

1882-83 138 41 

1883-84 114 41 

1884-85 118  42 

1885-86 126 38 

1886-87 134 45 

1887-88  169 34 

1888-89 198 46 

1889-90 237 51 

1 890-9  1 243 69 

1891-92 269 50 

1892-93 -74 75 

1893-94 -5^ • r- 

1894-95 270 27 

Total 5.  159  1,420 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


NATHAN    SMITH    DAVIS.    M.   D.,    LL.    D. 

Dr.  Davis  was  born  on  January  9,  181 7,  his  parents,  Dow  and  Eleanor 
(Smith)  Davis,  being  among  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Greene,  Chenango  county, 
N.  Y.,  and  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  though  the  youngest  of  a  family  of  seven 
children,  was  born  in  the  primitive  log  house  erected  in  the  forest.  His  mother 
died  in  1824,  when  he  was  but  seven  years  of  age;  but  the  lather  lived  to  en- 
joy the  fruits  of  his  labors  in  converting  his  section  of  the  forest  into  fertile 
fields,  until  he  reached  the  ripe  age  of  more  than  ninety  years. 

Nathan  Smith  Davis  was  from  early  childhood  of  spare  habit  and  very 
active  nervous  temperament.  Plis  education  was  acquired  in  the  common  school 
of  the  district  by  attending  chiefly  during  the  Winter  months,  and  during  the 
remaining  part  of  the  year  working  diligently  on  the  farm  with  his  father  and 
his  elder  brother,  until  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age.  This  out-door  life  and 
persistent  manual  labor  doubtless  assisted  much  in  the  development  of  a  healthy 
physical  organization  and  in  creating  habits  of  industry  and  independent  self- 
reliance    that    had   much    influence    on    his    subsequent   successful    career  in  life. 

An  inherent  love  of  study,  with  unusual  aptness  in  the  acquisition  of  knowl- 
edge, had  already  placed  him  in  advance  of  the  subjects  taught  in  the  common 
school  of  his  neighborhood.  His  father,  discerning  the  strong  bent  of  his  mind, 
determined  to  procure  for  him  as  good  an  education  as  his  limited  means 
would  permit.  With  that  view,  in  his  sixteenth  year  he  was  sent  to  Cazenovia 
Seminary,  in  Madison  county,  N.  Y.,  where  he  studied  chemistry,  natural 
philosophy,  history,  algebra,  Latin,  etc. 

Although  he  remained  only  one  season  at  the  seminary,  his  taste  for  higher 
studies  and  a  wider  range  of  useful  knowledge  was  confirmed,  and  in  April, 
1834,  he  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Daniel  Clark, 
of  Smithville  Flats,  Chenango  County,  N.  Y.  In  October  following,  he 
matriculated  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  Western  Dis- 
trict of  New  York,  located  in  Fairfield,  Herkimer  County,  and  attended  the  an- 
nual course  of  instruction  in  that  institution.  On  his  return  from  the  college  he 
entered  the  office  of  Dr.  Thomas  Jackson,  of  Binghamton,  Broome  county,  where 
he  continued    his  pupilage  until  he  had    completed  the  required    three  years  of 

177 


178  NORTHWESTERN    UNH^ERS/TY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

study,  except  the  four  months  of  each  year  that  lie  spent  in  the  medical  col- 
lege. He  graduated  with  honor  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
at  Fairfield,  at  the  close  of  his  third  annual  course,  on  January  31,  1837,  and 
before  he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age.  His  thesis  was  on  "Animal  Tempera- 
ture," in  which  he  contended  that  heat  was  evolved  in  the  various  tissues  of 
the  body  instead  of  by  the  union  of  oxygen  and  carbon  in  the  lungs,  as  was 
generally  thought  at  that  time.  Its  merits  induced  the  faculty  to  select  it  as 
one  to  be  read  on   Commencement  day  as  a  part  of  the  public  exercises. 

A  little  before  the  close  of  the  third  college  term  some  friends  of  Dr. 
Daniel  Chatfield  of  Vienna,  Oneida  County,  applied  to  members  of  the  faculty 
for  a  suitable  young  person  to  settle  in  that  town  as  an  assistant  of  Dr.  Chat- 
field,  who  had  practiced  there  many  years  and  was  in  failing  health.  Dr. 
Davis,  being  recommended,  was  induced  to  commence  practice  there  before  the 
end  of  February,  1S37,  and  although  he  entered  at  once  into  an  active  general 
practice  on  account  ot  the  bad  health  ot  his  partner,  he  found  the  locality  one 
receiving  regular  mail  but  once  a  week,  and  other  things  in  proportion,  and 
therefore  little  suited  to  his  aspirations.  Two  or  three  months'  rest  from  his 
professional  labor  so  much  improved  the  health  of  Dr.  Chatfield  that  he  could 
continue  practice,  and  his  young  associate  gladly  embraced  the  opportunity  to 
seek  a  more  desirable  field  in  which  to  test  his  ambition.  Accordingly  in  July 
of  the  same  year  he  removed  to  Binghamton,  Broome  County,  and  opened  an 
office.  Here  he  soon  won  the  confidence  of  his  professional  brethren  and  the 
esteem  and  patronage  of  the  community.  On  the  fifth  of  March,  1838,  he  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  Hon.  John  Parker,  of  Vienna, 
to  whom  he  liacl  become  warmly  attached  during  his  brief  residence  in  that 
town  the  previous  year.  Three  children  have  blessed  the  union,  one  only  be- 
ing living — Dr.  N.  S.  Davis,  Jr.,.  a  prominent  physician  now  following  in  the 
footsteps  of  his  father. 

The  studious  habits  and  almost  unwearying  powers  of  application  developed 
in  his  youth  did  not  forsake  Dr.  Davis  when  he  became  engrossed  in  a  labori- 
ous practice  ;  on  the  contrary,  he  seems  to  have  been  constantly  widening  and 
extending  his  scientific  inquiries.  Among  the  sciences  that  early  engaged  his 
special  attention  were  practical  chemistry,  medical  botany,  geology  and  polit- 
ical economy. 

During  his  residence  in  Binghamton  he  sought  to  perfect  himself  in  sur- 
gical Anatomy  and  at  the  same  time  instruct  the  resident  medical  students,  by 
dissecting  one  or  two  cadavers  each  Winter  in  a  room  attached  to  his  office. 
At  the  same  period  he  frequently,  by  request,  gave  lectures  in  the  Bingham- 
ton Academy  and  some  of  the  larger  district  schools  on  topics  connected  with 
chemistry,  botany  and  physiology.  Soon  after  commencing  his  residence  in 
Binghamton  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Broome  County  Medical  Society, 


NORTHIVESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDIC AE    SCHOOL.  179 

in  wliich  he  took  an  active  part,  holdin*:;  the  office  of  secretary  durin<j;  the  years 
1841-42-43,  and  that  of  hbrarian  from  the  last  named  year  until  1847,  when 
he  removed  from  the  county.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  board  of  censors 
several  years. 

In  1843  he  was  appointed  as  the  delegate  to  represent  the  county  society 
in  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  and  faithfully  discharged  the  duties 
of  that  office  for  the  succeeding  three  years.  He  was  already  favorably  known 
to  the  members  of  the  State  society  by  his  able  essays,  for  which  he  had 
been  awarded  several  prizes,  continuing  to  make  valuable  contributions  to  the 
Transactions  of  the  society  each  year  of  his  service  as  a  delegate.  In  taking 
his  seat  in  the  annual  meeting  at  Albany  for  the  first  time,  February,  1844,  he 
offered  a  series  of  resolutions  proposing  a  higher  standard  of  medical  education, 
by  lengthening  the  annual  courses  of  instruction  in  the  medical  colleges,  the 
grading  of  the  several  branches  in  the  curriculum,  the  separation  of  the  power 
to  license  men  to  practice  from  the  colleges  and  to  confer  it  on  independent 
boards  of  medical  examiners,  and  the  exaction  of  a  fair  standard  of  general 
education  for  the  student  before  entering  ujkmi  the  study  of  medicine.  These 
resolutions  led  to  an  interesting  discussion,  which  was  resumed  at  the  next 
annual  meeting,  1845,  at  the  close  of  which  a  resolution  was  offered  by  Dr. 
Davis  and  adopted  by  the  society  which  led,  largely  through  his  efforts,  to  the 
holding  of  a  national  medical  convention  in  New  York  City  during  May,  1846. 
Referring  to  his  work  as  chairman  of  the  committee  which  brought  the  measure 
to  such  a  successful  conclusion,  an  able  and  impartial  writer  has  said:  "The 
origination  of  the  measures  that  led  to  the  organization  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  and  the  judicious  and  persistent  manner  in  which  he 
pressed  them  forward  to  a  successful  issue  justly  entitle  him  to  the  deepest 
and  most  lasting  gratitude  of  the  medical  profession  of  the   United  States." 

When  the  term  for  which  he  had  been  elected  a  delegate  to  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Society  expired,  in  1846,  he  became  a  permanent  member, 
and  m  1866  was  elected  an  honorary  member.  He  attended  the  National 
Medical  Convention  that  was  held  in  New  York  in  May,  1846,  and  took 
an  active  and  inffuential  part  in  its  proceedings,  being  on  the  committee  to 
report  propositions  for  the  consideration  of  the  members,  and  was  appointed 
on  the  committee  to  prepare  and  report  a  plan  for  a  permanent  national 
organization  of  the  profession  at  an  adjourned  meeting  to  be  held  in  Philadel- 
phia the  following  year.  In  this  adjourned  meeting,  which  was  much  more 
numerously  attended  than  the  first,  he  was  present  and  contributed  much  to 
the  successful  accomplishment  of  its  objects  and  especiall)'  to  the  full  organi- 
zation of  the  American  Medical  Association,  with  the  whole  subsequent  history 
of  which  he  has  been  more  thoroughly  identified  than  any  otner  individual. 
The  more  extended  acquaintance  with  the  profession  gained  by  his  attendance 


i8o  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDIC AI    SCHOOL. 

on  the  meetings  of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society  and  the  national  con- 
ventions in  New  York  City  and  Philadelphia  caused  him  to  desire  a  wider  field 
for  professional  work  than  Binghamton  afforded,  and  accordingly,  early  in  the 
Summer  of  1847,  he  removed  with  his  family  to  New  York  City  and  entered 
upon  general  practice.  The  following  Autumn  and  Winter,  at  the  solicitation 
of  the  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
New  York,  he  took  charge  of  the  dissecting  rooms  and  gave  the  instruction  in 
Practical  Anatomy,  and  by  invitation  of  the  faculty  he  gave  the  Spring  course 
on  Medical  Jurisprudence.  Almost  from  the  first  year  after  his  graduation  he 
had  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  pages  of  some  of  the  leading  medical 
periodicals,  and  in  1848  took  editorial  charge  of  the  Analist,  a  semi-monthly 
medical  journal  then  commencing  its  third  volume,  and  continued  his  editorial 
work    with    ability    until  he  removed  from   that  city,    during  the  last  of  August, 

1849. 

In  July,  1849,  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Physiology  and  General 
Pathology  in  Rush  Medical  College  and  accepted  the  position.  A  severe  epi- 
demic of  cholera  was  then  prevailing  in  New  York  and  in  most  of  the  cities 
and  many  of  the  rural  districts  throughout  the  whole  country.  Dr.  Davis  was 
devoting  his  time,  day  and  night,  to  faithful  attendance  upon  the  sick  and  he 
continued  to  do  so  until  the  severity  of  the  epidemic  had  passed,  near  the  end 
of  August,  when  he  left  New  York  for  his  new  home  in  Chicago,  arriving  with 
his  wife  and  two  children  in  the  latter  part  of  September,  1849.  He  gave  the 
general  introductory  lecture  at  the  opening  of  the  college  course  the  first  week 
of  October,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present  he  has  been  actively  identified 
not  only  with  medical  teaching  but  with  about  every  important  educational, 
scientific  and  sanitary  interest  in  Chicago. 

At  the  time  of  his  arrival  the  population  of  Chicago  was  little  more  than 
twenty-three  thousand,  the  city  being  located  on  a  low  and  nearly  level  prairie,  with 
a  substratum  of  tenacious  blue  clay,  for  the  most  part  obtaining  water  from  shallow 
wells,  with  no  sewerage.  They  had  sufiered  severely  from  cholera  during  the 
preceding  Summer  and  the  same  disease  recurred  during  three  succeeding 
Summers.  With  a  view  of  developing  a  public  sentiment  in  favor  of  very 
necessary  sanitary  measures  to  improve  and  protect  the  public  health  and  to 
aid  in  founding  a  permanent  general  hospital,  during  the  Summer  of  1850  he 
delivered  a  course  of  six  public  lectures  in  the  old  State  Street  Market.  In 
these  he  pointed  out  the  urgent  necessity  of  a  more  abundent  supply  of  purer 
water  from  Lake  Michigan  and  a  general  system  of  sewerage,  and  demonstrated 
by  detailed  illustrations  the  feasibility  of  both.  The  lectures  were  well  attended 
and  the  money  received  from  a  small  admission  fee  was  expended  for  twelve 
beds  that  constituted  the  beginning  of  what  is  now  known  as  Mere}'  Hos- 
pital.     Dr.    Davis  is  still  one  of   the  attending  physicians.      At  the  close  of   his 


NORTHWESrERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  i8i 

first  course  of  instruction  in  the  chair  of  Physiology  and  Pathology,  during  the 
college  term  of  1849-50,  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  and  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  hospital,  opened  the 
following  Summer,   which  positions  he  held  until  the  Spring  of   1859. 

But  in  his  new  position  in  Chicago  and  as  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of 
Rush  Medical  College,  he  continued  to  advocate  the  same  views  of  a  higher 
standard  of  medical  education  that  in  the  New  York  State  Society  had  started 
measures  resulting  in  the  organization  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
while  the  college  he  had  entered  continued  to  adhere  to  the  requirement  of 
attendance  on  only  two  annual  courses  of  four  months  each  for  graduation. 
Consequently,  when  in  the  Spring  of  1859  an  opportunity  was  offered  to  assist 
in  the  organization  of  a  new  medical  college  on  the  plan  of  three  years'  medical 
studies,  three  annual  courses  of  college  instruction  of  six  months  each,  the 
curriculum  graded  to  correspond  with  the  three  years  of  study,  to  which  was 
added  a  moderate  standard  of  preliminary  education  and  attendance  on  regular 
hospital  clinical  instruction,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  sacrifice  the  well-earned 
popular  position  he  held  in  Rush  Medical  College  and  accept  the  correspond- 
ing position  in  the  new  enterprise — now  the  Northwestern  University  Medical 
School,  then  the  Chicago  Medical  College.  Of  this  great  institution  Dr.  Davis 
has  been  a  main  pillar  from  the  date  of  its  foundation  until  the  present  time, 
being  now  Dean  of  the  Faculty  and  Emeritus  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Medicine  and  of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Lecturer  on  the   History  of  Medicine. 

In  1850  he  was  instrumental  in  organizing  the  Illinois  State  Medical  and 
the  Chicago  Medical  societies,  with  both  of  which  he  has  remained  an  active 
member.  He  was  chosen  President  of  the  State  organization  in  1855,  serving 
as  its  secretary  for  twelve  consecutive  years.  His  contributions  to  the  Transac- 
tions of  both  local  and  State  societies  have  been  numerous,  practical,  highly 
valued  and  generally  circulated  through  the  medical   publications. 

Dr.  Davis  also  soon  actjuired  prominence  in  Chicago  as  a  journalist,  as  well 
as  medical  writer.  In  1855  he  became  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Chicaoo 
Medical  Jonrnal,  continuing  thus  for  four  years,  when  he  transferred  it  to  the 
faculty  of  Rush  College,  which  claimed  the  periodical  as  its  organ,  and 
established  the  Cliicago  Medical  Exaiuincr  in  January,  i860.  This  was  continued 
under  his  management  as  an  independent  journal  until  1873,  when  by  consolida- 
tion it  became   the    Chicago  Medical    Journal  and  Examiner. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Association  in  1883  it  was 
decided  to  publish  its  transactions  in  the  form  of  a  weekly  journal  instead  of 
in  an  annual  volume,  as  had  been  done  previously,  and  Dr.  Davis  was  selected 
to  edit  the  same.  He  issued  the  first  number,  called  the  [ournal  of  tlie 
Anicricmi  Medical  Association,  in  July,  1883,  and  he  continued  its  editorial 
management    with    the   same    promptness,    ability  and   good   judgment  that  had 


i82  NORTI-nVESTERN    UNIJ'ERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

characterized  all  his  previous  work,  until  January  i,  1889.  Havinf^  established 
the  journal  on  a  sound  financial  basis  and  with  a  reputation  second  to  no  other 
medical  periodical  in  the  country,  he  formally  resigned  his  position  but  was  not 
fully  relieved  from  the  editorial  work  until  the  succeeding  June,  which  was  near 
the  completion  of  its  twelfth  volume. 

In  1884  the  Eighth  International  Medical  Congress,  then  in  session  in 
Copenhagen,  Denmark,  agreed  to  hold  the  ninth  meeting  in  1887  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  and  it  became  necessary  for  the  profession  in  this  country  to  effect 
a  preliminary  organization  and  all  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  congress. 
During  the  year  [885  an  executive  committee  was  organized  with  full  power  to 
make  all  further  arrangements  for  the  approaching  international  gatliering,  Dr. 
Davis  being  selected  for  Secretary-General.  It  was  while  actively  conducting 
the  necessary  correspondence  of  the  latter  oflice,  in  addition  to  his  editorial  work 
on  the  journal  and  his  usual  private  practice,  hospital  and  college  duties, 
in  January,  1886,  that  he  awoke  from  sleep  with  complete  hemaplegia  of  the 
right  half  of  the  body  and  extremities.  The  paralysis,  however,  proved  tem- 
porary and  after  a  rest  of  three  or  four  weeks  he  cautiously  resumed  his  duties, 
official  and  otherwise.  At  the  meeting  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
congress  in  A^Lay,  1886,  Dr.  Austin  Flint,  the  President,  having  died  suddenly  a 
few  months  previousl)'.  Dr.  Davis  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  and  transferred 
all  the  papers  and  records  of  the  Secretary-General  to  his  successor  in  that 
ofiice.  Dr.  John  B.  Hamilton,  then  of  Washington.  In  August,  1887,  the  Ninth 
International  Medical  Congress  was  held  in  that  city,  and  m  the  completion  of 
its  arrangements,  the  members  in  attendance,  the  amount  of  scientific  and 
practical  work  done  and  the  liberality  of  its  entertainments  it  was  fully  equal 
to  any  of  its  predecessors.  Dr.  Davis  presided  over  its  deliberations  and 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  high  office  with  an  ability  and  urbanity  highly 
satisfactory  to  all   parties. 

And  there  yet  remain  several  sides  to  Dr.  Davis'  rounded  character  upon 
which  we  have  scarcely  touchech  Almost  from  the  moment  of  his  arrival  in 
Chicago  he  found  himself  engaged  in  a  large  general  practice,  and  yet,  despite 
the  laborious  private  and  public  duties  of  his  profession,  he  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  all  important  enterprises  of  a  scientific,  educational  and  moral  nature. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Northwestern  University,  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  the  Illinois  State  Micro- 
scopical Society,  the  Union  College  of  Law  (in  which  he  is  Professor  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence)   and  the  Washingtonian  Home. 

It  should  be  stated  that  in  addition  to  the  large  number  of  valuable 
papers,  reports  and  addresses  communicated  to  medical  societies  and  medical 
periodicals.  Dr.  Davis  is  the  author  of  the  following  publications  in  book 
form  : 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  iMEDICAL    SCHOOI.  183 

"A  Text  Book  on  Agricultural  Chemistry,  for  use  in  district  and  public 
schools,"  for  which  a  prize  was  awarded  by  the  State  Agricultural  Society  of 
New  York.      S.    S.    &  W.  Wood  &  Co.,  New  York,   1848. 

"History  of  Medical  Education  and  Institutions  in  the  United  States  from 
the  First  Settlement  of  the  British  Provinces  to  the  Year  1850,  with  a  chapter 
on  the  Present  Condition  and  Wants  of  the  Profession,  and  the  Means  Necessary 
for  Supplying  Those  Wants."     S.    C.    Griggs  &    Co.,  Chicago,   1851. 

"A  Lecture  on  the  Effects  of  Alcoholic  Drinks  on  the  Human  System, 
and  the  Duties  of  Medical  Men  in  Relation  Thereto, "  delivered  in  Rush  Medical 
College,  on  December  25,  1854,  with  an  appendix  containing  original  experiments 
in  relation  to  the  effects  of  alcohol  on  respiration  and  animal  heat.  J.  F. 
Ballantyne,    printer,    Chicago,    1855. 

"History  of  the  American  Medical  Association,"  from  its  organization  to 
the  year   1855.      Lippincott,  Gambo  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,    [855. 

"Clinical  Lectures  on  Various  Important  Diseases."  Edited  by  F.  LI. 
Davis,   M.    D.,  Philadelphia.      Second  edition,    1875. 

"Lectures  on  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine,"  delivered  in  Chicago 
Medical  College,  Medical  Department  of  the  Northwestern  University,  Chicago. 
Jansen,  McClurg  &  Co.,   1884.      Second  edition  published  1887. 

"Address  on  the  Progress  of  Medical  Education  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  During  the  Century  Ending  in  1876,"  delivered  before  the  International 
Medical  Congress  at  Philadelphia,  on  September  9,  1876.  Published  in  the  vol- 
ume of  Transactions  of  that  Congress. 

The  chapter  on  Bronchitis  in  the  "American  System  of  Medicine."  Edited 
by  W.    Pepper,  Philadelphia. 

The  chapters  on  "Chronic  Alcoholism,  Polyuria  and  Chronic  Articular 
Rheumatism  m  the  Reference  Handbook  of  Medical  Sciences."  New  York, 
William  Wood  &  Co.,   1886. 

"Address  of  the  President  of  the  Ninth  International  Medical  Congress, 
delivered  before  the  Congress  in  Washington,  D.  C,  August,  1877.  Published 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the   Congress,   1887. 


DOCTOR    EDMUND    ANDREWS,   A.    M.,    M.  D.,   LL.   D. 

Born  at  Putney,  Vt.,  on  April  22,  1824,  Dr.  Andrews  is  the  son  of  Elisha  D. 
Andrews,  who  was  clergyman  of  that  parish  for  twenty  years.  The  familv  re- 
moving to  Michigan,  young  Edmund  entered  the  State  University,  graduatino- 
from  the  literary  department  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1849.  Entering  soon 
after  the  medical  department  of  the  same  institution,  he  graduated  as  M.  D. 
in  1852.      Not  wishing  to  lose    so  promising    a    member  of    the    profession,    the 


i84  NORTFiJVESrERN    UNn^ERSITY  LI  EPICAL    SCHOOL. 

university  appointed  the  young  doctor  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  and  so  marked 
was  his  success  that  the  faculty  conferred  on  him  the  degree  A.  B.,  and  elected 
him  to  the  chair  of  Comparative  Anatomy.  Later  they  honored  him  with  the 
title  LL.  D. 

Dr.  Andrews  founded  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  and  established 
as  well  as  edited  the  Peninsular  Medical  /onrnal.  Coming  to  Chicago  in  1855, 
he  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  Rush  Medical  College,  and  in 
1859,  when  the  Chicago  Medical  College  was  organized,  he  was  one  of  its  able 
founders,  and  was  given  the  chair  of  Surgery.  At  this  time  he  was  appointed 
to  take  charge  of  the  surgical  department  of  Mercy  Hospital,  and  its  manage- 
ment has  paid  him  the  following  warm  tribute  of  gratitude:  "We  are  happy  to 
state  that  he  has  nothing  with  which  to  reproach  himself  in  the  discharge  of 
this  onerous  duty,  as  no  matter  when  he  is  sent  for,  day  or  night,  for  rich  or 
poor,  he  never  objects,  never  hesitates,  but  attends  so  cheerfully  that  the  poor 
patients  are  made  happier  by  the  genial  atmosphere  which  he  always  carries 
with  him.  A  poor,  sick  man,  after  an  operation  on  one  occasion,  feared  hem- 
orrhage would  set  in  during  the  night,  so  the  good-hearted  surgeon  stayed  with 
him  until  morning,  lest  he  might  be  needed.  On  another  occasion  a  poor  man 
in  the  surgical  ward  called  for  Dr.  Andrews  at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
and  he  came  as  cheerfully  as  if  it  were  three  in  the  afternoon.  He  has  treated 
no  less  than  16,000  patients  in  our  hospital  since  his  appointment.  Many  ex- 
amples of  the  unselfish  spirit  in  which  he  does  his  noble  life-work  in  this  in- 
stitution might  be  related  here,  but  space  will  not  permit.  We  will  only  add, 
'He  has  learned  the  luxury  of  doing  good,'  and  he  does  it  with  all  his  strength." 

During  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  Dr.  Andrews  was  appointed  Surgeon-in-Chief 
of  Camp  Douglas,  where  he  strained  every  nerve  to  reorganize  the  sanitary  and 
medical  affairs  of  the  unfortunate  prisoners.  Soon  after  he  was  ordered  to  the 
field  as  Surgeon  of  the  First  Regiment  of  Illinois  Light  Artillery,  and  served 
under  Grant  and  Sherman  in  a  variety  of  encounters.  Broken  in  health  from 
exposure  to  military  hardships  in  a  malarious  climate,  he  resigned  after  a  year 
and  returned  to  Chicago,  where  he  resumed  an  extensive  practice  which  has 
been  purely  surgical  for  twenty-five  years. 

The  Doctor  does  not  limit  himself  to  the  usual  work  of  a  surgeon,  having 
improved  and  invented  many  professional  instruments.  New  methods  of  oper- 
ating are  also  traceable  to  him,  and  his  publications  in  the  way  of  articles  and 
treatises  on  surgical  subjects  are  very  numerous.  Quite  a  number  of  his  essays 
have  been  reprinted,  not  only  in  America,  but  also  in  Europe,  where  he  went 
in  1866  especially  to   study  hospitals. 

Besides  being  connected  with  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Illi- 
nois State  Medical  Association  and  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  he  is  an  active 
member  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association,  of  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  1H5 

Sciences  and  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  He 
was  one  of  those  far-seeing,  enthusiastic  pioneers  who,  in  1856,  founded  the 
Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  has  served  as  its  President.  Being  a  native 
of  the  Green  Mountain  State,  it  is  but  natural  that  he  should  be  a  lover  of 
the  picturescjue  and  of  out-door  life,  and  an  enthusiastic  geologist.  Unfortu- 
nately, however,  the  demands  upon  his  time  are  so  multitudinous  as  to  leave 
him  little  leisure  to  indulge  in  his  favorite    recreation  or  science. 

Dr.  Andrews'  first  wife  was  Miss  Taylor,  of  Detroit,  who  died  leaving  three 
sons,  two  of  whom  are  also  surgeons.  His  present  wife,  a  worthy  helpmate, 
was  formerly  Mrs.   Barrett. 

JOHN  H.   HOLLISTER,   A.    M.,   M.   D. 

John  H.  Hollister  was  born  in  Monroe  County,  N.  Y.,  on  the  fifth  of 
August,  1824,  during  his  infancy  the  family  removing  to  Romeo,  Macomb 
County,  Mich.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  the  boy  returned  to  Rochester,  N.  Y. , 
and  received  his  general  education  in  the  Rochester  Collegiate  Institute,  after 
which  he  took  a  course  in  the  normal  department  of  the  institution,  prepara- 
tory to  teaching.  In  this  occupation  he  was  chiefly  engaged  during  the  follow- 
ing four  or  five  years,  and  in  January,  1844,  commenced  the  study  of  medicine, 
graduating  from  'the  Berkshire  Medical  College  in  1847.  Immediately  after 
receiving  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  he  entered  general  practice  at 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  where  he  quickly  acquired  an  extensive  professional 
business  and  an  excellent  reputation. 

In  1855  Dr.  Hollister  removed  to  Chicago,  a  more  desirable  field  for  pro- 
fessional work,  and  in  1857  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  Rush 
Medical  College,  creditably  discharging  the  duties  of  that  position  until  the 
Summer  of  1859,  when  he  resigned  and  accepted  the  chair  of  Anatom)'  in  the 
faculty  just  organized  for  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Lind  University. 
After  successfully  teaching  Anatomy  for  four  years  he  accepted  a  transfer  to 
the  chair  of  Physiology,  the  duties  of  which  he  discharged  with  increasing 
reputation  until  1867,  when  he  was  chosen  Professor  of  General  Pathology  and 
Pathological  Anatomy. 

The  duties  of  this  chair  he  discharged  with  fidelity  until  1882,  when  he 
resigned  it,  but  retained  the  professorship  of  Clinical  Medicine,  and  continues 
to  give  regular  clinics  in  the  medical  wards  at  the  Mercy  Hospital.  He  early 
became  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  was  Chairman  of  the 
section  of  Practical  Medicine  in  1883,  having  since  served  as  a  member  of  the 
board  of  trustees  for  the  publication  of  the  journal  of  the  association  and 
otherwise  taken  an  active  part  in  the  proceedings  of  that  organization.  He 
served  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  as  Treasurer  for  fourteen  consecutive 


1 86  NORTinV/lSTHRN    UNn^ERSITY  ^fRDlCAL    SCHOOL. 

years,  and  as  its  President  in  1874.  He  is  an  earnest  supporter  of  the  Chicago 
Medical  Society  and  has  been  honored  with  its  highest  offices,  being  a  member 
of  various  scientific  and  Hterary  associations.  Dr.  Hohister  is  a  leading  member 
of  the  Plymouth  Congregational  Church,  and  in  every  relation  of  life  he  is  the 
highest  type  of  a  Christian  gentleman. 


CHRISTIAN   FENGER,    M.   D. 

Dr.  Fenger  is  a  representative  example  of  that  large  class  of  experienced 
physicians,  who,  during  the  past  quarter  of  a  century,  have  established  themselves 
in  the  large  centers  of  population  of  the  United  States  and  who  are  welcomed 
as  valuable  accessions  to  the  intellectual  and  scientific  strength  of  our  country. 

Dr.  Christian  Fenger  was  born  in  Coj-ienhagen,  Denmark,  in  1840.  He 
pursued  both  his  preliminary  and  medical  studies  in  Copenhagen  and  was 
graduated  in  medicine  from  the  University  of  Copenhagen  in  1867.  After  his 
graduation  he  was  assistant  in  Meyer's  Ear  Clinic  and  after  leaving  that  insti- 
tution served  for  two  years  as  interne  in  the  Royal  Frederics  Hospital.  He 
then  engaged  in  private  practice  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  Franco-German 
War,  through  which  he  served  as  Surgeon  in  the  International  y\mbu'ance 
Association. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Copenhagen  and  was  for  three 
years  Prosector  at  the  large  City  Hospital,  which  has  a  thousand  beds.  In 
1874  he  presented  his  thesis  for  lectureship  in  the  University  u]ion  "Cancer  of 
the   Stomach,"  and  was  appointed  Lecturer   on  Pathological  Anatomy. 

The  next  )'ear  he  left  Copenhagen  and  went  to  Egypt,  where  he  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Sanitary  Council  of  Alexandria.  In  1876  he  removed 
to  Cairo  and  was  appointed  by  the  Khedive  Medical  Officer  of  the  Khalifa 
Quarter  of  that  city.  He  was  obliged,  by  reason  of  ill-health,  to  leave  Egypt 
and  in  1877  came  to  America,  settling  in  Chicago,  From  small  beginnings  he 
has  steadily  worked  on,  until  now  he  is  in  the  front  rank  of  the  surgeons  of 
Chicago  and  of    the  United  States. 

At  the  present  time  Dr.  Fenger  holds  the  chair  of  Principles  of  Surgery 
and  Clinical  Surgery  in  the  Northwestern  University  Medical  School;  is  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  in  the  Chicago  Policlinic;  Surgeon-in-Chief  of  the  German 
Hospital;  Attending  Surgeon  at  the  Passavant  Memorial  Hospital,  and  Con- 
sulting Surgeon  to  the  Cook  County,  Provident,  Tabitha  and  Baptist  hospitals. 
In  addition  he  is  Vice-President  for  1896  of  the  American  Surgical  Association 
and  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society,  Chicago  Medical  Society,  Chicago  Gynecological  Society,  Scandinavian 
Medical   Society,    Ph)'sicians'  Club,    etc. 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  189 


SAMUEL  J.  JONES,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  LL.  D. 

Samuel  J.  Jones,  a  native  of  Bainbridge,  Pa.,  was  born  on  March  22, 
1836,  the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  H.  and  Sarah  M.  (Ekel)  Jones.  The  father, 
who  died  in  1863,  was  of  Welsh  descent,  although  himself  a  native  of  Donegal, 
Ireland.  He  was  a  practicing  physician  in  Pennsylvania  for  thirty-three  years. 
Tiie  mother,  of  Swiss  and  Huguenot  descent,  belonged  to  one  of  the  oldest 
families  of  the  old  town  of  Lebanon,  in  the  above  State,  and  was  a  descendant 
of  an  officer  of   the  American  Revolution. 

In  early  life  the  son  enjoyed  good  educational  advantages  and,  having 
finished  his  preparatory  studies,  at  the  age  of  seventeen  entered  Dickinson 
College  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  graduating  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1857, 
being  then  twenty-one  years  of  age.  Three  years  later  he  received  from  his 
Alma  Mater  the  degree  of  A.  M.  and  in  1884  the  same  institution  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 

Dr.  Jones  early  decided  to  lit  himself  for  the  medical  profession  and  upon 
leaving  college,  with  that  purpose  in  view,  spent  three  years  in  study  under 
the  preceptorship  of  his  father.  In  1858  he  attended  his  first  course  of  lectures 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  in 
i860,  just  thirty  years  after  the  graduation  of  his  father  from  the  same  university. 

Being  attracted  to  the  United  States  naval  service  by  reason  of  its  many 
advantages  for  the  young  practitioner,  both  professionally  and  otherwise,  he 
submitted  to  a  competitive  examination  for  the  position  of  Assistant  Surgeon 
and  having  been  successful  he  received  his  appointment  just  before  the 
beginning  of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 

In  April,  1861,  he  was  ordered  to  the  United  States  steam  frigate  "Min- 
nesota," which  sailed  under  sealed  orders  from  Boston  on  May  8,  1861,  as  the 
liagship  of  the  Atlantic  blockading  squadron.  Dr.  Jones  participated  in  the 
naval  battle  at  Hatteras  Inlet  in  August,  1861,  which  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  the  Confederate  forts  and  ended  the  troublesome  blockade  running  at  that 
point.  It  was  the  first  naval  battle  in  history  in  which  steamships  were  used 
and   kept  in  motion  while  in  action. 

In  January,  1862,  Dr.  Jones  was  temporarily  detached  from  the  "Minne- 
sota" and  detailed  as  Surgeon  of  Flag-Officer  Goldsborough's  staff,  on  the 
Burnside  and  Goldsborough  expedition  against  Roanoke  Island.  After  its 
capture  he  was  assigned  to  duty  as  the  Staff-Surgeon  of  Commander  Rowan 
in  the  expedition  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  Newbern,  Washington  and 
other  important  points  on  the  inner  waters  of  North   Carolina. 

Later  he  accompanied  Lieutenant  Cushing  (of  "Albemarle"  fame)  and 
Lieutenant  Lamson  in  their  operations  on   the  Nansemond    river    for    the   relief 


190  NORTHWESTERN    UNH^ERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOE 

of  the  Union  forces  then  shut  in  by  General  Longstreet  at  Suffolk,  Va. 
In  the  Spring  of  1863  Dr.  Jones  was  assigned  to  duty  at  Philadelphia  and 
here  passed  a  second  examination,  being  promoted  to  the  grade  of  Surgeon. 
He  was  next  assigned  to  duty  at  Chicago,  where,  in  addition  to  his  other 
responsibilities,  he  assumed  those  in  connection  with  his  appointment  as 
Examining  Surgeon  of  those  desiring  to  enter  the  medical  corps  for  the  naval 
service  in  the   Mississippi  Squadron. 

While  on  that  duty  he  visited  four  of  the  Western  military  prisons,  and 
examined  and  passed  over  three  thousand  Confederate  prisoners  who  had  asked 
to  be  shipped  into  Government  service.  In  1864  he  was  ordered  to  the  sloop- 
of-war  "Portsmouth,"  of  Admiral  Farragut's  West  Gulf  blockading  scjuadron, 
but  soon  thereafter  was  assigned  to  duty  as  Surgeon  of  the  New  Orleans 
Naval  Hospital. 

In  the  Fall  of  1865,  the  war  having  closed.  Surgeon  Jones  was  sent  to 
Pensacola,  Fla.,  as  Surgeon  of  the  Navy  Yard  and  Naval  Hospital,  remain- 
ing there  until  again  assigned  to  duty  at  Chicago,  in  1866.  When  the  marine 
rendezvous  there  was  closed,  in  1867,  he  was  ordered  to  the  frigate  "Sabine," 
a  practice  ship  for  naval  apprentices  cruising  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  In  1868, 
desiring  to  engage  in  private  practice,  he  tendered  his  resignation,  which  was 
accepted  on  the  first  of  March  of  that  year,  and  his  connection  with  the  nav}' 
closed,  after  eight  years  of  active,  and  during  much  of  the  time,  hazardous  service. 

Upon  leaving  the  Government  service.  Dr.  Jones  returned  to  Philadelphia, 
and  was  sent  as  a  delegate  from  the  American  Medical  Association  to  the 
meetings  of  the  medical  associations  of  Europe,  being  at  the  same  time  com- 
missioned by  Governor  Gears',  of  Pennsylvania,  to  report  upon  hospital  and 
sanitary  matters  in  England  and  on  the  continent.  He  attended  meetings  of 
noted  European  medical  societies  at  Oxford,  Heidelberg  and  Dresden,  and  at 
the  last  named  place  participated  in  organizing  the  first  Otological  Congress 
ever  held.  This  was  in  September,  1868.  He  spent  the  remainder  of  that 
year  in  visiting  the  various  parts  of  Europe,  extending  his  investigation  in 
medical  and  sanitary  affairs,  and  giving  special  attention  to  the  subject  of 
Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  of  the  Ear.  After  returning  to  the  United  States,  in 
1868,    he  established  himself  in  private  practice  in  Chicago. 

During  the  next  year  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Board  of  Examining 
Surgeons  for  United  States  Pensions  at  Chicago  and  was  also  made  a  member 
of  the  medical  staff  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  he  there  established  an  eye 
and  ear  department,    with  which  he  has  since  been  continuously  connected. 

In  1870  he  was  again  accredited  a  delegate  from  the  American  Medical 
Association  to  meetings  of  European  associations,  and  while  abroad  spent  sev- 
eral months  in  research  and  investigation.  During  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed   to    the    chair    of    Ophthalmology  and    Otology,   just    established    in  the 


xn^^^^^L^ 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.        '  193 

Medical  Department  of  Northwestern  University  (Chicago  Medical  College),  a 
professorship  which  he  has  continued  to  hold  ever  since.  He  also  established 
an  eye  and  ear  department  at  Mercy  hospital  and  another  at  the  South  Side 
dispensary,  having  charge  of  them  for  an  entire  decade.  For  a  number  of 
years  he  was  also  one  of  the  attending  staff  of  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and 
Ear   Infirmary,    Chicago. 

Dr.  Jones  has  applied  himself  to  the  acquirements  of  knowledge  pertaining 
to  the  special  department  to  which  he  has  devoted  himself  for  the  last  twenty- 
five  years,  and  is  recognized  as  authority  on  matters  pertaining  to  Ophthal- 
mology and  Otology. 

He  has  always  stood  high  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow  practitioners  and  has 
been  active  and  inHuential  in  their  councils  and  deliberations.  In  1876  he  was 
a  delegate  from  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  to  the  Centennial  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress,  at  Philadelphia.  In  1881  he  represented  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association  and  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  at  the 
Seventh  International  Medical  Congress,  at  London,  England.  Again,  in  1887, 
at  the  Ninth  International  Medical  Congress,  held  at  Washington,  D.  C,  as 
President  of  the  section  of  Otology,  he  was  cx-ojficio  member  of  the  executive 
committee,  whose  duty  it  was  to  arrange  the  preliminary  organization  of  the 
congress. 

In  1889,  at  its  thirteenth  annual  meeting,  held  in  Chicago,  Dr.  Jones  was 
elected  President  of  the  American  Academ)'  of  Medicine,  whose  objects,  as 
stated  in  its  constitution,  are:  "First,  to  bring  those  who  are  alumni  of  col- 
legiate, scientific  or  medical  schools  into  closer  relation  with  each  other;  second, 
to  encourage  young  men  to  pursue  regular  courses  in  classical  and  scientific 
institutions,  before  entering  upon  the  study  of  medicine;  third,  to  extend  the 
bounds  of  medical  science,  to  elevate  the  profession,  to  alleviate  human  sufier- 
ing  and  to  prevent  disease." 

Being  himself  a  man  of  broad  culture  and  extensive  knowledge  ot  the 
principles  and  practice  of  medicine,  Dr.  Jcnes  has  labored  earnestly  to  raise 
the  standard  of  medical  education  to  a  high  plane,  both  by  his  work  in  the 
various  societies  and  associations  with  which  he  is  connected,  and  by  his  writ- 
ings, which  frequently  have  appeared  in  the  medical  journals.  He  was  for  several 
years  editor  of  the  CJiicaoo  Medical  Journal  and  Examiner,  one  of  the  leading 
medical  periodicals  of  the  country.  He  is  an  active  participant  in  local.  State, 
national  and  international  medical  organizations.  He  has  been  for  twenty-five 
years  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Academ.y  of  Sciences,  of  which  he  is  Vice- 
president,  and    is    also    a    member    of    its    board    of    trustees. 

Dr.  Jones  is  a  man  of  fine  physical  proportions,  with  a  rugged  consti- 
tution. He  is  a  man  of  fixed  opinions,  with  a  decided  will-power  and  strong 
determination,  and  b}'   nature  a  leader. 


194  XORTHUliSTERX    UNH^ERSirV  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 


JOHN    EDWIN    OWENS,    M.   D. 

As  his  name  implies,  Dr.  Owens  is  of  Welsh  extraction,  his  great-grand- 
father, Jonas  Owens,  settling  in  the  South  during  the  early  portion  of  the  present 
century  and  becoming  the  progenitor  of  the  American  branch  of  the  family. 
His  father,  John  Owens,  although  a  college  graduate  and  a  man  of  broad  cul- 
ture, preferred  the  life  of  a  planter  to  a  professional  career,  and  at  an  early 
day  established  himself  at  Charlestown,  Cecil  County,  Md.,  as  one  of  the  most 
extensive  and  prosperous  growers  of  the  region. 

Here  in  the  midst  of  a  generous,  not  to  say  luxurious  plantation  life,  the 
boy,  John  Edwin  Owens,  first  saw  the  light  on  the  sixteenth  of  October,  1836, 
and  in  the  fertile  region  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna  River  he  passed 
his  earlier  years.  He  received  his  first  schooling  in  the  private  institutions  of 
Charlestown,  later  attending  the  West  Nottingham  and  Elkton  academies,  not 
far  distant,  and  completing  what  would  be  equivalent  to  a  collegiate  education 
at  Mount  Washington,  near  Baltimore,  under  the  direction  of  Edwin  Arnold, 
LL.  D.  Shortly  thereafter  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the  Drs. 
Dunnott,  father  and  son,  the  former  at  the  time  being  considered  the  most 
skillful  surgeon  in  that  section  of  Maryland.  A  year's  study  in  their  office  was 
followed  by  two  full  courses  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1862.  While  thus  laying  a  foundation  for  his  future 
professional  career  Dr.  Owens  enjoyed  the  almost  inestimable  advantage  of 
pursuing  a  special  course  in  Surgical  Anatomy  and  Operative  Surgery  under 
the  late  Dr.  D.  Hayes  Agnew,  whom,  it  is  needless  to  say,  has  taken  his 
place    in    medical   history    as    one    of    the   world's    greatest  surgeons. 

After  his  graduation  Dr.  Owens  served  for  more  than  a  year  as  Resident 
Physician  at  Blockley  Hospital,  Philadelphia,  coming  to  Chicago  in  1863  to 
enter  its  military  hospital.  Shortly  after  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
newly  organized  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  is  still  Senior  Surgeon  of  that 
institution. 

For  nearly  thirty  years  Dr.  Owens  has  been  identified  with  the  cause  of 
medical  education  in  this  city,  and  now  stands  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  his 
profession   as   a   lecturer,   a  clinical   demonstrator   and   a   surgical    operator. 

Commencing  in  Rush  Medical  College  as  Lecturer  on  the  Surgical  Dis- 
eases of  the  Urinary  Organs,  he  held  this  position  from  1867  to  1871;  lectured 
on  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  from  1871  to  1882,  and  served  as 
Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  in  the  same  institution  from  1879  to  1882. 
During  the  last  named  year  he  resigned  his  chair  to  accept  the  Professorship 
of  Operative  Surgery  and  Surgical  Anatomy  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  Northwestern  University.      Dr.    Owens   retained 


NORTHWESriiRN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  195 

this  position  until  1891,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  the  Principles 
and  Practice  of  Surgery  and  Clinical   Surgery,    which  he  still  fills    and    honors. 

For  six  years,  from  1877  to  1883,  he  was  Professor  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  and  served  as  Medical 
Director  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  For  more  than  twenty  years 
he  has  been  Superintending  Surgeon  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway  and  for  a 
long  time  the  Surgeon-in-Chief  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway.  The 
natural  and  truthful  deduction  to  be  drawn  from  the  above  facts  is  that  Dr. 
Owens  is  possessed  of  unusual  executive  and  administrative  talents,  as  well  as 
of  eminent   professional  abilities. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Illinois  State 
Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Medico-Historical  Society  and  the  Chicago  Medico- 
Legal  Society,  as  well  as  a  Fellow    of    the  American   Surgical    Association. 

Dr.  Owens  was  married  on  the  thirtieth  of  December,  1869,  to  Miss 
Alethia  S.  Jamar,  daughter  of  Reuben  D.  Jamar,  of  Elkton,  Md.  They  have 
one   child.  Miss    Marie   Girvin  Owens. 


JOSEPH    ZEISLER,    A.   M.,  M.   D. 

There  is  no  stronger  evidence  of  the  intellectual  progress  of  Chicago  than 
the  attitude  of  its  people  toward  highly  educated  Europeans.  The  cultured  of 
the  Old  World  we  welcome  and  materially  encourage  as  never  before,  and  a 
professional  gentleman  who  has  won  his  laurels  in  Germany,  or  Austria,  or 
France,  or  England,  or  elsewhere  than  in  America,  and  becomes  a  resident  of 
Chicago,  is  considered  an  invaluable  acquisition  to  the  city. 

Consequently,  although  Dr.  Joseph  Zeisler  is  still  a  young  man  and  has 
been  a  resident  of  Chicago  for  only  a  little  more  than  a  decade,  his  great 
ability  as  a  specialist  in  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases  was  universally  and  promptly 
recognized.  As  he  has  studied  and  practiced  under  some  of  the  foremost  mas- 
ters of  Vienna  and  of  the  world,  and  acquitted  himself  with  the  highest  honor, 
this  recognition  is  but  deserved. 

Joseph  Zeisler  was  born  in  Bielitz,  Austrian  Silesia,  on  the  seventh  of 
October,  1858.  Before  commencing  his  medical  studies  he  received  a  most 
thorough  and  liberal  education,  in  both  scientific  and  literary  branches.  After 
passing  the  rigid  examinations  of  Maturity  he  entered  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  Vienna,  in  October,  1876,  and  for  five  years  he  here  studied 
under  the  guidance  of  such  celebrities  as  Bruecke,  Billroth,  Arlt  and  Braun. 
Graduating  with  the  highest  honors  as  Doctor  of  Medicinae  Universse,  on  July 
3,  1882,  he  at  once  entered  the  General  Hospital  of  Vienna  as  an  interne, 
working  in  different  departments  of  that  great  institution.      He  devoted  himself 


196  NORT/f]VESTERN    rxnURSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

especially,  however,  to  Syphilis  and  to  Diseases  of  the  Skin,  under  the  renowned 
Professor  Kaposi,  whose  works  have  been  translated  into  all  the  European 
tongues  and  are  considered  authority  on  these  subjects  the  world  over. 

Thus  thoroughly  equipped  for  professional  life,  after  serving  a  year  in  the 
Austrian  army  as  First  Lieutenant  Surgeon,  Dr.  Zeisler  decided  upon  Chicago 
as  his  future  home,  whither  his  younger  brother,  Sigmund,  had  been  settled  for 
a  year  as  a  practicing  attorney.  Coming  to  this  city  in  the  Summer  of  1884, 
he  entered  his  chosen  field  and  at  once  took  rank  with  the  leading  specialists 
of  the  diseases  of  which  he  had  made  so  close  a  study.  Not  only  did  he  estab- 
lish a  splendid  practice,  but  his  talents  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  promi- 
nent institutions  throughout  the  city  and  country.  In  1888  the  Post-Graduate 
Medical  School  elected  him  Professor  of  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases,  a  position 
he  was  obliged  to  resign  after  a  few  years'  service,  owing  to  his  many  profes- 
sional duties.  Dr.  Zeisler  was  called  to  fill  the  chair  of  Dermatology  at  the 
Woman's  Medical  College  in  the  Spring  of  1889,  and  in  the  Fall  of  the  same 
year  he  was  chosen  by  the  Chicago  Medical  College  as  Professor  of  Skin  and 
Venereal  Diseases.  These  last  named  positions  he  has  since  filled,  gaining  a 
wide  reputation  as  a  teacher  and  as  a  clear,  forcible  demonstrator.  He  is  also 
attached  to  the  staffs  of  the  Cook  County  and  Michael  Reese  hospitals,  and  is 
often  called  in  consultation  to  many  other  medical  institutions  in  the    city. 

In  September,  1888,  Dr.  Zeisler  was  elected  a  member  of  that  exclusive 
body,  the  American  Dermatological  Association,  and  in  1890  was  chosen  to  the 
ranks  of  the  Dermatological  Society  of  Germany.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  American  Medical  Association,  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  Medico-Legal  Society  and  the  Practitioners'  Club.  He  has  contributed 
many  valuable  papers  to  dermatological  literature,  and  become  a  recognized 
authority  in  this  country  since  his  appearance,!  as  a  contributor,  to  Morrow's 
"System  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  Syphilology  and  Dermatology."  In  the 
Summer  of  1890  he  made  an  extended  tour  through  Europe,  visiting  the  large 
hospitals  in  Paris,  Berlin  and  Vienna,  and  furthermore  commemorated  that  year 
by  becoming  a  citizen  of  the   United  States. 

As  would  be  expected  from  one  of  his  liberal  education,  breadth  of  char- 
acter and  sociability.  Dr.  Zeisler's  life  is  far  from  being  bound  by  his  professional 
duties.  As  to  its  domestic  side,  in  1885  he  was  married  to  Miss  Theresa 
Feuchtman,  of  Vienna,  and  is  the  father  of  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  He  is 
associated  with  the  Sunset  Club,  and  the  Iroquois  and  a  Chicago  Literary 
clubs,  and,  in  spite  of  his  extensive  practice,  his  professorships  and  his  domestic 
and  family  life,  he  finds  time  to  keep  abreast  of  the  general  literature  of  the 
day,  not  only  in  English,  but  in  French  and  German.  He  takes  a  deep  interest 
in  sociology,  with  special  reference  to  the  subject  of  prostitution,  and  in  May, 
1893,  delivered    an    address    before    the    Sunset  Club    on    this    theme  which  at- 


NORTinvnSTHRN    UNlVIiRSirY  MRDICAL    SClfOOL.  197 

tractcd  wide  attention.  He  is,  moreover,  an  accomplished  pianist,  and  takes  a 
lively  interest  in  musical  affairs  generally — as  might  be  expected  of  one  whose 
family  has  been  honored  by  such  renowned  artists  as  Moriz  Rosenthal  and 
Fanny  Bloomfield-Zeisler.  In  short.  Dr.  Zeisler  is  one  of  that  rare  class  of 
men  who  are  not  only  eminent  as  specialists,  but  whose  versatility  is  such  that 
they  excel  in   many  fields  which   are  the  chosen  provinces  of  others. 


ELBERT   WING,   A.  M.,   M.   D. 

Dr.  Wing  is  a  native  of  Illinois,  being  born  on  October  3,  1S52,  in  Collins- 
ville,  Madison  County.  His  parents  were  Henry  Wing  and  Maria  Catherine 
Collins.  He  received  his  preliminary  education  in  the  local  schools  and  obtained 
two  degrees — that  of  A.  B.  in  1875  and  A.  M.  in  1878,  at  the  Illinois  College. 
At  the  Chicago  Medical  College  he  graduated  in  1882,  through  a  competitive 
examination  securing  an  interneship  at  the  Cook  County  Hospital.  Here  he 
remained  eighteen  months,  and  was  appointed  Pathologist  in  1886,  serving  three 
years,  and  Neurologist  in    1894,  which  latter  place  he  still   fills. 

During  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  same  position  at  St.  Luke's 
Hospital,  having  served  as  Pathologist  from  1892  to  1894,  ^^^  Physician  to  the 
dispensary  from  1887  to  1892.  He  now  holds  the  professorship  of  Nervous 
Diseases  at  the  Northwestern  University  Medical  School,  having  filled  the 
position  of  Lecturer  on  Physical  Diagnosis  in  1885-86,  Demonstrator  of  Patho- 
logical Histology  from  1886  to  1890  and  Lecturer  on  Nervous  and  Mental 
Diseases  and  Medical  Jurisprudence,  1889-90.  He  was  appointed  to  the  same 
chair  in    1890,  serving  in  that  capacity  for  three    years. 

Dr.  Wing  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  and  the  Illinois  State 
Medical  societies,  as  well  as  of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  the 
American  Academy  of  Medicine. 


JOHN   COLUMBUS    COOK,   M.   D. 

Dr.  Cook  is  a  native  of  Kentucky,  being  born  in  Union  Count}-,  that  State, 
on  the  third  of  February,  1853.  He  received  his  medical  education  in  this  city, 
graduating  from  the  Chicago  Medical  College  in  1880.  In  search  of  clinical 
experience  and  instruction  from  the  Old  World  masters.  Dr.  Cook  has  also 
visited  and  studied  in  the  principal   hospitals  of  Europe. 

Locating  for  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Hyde  Park  (now  a  portion  of 
Chicago),  he  has  established  not  only  a  large  practice  but  a  substantial  reputa- 


198  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

tion,  especially  in  the  branch  of  Pediatrics,  to  which  he  has  devoted  deep  and 
prolonged  study.  At  the  present  time  Dr.  Cook  is  Attending  Physician  to 
the  Children's  Department  of  the  South  Side  Free  Dispensary,  Instructor  in 
Diseases  of  Children  in  the  Northwestern  University  Medical  School,  Professor 
of  Diseases  of  Children  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School,  and  Physician 
to  the  Children's  Department  of  the  Chicago  Charity  Hospital.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Chicago  Medical  Society, 
the  Physicians'  Club  of  Chicago  and  the  Quadrangle  Club  of  Chicago. 


/ 

/ 


The  Hahnemann  Medical  C()lle(;e 

AND  Hospital 


J 


History  of  the  Hahnemann  Mechcal  Colleoe  and  Hospital. 


By  JOHN   E.   GILMAN,   M.  D. 


PRELIMINARY. 

Previous  to  the  year  1855  it  was  difficult  for  a  medical  student  who  desired 
to  study  homeopathy  to  gain  entrance  to  a  medical  college  in  the  West.  In 
that  year  the  pioneer  in  the  practice  of  homeopathy  in  Chicago,  Dr.  David  S. 
Smith,  made  the  first  move  toward  the  establishment  of  a  college  devoted  to 
the  needs  of  the  homeopathic  profession.  The  old  school  practitioners  regarded 
the  practice  of  homeopathy  as  a  delusion  and  consequently  refused  admission 
to  Rush  Medical  College  (the  only  leading  allopathic  college  in  Chicago)  to 
all  students  whom  they  suspected  of  any  leaning  toward  the  practice  of 
homeopathy. 

Hon.  Norman  B.  Judd  was  at  that  time  a  member  of  the  State  Legisla- 
ture. He  was  a  patient  and  a  personal  friend  of  Dr.  D.  S.  Smith  and  the 
Doctor,  after  some  correspondence,  went  to  Springfield  to  initiate  the  movement 
for  gaining  a  charter  for  the  new  college.  With  the  Hon.  Thomas  Hoyne  and 
Norman  B.  Judd  they  proceeded  to  the  law  office  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  where 
a  charter  was  drafted  and  written.  At  that  time  and  through  the  efforts  of 
Norman  B.  Judd  and  the  Hon.  Thomas  Hoyne,  and  the  able  exertions  of  Dr. 
Smith  as  a  part  of  "the  Third  House,"  a  special  charter  was  granted  by  the 
Legislature  for  the  organization  of  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  and  Hos- 
pital. Owing  to  ill-health  Dr.  Smith  failed  to  push  the  matter  of  the  college 
after  the  charter  was  gained  and  it  was  held  in  abeyance  until  the  year  1859, 
but  on  March  15,  i860,  a  meeting  of  the  homeopathic  physicians  of  Chicago 
was  held  in  Halsey  and  King's  pharmacy,  on  Clark  Street,  to  organize  the 
college  and  to  nominate  its  faculty  and  officers.  Dr.  George  E.  Shipman  was 
chosen  Chairman  and  Dr.  R.  Ludlam  Secretary.  There  were  present  at  this 
meeting  Drs.  Geo.  E.  Shipman,  A.  E.  Small,  J.  L.  Kellogg,  N.  E,  Cook, 
G.  D.  Beebe,  A.  Pitney,  E.  Rawson,  J.  Davies,  S.  Seymour  and  H.  K.  W. 
Boardman.  Dr.  Ludlam,  as  the  Secretary,  offered  a  resolution  to  the  effect 
that  in  the  sense  of  the  meeting  the  time  had  arrived  for  organizing  under  the 

201 


202  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

aforesaid  charter  a  course  of  medical  lectures,  and  that  "we  hereby  proceed 
to  the  nomination  of  the  faculty  to  fill  the  various  chairs  of  the  said  insti- 
tution." 

FIRST  officp:rs  and  course  of    lectures  (i860). 

The  following  gentlemen  were  nominated  and  constituted  the  first  Faculty 
and  the  Officers  of  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College:  D.  S.  Smith,  President  of 
the  Faculty;  Geo.  E.  Shipman,  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  also  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics;  chair  of  Theory  and  Practice,  Dr.  A.  E. 
Small;  chair  of  Physiology  and  Pathology,  Dr.  R.  Ludlam;  chair  of  Surgery, 
Dr.  H.  K.  W.  Boardman;  chair  of  Anatomy,  Dr.  G.  D.  Beebe;  Professor  of 
Chemistry  and  Toxicology,  Dr.  N.  F.  Cook;  chair  of  Obstetrics,  Dr.  J.  L.  Kel- 
logg; George  Payson,    Esq.,  Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

A.  E.  Small  was  elected  Dean  and  R.  Ludlam,  Registrar.  During  the 
Summer  the  rooms  were  prepared  and  arrangements  perfected  for  the  Fall  and 
Winter  course  of  lectures  of  twenty  weeks,  at  No.  168  South  Clark  Street, 
over  the  pharmacy  of   Halsey  and  King. 

The  first  course  of  lectures  in  the  college  commenced  on  Monday  evening, 
October  15,  i860,  with  twenty-five  students,  eleven  of  whom  had  previously 
attended  lectures  in  other  institutions,  and  at  the  close  of  the  term  there  were 
eleven  graduates.  These  graduates  were  N.  C.  Burnham,  Rinaldo  D.  Curtiss, 
F.  F.  DeDerky,  M.  D.,  Chas.  S.  Duncombe,  M.  D.,  Geo.  E.  Husband,  E.  M.  P. 
Ludlam,  John  Moore,  N.  K.  Palmer,  A.  W.  Phillips,  Frank  L.  Vincent  and  C.  A. 
Williams. 

The  Commencement  exercises  were  held  in  the  Metropolitan  Hall  on  Thurs- 
day, February  14,  1861,  ai'd  followed  by  supper  at  Anderson's,  on  Clark  Street, 
and  the  exercises  enlivened  by  music  furnished  by   the  Life  Guard  Band. 

first  removal  (1868). 

The  college  remained  on  Clark  Street  until  1868,  whjn  it  was  removed  to 
what  is  now  No.  1237  State  Street,  between  Twelfth  and  Fourteenth  streets. 
Here  it  occupied  the  upper  stories  of  a  tall  brick  building,  the  lower  portion  of 
which  was  utilized  as  a  vinegar  factory.  As  illustrative  of  the  difficulty  of 
mixing  vinegar  and  college  matters,  an  item  in  the  college  records  reads  as 
follows:  "The  Dean  reported  that  he  had  been  notified  that  the  rooms  now 
occupied  by  the  college  would  not  be  rented  again  for  college  purposes  if 
dissecting  rooms  were  to  be  connected  with  it.  Moved  and  carried  that  the 
Dean  be  a  committee  to  pledge  the  entire  faculty  that  no  offensive  smell 
should  in  future  proceed  from  the  dissecting  rooms  to  the  annoyance  of  the 
neighbors,  and  if  used  upon  these  terms  the  lease  could  then  be  renewed." 


HAHNEMANN    MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  203 

PERMANENT    HOME    (1870). 

At  the  following  meeting  the  Dean  reported  having  seen  the  agent  of  the 
college  building  and  as  having  made  satisfactory  arrangements  to  continue  the 
room  at  satisfactory  figures  for  the  year,  the  faculty  pledging  themselves  to 
prevent  any  annoyance  connected  with  the  dissecting  rooms.  From  this  it 
would  seem  as  though  it  were  a  difficult  matter  to  avoid  "getting  into  a 
pickle"  in  a  pickle  factory.  But  shortly  afterward  the  corner-stone  of  the  first 
building,  used  exclusively  as  a  college  for  this  branch  of  the  profession,  was 
laid  on  Cottage  Grove  Avenue  near  Twenty-eighth  Street.  On  June  8,  1870, 
the  corner-stone  was  laid  by  Professor  A.  E.  Small  in  the  presence  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Homeopathy,  which  was  in  session  in  this  city,  and  the 
building  was  ready  for  occupancy  on  October  3,  when  the  next  regular  college 
course  opened. 

At  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  Dr.  Small  delivered  the  address,  from 
which  we  make  the  following  extract : 

"Hitherto,  and  for  the  last  ten  years,  the  faculty  of  Hahnemann  Medical 
College  have  been  subject  to  temporary  and  restricted  accommodations,  which 
they  have  now  surrendered,  with  the  encouraging  prospect  of  soon  occupying 
apartments  more  desirable  for  didactic,  dispensary  and  hospital  privileges,  and 
for  testing  the  utility  of  the  comprehensive  doctrines  of  homeopathy.  About 
thirty  years  ago  the  Hon.  J.  Y.  Scammon,  a  distinguished  fellow-citizen  of 
Chicago,  was  the  first  layman  known  to  have  had  homeopathic  practice  in  his 
family  in  this  city.  About  thirty-three  years  ago  the  first  homeopathic  medi- 
cine was  prescribed  in  the  State  of  Illinois  by  a  physician,  and  he  was  the 
first  representative  of  the  system  in  this  State,  the  first  on  whom  the  mantle 
of  Hahnemann  fell  with  a  great,  if  not  a  double  portion  of  his  spirit.  This 
physician  is  present  with  us  to-day,  our  distinguished  co-laborer  and  fellow-citizen, 
Dr.  David  S.  Smith.  Mr.  Scammon,  who,  thirty  years  ago  had  no  associate 
patron  of  the  homeopathic  practice  to  sympathize  with  him  in  his  preferences, 
can  to-day  rejoice  in  being  the  first  to  lead  the  way  for  a  mighty  army  of 
practical  defenders  of  the  homeopathic  faith.  There  are  at  this  time  seventy- 
five  or  a  hundred  thousand  patrons  of  the  homeopathic  practice  in  this  city, 
and  twice  as  many  in  the  State.  Had  no  one  come  forward  to  assist  Dr. 
Smith,  his  practice  would  have  become  prodigiously  large  before  this,  but  he 
was  not  long  suffered  to  remain  alone.  Other  physicians  began  to  betray  a 
fondness  for  training  in  his  company,  and  now  more  than  four  hundred  physi- 
cians have  come  into  fraternal  relations  with  him  in  this  State.  And  so,  my 
friends,  yow  may  perceive  that  our  cause,  which  is  the  cause  of  truth  and 
humanity,    has  not  been  at  a  standstill   in  the   Northwest. 


204  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

THE    SCAMMON    HOSPITAL. 

"There  stands  the  Scammon  Hospital  —  a  nucleus  which  is  prophetic  of  a 
more  magnificent  structure  in  the  future,  but  now  capable  of  accommodating 
forty  patients.  The  trustees  and  faculty  of  the  college,  through  the  distin- 
guished generosity  of  Mr.  Scammon,  have  secured  the  free  use  of  that  building 
as  soon  as  finished,  and  also,  from  the  same  liberal  source,  the  lot  on  which 
the  college  building  is  commenced.  May  the  honorable  gentleman  live  to 
see  these  two  buildings  completed,  that  his  name  may  also  stand  first  in 
weaving  homeopathy  into  a  charity  in  Chicago;  and  may  the  name  of 
Dr.  D.  S.  Smith,  the  pioneer  of  homeopath}-  in  the  State,  who  was  instru- 
mental in  obtaining  the  charter  of  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  and  who, 
for  ten  consecutive  years  was  its  President,  be  written  sufficiently  high  upon 
the  scroll  of  fame  to  be  held  in  remembrance  by  future  generations;  and  while 
the  college  stands  may  a  catholic  and  liberal  spirit  pervade  its  transactions  and 
its  teachings.  While,  from  conviction  of  its  importance,  it  will  uphold  the 
great  discovery  of  Hahnemann  as  the  corner-stone  of  Therapia,  and  a  branch 
of  science  requisite  for  a  complete  medical  education,  let  it  be  tolerant  in  regard 
to  matters  of  private  preference,  and  ever  ready  to  exercise  kindness  and 
courtesy  to  gentlemen  of  the  medical  profession  in  general,  and  to  admit  them 
with  friendly  liberalit}'  to  its  courses  of  instruction,  that  the  cause  of  science 
may  be  served,    the  community  honored  and    society  benefited." 

This  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $18,000.  Immediately  in  the 
rear  of  the  college,  on  Groveland  Park  Avenue,  the  Hon.  J.  Y.  Scammion 
donated  ground  for  a  hospital.  He  was  an  ardent  advocate  and  a  warm 
friend  of  the  Hahnemann  College,  after  its  inception,  during  the  whole 
course  of  his  life,  and  his  liberality  made  it  possible  for  the  institution  to 
enlar^re  its  usefulness  much  earlier  and  more  fully  than  otherwise  would  have 
been    possible. 

The  number  of  students  and  graduates  steadily  increased  with  the  growing 
infiuence  and  advantages  for  clinical  instruction.  During  the  first  ten  years  of 
its  existence  the  college  graduated  something  over  two  hundred  students,  while 
in  its  second  decade  over  six  hundred  students  were  graduated.  With  the 
exception  of  the  years  of  the  session  of  1863-64  there  has  Ijeen  a  steadily 
increasing  number  of  students  and  graduates.  This  small  number  of  students 
during  that  year  was  due  to  the  patriotism  of  the  boys,  evidenced  by  enlist- 
'ment  in  defense  of  their  country. 

This  institution  is  distinguished  as  among  the  first  admitting  women  students 
on  equal  terms  with  men.  In  the  term  of  1870-71  there  were  sixteen  ladies, 
members  of  the  class,  and  since  that  time  each  year  there  has  been  a  consid- 
erable number  of  the  fair  sex  as  students  and  graduates. 


HAHNEMANN    MEDICAL    COLLEGE  205 

FACULTY     I  86  I- I  876. 

From  the  beginninfr  of  the  college  to  1876  members  of  the  Faculty  have 
been  as  follows:  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine:  A.  E. 
Small,    1861-63. 

Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine:  A.  E.  Small,  Emeritus,  1864-69;  C.  C. 
Smith,    1870:    N.    F.     Prentiss,    187 1;     J.     S.     Mitchell,     1871-76. 

Professors  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics:  George  E.  Shipman, 
1861-63;  George  E.  Shipman,  Emeritus,  1864-70;  David  S.  Smith,  1864- 
65;  E.    M.    Hale,    1867. 

Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and  Mech'cal  Botany:  Temple  S.  Hoyne, 
1870;    C.    J.    Hempel,    Emeritus,      1871. 

Professor    of    Medical    Jurisprudence:  A.  E.  Small,  1864-65. 

Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Insanity:  C.  Woodhouse,  1866-69;  ^-  ^• 
Bonney,  1873,    and  J.    R.    Kippax,    1875-77. 

Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology:  Nicholas  Francis  Cook,  1861-63; 
Rodney  Welch,   1876. 

Professor  of  Physiology,  Pathology  and  Clinical  Medicine:  R.  Ludlam, 
1861-63;  C.  F.  Reed,  1864;  H.  P.  Gatchell,  1865-67;  H.  P.  Gatchell,  Emeritus, 
1868-69;    J.  S.  Mitchell,   1868-72;    J.  W.  Streeter,   1873;    J.  R.  Kippax,   1874-76. 

Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children:  J.  L.  Kel- 
logg,   1861-63;    R.    Ludlam,     1864-76,    and    George  A.    Hall,    1874-76. 

Professor  of  Surgery  and  Surgical  Anatomy:  Henry  Kirke  White  Boardman, 
1861-63;  G.  D.    Beebe,   1864-69;  Willis  Danforth,  1870-76. 

Professor  of  Anatomy:  G.  D.  Beebe,  1861;  W.  H.  White,  1862-63;  D.  A. 
Colton,  1864-67;  H.  C.  Allen,  1868-69;  S.  P.  Hedges,  1870-74;  E.  H.  Pratt, 
1875-76. 

Professor  of  Surgical  and  Pathological  Anatomy:  J.  S.  Mitchell,  1866-67; 
D.    A.    Colton,     1868-71;    Charles  Adams,     1872-76. 

Demonstrator  of  Anatomy:  D.  A.  Colton,  1862-63;  C.  A.  Wilbur, 
1864-65;    H.    S.    Sloan,    1866-70;   E.    A.    Ballard,    1870. 

Lecturer  on   Psychological   Medicine:   R.  N.  Foster,   1870-71. 

Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear:  W.  H.  Woodyatt,  1871-76,  and  in  addition 
to  these,  as  teachers  in  different  chairs  u]^  to  that  date,  there  were,  Leonard 
Pratt,  Charles  N.  Dorion,  A.  G.  Beebe,  N.  B.  Delamater,  Charles  P.  Gatchell 
and   several    others. 

From  1870-76  some  dissatisfaction  and  dissensions  arose  in  the  faculty  that 
interfered  seriously  with  the  growth  and  welfare  of  the  institution.  This  dis- 
cord finally  culminated  in  an  abrupt  withdrawal  of  ten  out  of  the  thirteen 
members  of  the  faculty,  who,  in  June,  1876,  incorporated  under  the  general  law 
of    the  State    of    Illinois  the    Chicago  Homeopathic  College.      The    first    public 


2o6  HAHNEMANN    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

notice  of  the  new  college  having  been  organized  was  given  at  the  World's 
Homeopathic  Congress  held  in  Philadelphia  in  1876.  Coming  so  suddenly,  the 
Hahnemann  College,  was  at  a  great  disadvantage,  for  it  was  the  time  when 
the  announcements  should  be  out  and  the  work  planned  for  the  coming  year, 
and  the  few  members  of  the  faculty  remaining  held  a  meeting  to  discuss  the 
situation.  Remaining  loyal  to  the  college  were  Drs.  G.  A.  Hall,  R.  Ludlam, 
Temple  S.  Hoyne,  and  joined  with  them  were  Dr.  A.  E.  Small,  President  of 
the  College,  and  Dr.  D.  S.  Smith,  but  neither  of  the  last  two  had  for  some 
time  been  lecturing  in  the  college. 

These  gentlemen  decided  to  take  immediate  steps  to  form  a  new  faculty, 
and  were  determined  that  the  "old  Hahnemann"  should  still  bear  the  banner 
of  homeopathy  and  remain  as  an  educational  institution.  It  was  resolved  to 
have  a  lesser  number  of  teachers,  with  the  expectation  of  union,  lo}'al  service 
and  more  energetic  labor. 

The  watchword  of  the  college,  as  suggested  by  Dr.  Ludlam,  was  "A 
limited  faculty  and  better  teaching." 

The  Winter  term  for  1876-77  was  opened  as  usual,  with  an  increased  num- 
ber of  students,  and  the  enthusiasm  of  the  faculty  and  the  energy  with  which 
they  went  about  their  work  seemed  to  awaken  a  spirit  of  emulation  in  the 
class,  which  made  the  Winter  one  of  the  most  successful  in  the  history  of  the  col- 
lege. To  the  faculty  as  already  given  were  added  Drs.  H.  B.  Fellows,  E.  S. 
Bailey,  C.  H.  Vilas,  S.  Leavitt,  W.  J.  Hawkes,  H.  P.  Cole  and  I.  N.  Couch. 
Professor  Hall  took  the  chair  of  Surgery,  which  he  filled  most  ably,  lecturing 
and  operating,  devoting  his  whole  energies  to  the  college  for  several  hours  each 
day.  Each  of  the  other  members  of  the  faculty  devoted  their  time  and  ener- 
gies to  such  an  extent  that  the  secession  of  the  other  members  of  the  faculty 
seemed  to  be  a  benefit  to  the  college,    rather  than  a  detriment. 

In  this  Winter  the  Clinical  Society  was  formed,  and  shortly  after  the  pub- 
lication of  the  organ  of  the   Clinical  Society,    The    Cliniqiic,    was  begun. 

At  the  time  of  the  secession  of  the  members  there  was  a  considerable  debt 
entailed  upon  the  college,  but  within  a  few  years  that  debt  of  $38,000  was  paid 
off  and  the  college  freed  from  its  burden. 

Later  on  the  ficulty  was  reinforced  by  such  men  as  Laning,  Oilman, 
Crawford,    Shears,    Watry,    Cobb  and  others. 

THE     BUILDINO     OF      187O     ()UT(;R()WN. 

The  once  capacious  college  building,  which  at  the  time  of  its  construction 
in  1870  was  the  best  college  building  west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  the  homeopathic  school,  now  was  too  small  for  the  needs  of 
the  students  flocking  to  it.  The  class  had  outgrown  the  possibilities  of  the 
building  and  a  new  college  edifice  was  determined  upon. 


HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  207 

In  the  board  of  trustees  death  had  made  ravages,  taking  away  Messrs. 
Hoyne,  Scammon,  Small  and  Smith,  and,  the  number  being  further  reduced  by 
the  resignation  of  Dr.  Hoyne,  new  trustees  were  appointed  and  the  places  were 
filled  by  such  men  as  the  Hon.  Erskine  M.  Phelps,  H.  N.  Higinbotham,  late 
President  of  the  World's  Fair,  Henry  J.  McFarland.  R.  R.  Cable,  President  of 
the  Rock  Island  Road,  Major  H.  A.  Rust  and  Dr.  G.  F.  Shears.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Small,  Dr.  D.  S.  Smith  was  re-elected  President  of  the  Board, 
and,   on  Dr.   Smith's  death.    Dr.    Ludlam  was  chosen  to  that  office. 

Through  the  energies  of  the  trustees,  supplemented  by  the  force  of  the 
faculty,  the  old  college  building  was  torn  down,  and  the  corner-stone  of  the  new 
and  second  college  building  on  the  site  of  the  other  was  laid  on  the  afternoon 
of  Saturday,    August  20,    1892,  with  an  imposing  ceremony  of  the  Masonic  rite. 

Erskine  M.  Phelps,  the  Vice-President  of  the  Board,  in  his  speech  on  this 
occasion  said:  "The  old  building,  upon  whose  foundation  we  now  lay  the  corner- 
stone of  the  new,  was  built  in  1870,  and  from  that  time  until  the  present  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  has  been  conferred  upon  almost  1,500  graduates,  of  whom 
over  200  were  women;  and  I  am  informed  that  there  are  over  2,000  graduates 
of  this  school  who  are  successfully  practicing  throughout  the  length  and  breadth 
of  this  fair  land.  From  187 1  to  the  present  time  we  have  had  a  large  per- 
centage of  women  graduates,  and  the  faculty  assures  me  that  the  women 
students  have  acquitted  themselves  equally  well,  a  convincing  proof  that  in  this 
progressive  age  our  fair  friends  have  higher  and  nobler  aims  than  the  spinning 
wheel,  the  embroidery  needle  and  the  novel. 

"Our  faculty  have,  some  of  them,  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
looked  longingly  forward  to  this  occurrence  when  they  could  realize  the  fruit  of 
their  earnest  and  arduous  labors.  To  our  worthy  President,  Dr.  Ludlam,  and 
the  other  members,  Drs.  Fellows,  Hoyne,  Hall,  Vilas,  Hawkes,  Crawford, 
Shears,  Bailey,  Leavitt,  Oilman,  Watry,  Halbert,  Cobb,  Dunn,  Bruce  and 
Chislett — this  shining  galaxy — we  owe  the  present  far-famed  position  of  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College.  We  are  especially  grateful  to  the  new  member 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  Major  Henry  A.  Rust,  who,  as  Chairman  of  the  Build- 
ing Committee,  has  done  so  much  to  forward  this  enterprise,  and  who,  with 
Messrs.  Higinbotham,  McFarland,  Cable  and  North,  as  trustees,  has  taken 
a  deep  interest  in  the  college,  giving  of  his  time  and  money  most  un- 
grudgingly." 

THE    HAHNEMANN    (sCAMMON)    HOSPITAL. 

Closely  connected  with  the  growth  of  the  Hahnemann  College  has  been  the 
neighboring  hospital.  The  history  of  a  successful  college  must  necessarily  in- 
clude the  history  of  a  hospital.  The  Hon.  J.  Y.  Scammon  partially  donated 
for  the  use  of  a  homeopathic  hospital  land  on  Groveland  Park  Avenue,  near 
Twenty-ninth  Street.    On  this  a  number  of  wooden  buildings  were  joined  together, 


2o8  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE 

and  this  was  named  the  Scammon  Hospital.  It  was  completed  in  October, 
1870,  and  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  on  November  i,  following.  Its 
professional  staff  consisted  of  Dr.  Willis  Danforth,  Surgeon;  J.  S.  Mitchell, 
Consulting  Surgeon;  R.  Ludlam,  Obstetrican  and  Gynecologist;  A.  E.  Small, 
Consulting  Obstetrician;  F.  A.  Lord,  E.  M.  Hale,  D.  A.  Colton,  Attending 
Physicians.  The  capacity  of  the  hospital  was  fifty  beds.  Directly  after  the 
great  fire  Mr.  Scammon  made  a  deed  of  the  full  property  to  the  trustees  of 
the  Hahnemann  Medical  College.  On  May  16,  1872,  a  brick  addition  was 
made  to  the  hospital,  consisting  of  a  large  amphitheater,  offices,  dispensary  and 
private  rooms.  The  corner-stone  for  this  was  laid  in  the  presence  of  the  Illinois 
Homeopathic  Medical  Association  on  January  29,  1873.  The  national  banks  of 
the  city  contributed  a  thousand  dollars  to  the  hospital  fund,  and  on  March  27, 
the  same  year,  Mr.  John  B.  Gough  gave  a  lecture  in  the  aid  of  the  woman's 
department  of  the  institution. 

After  the  great  fire  of  1871  Dr.  R.  Ludlam  was  the  representative  of  the 
hospital  on  the  medical  staff  of  the  Relief  and  Aid  Society,  and  the  institution 
did  its  full  share  of  work  in  the  care  of  the  injured.  Following  the  great  fire  the 
destruction  of  hospital  accommodation  in  the  city  threw  so  much  additional  work 
upon  the  remaining  institutions  that  the  resources  of  Hahnemann  Hospital  were 
taxed  to  their  fullest  extent.  At  the  close  of  the  society's  >vork  in  1873  an 
appropriation  of  $10,000  was  made  to  the  hospital  on  condition  that  ten  beds 
should  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Relief  and  Aid  Society,  and  from  that 
time  hundreds  of  charity  patients  have  been  sent  to  the  hospital  by  the 
authorities  of  the  society. 

In  x\pril,  1873,  at  the  desire  and  suggestion  of  Mr.  Scammon,  the  name 
of  the  hospital  was  changed  from  the  Scammon  to  the  Hahnemann  Hospital. 
The  hospital,  having  enlarged  its  sphere  of  usefulness,  became  the  recipient  of 
contributions  from  different  sources.  In  May,  1873,  the  Illinois  Homeopathic 
Medical  Association  passed  a  resolution  to  contribute  the  earnings  of  as  many  of 
its  members  as  chose  to  do  so  for  a  single  day  (August  4)  for  the  fund  of  the 
hospital.  The  sum  realized  from  this  source  was  ,^700.  The  Inter-State 
Industrial  Exposition  also  gave  one-nineteenth  of  its  hospital  day  fund, 
(November  19,  1873),  amounting  to  $209.85,  for  the  same  puipose.  During 
November  16-24,  1874,  a  great  charity  fair  was  held  by  the  ladies  for  the 
benefit  of  this  hospital,  from  which  the  net  return  was  $11,000.  There  were 
bequests  also  from  private  individuals,  such  as  a  bequest  of  $10,000  from  Miss 
Phoebe  Smith,  an  Easter  offering  of  $1,000  from  Mrs.  E.  Buckingham,  $400 
from  private  theatricals  by  Mrs.  Herbert  Ayer,  and  many  other  similar  contri- 
butions. On  October  5,  1883,  the  clinical  amphitheater,  which  had  cost  $12,000 
in  1 88 1,  was  burned,  the  main  body  of  the  hospital  escaping  ;  but  this  was  speed- 
ily rebuilt  by  contributions  from  the  faculty,  alumni  and  friends  of  the  hospital. 


HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


209 


The  hospital,  advancing  with  the  cohege,  found  its  facihtics  were  not  com- 
mensurate with  the  growth  of  the  demands  upon  it.  So  on  January  14, 
1893,  five  months  after  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  for  the  new  college,  that 
for  the  new  hospital  was  also  laid  and  its  construction  begun.  From  the 
address  on  the  occasion  by  Major  H.  A.  Rust,  member  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees    and    Chairman    of    the    Building   Committee,   we  quote  the  following  : 


HAHNEMANN    MEDICAL   COLLEGE. 


"The  Hahnemann  Hospital  was  not  born  'with  a  silver  spoon  in  its 
mouth,'  and  would  seem  to  have  had  the  regulation  number  of  infantile  diseases; 
but,  through  good  nursing,  it  has  survived  successive  periods  of  the  hardest  of 
'  hard  times, '  visitations  of  pestilence  and  the  heroic  treatment  by  fire,  and 
now,  with  hardened  muscles  and  undaunted  spirit,  it  may  be  regarded  as  having 
the  assurance  of  a  prolonged  life  of  usefulness.  This  assurance  is  rendered 
doubly  sure  through  benefactions  bestowed  upon  it  within  the  past  few 
months,  chief    among  which    is    to    be    named  the  gift  of  fifty  thousand  dollars 


2  10  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

($50,000)  by  Mrs.  Caroline  E.  Haskell,  through  the  agency  of  her  physician, 
Dr.  George  F.  Shears.  Of  this  sum  $10,000  was  by  the  donor  apportioned  to 
the  building  fund,  and  $40,000  to  the  endowment  of  the  hospital  and  mainte- 
nance of  free  surgical  beds  in  terms  specified.  This  gift,  large  and  grand  in 
itself,  has  a  significence  even  beyond  its  money  value,  in  that  it  furnishes  a 
substantial  foundation  for  the  belief  that  it  will  stimulate  others  to  follow  the 
magnificent  example,  and  so  increase  the  revenue  of  the  hospital  that  it  may 
ere  long  greatly  enlarge  its  sphere  of  usefulness,  through  its  ability  to  offer  all 
of    its  resources  to  the  suffering  poor. 

"The  splendid  contribution  of  five  thousand  dollars  ($5,000)  to  the  building 
fund  made  b}'  the  late  Mr.  Hugh  I^iddlc  marked  his  confidence  in  his  phy- 
sician, Dr.  H.  B.  Fellows,  and  at  the  same  time  enrolls  the  donor  as  a  most 
timely  benefactor  to  our  institution.  Other  contributions  in  smaller  amounts  to 
the  building  fund  have  been  opportune,    and  will  receive  due  recognition. 

"In  reflecting  upon  the  history  of  the  hospital  department  of  the  Hahnemann 
College,  I  have  been  especially  impressed  with  two  features,  one  of  which  is 
the  prominence  of  woman  as  a  factor  at,  and  from  its  birth,  until  the  present 
hour.  This  impression  does  not  startle  me,  coming,  as  it  does,  simply  as  addi- 
tional evidence  in  support  of  the  already  well-established  fact  that  nearly  all 
the  grace,  and  much  of  the  strength,  in  human  character  is  resident  in  our 
mothers,  sisters,  wives  and  daughters. 

'  'The  other  feature  to  which  I  allude  is,  that  '  other  men  labor  and  we  enter 
into  their  labors.'  A  perusal  of  the  records  of  the  board  of  trustees  is  graph- 
ically illustrative  of  this  fact.  One  may  note  the  incoming  of  a  member  of  the 
board  or  staff,  and  trace  his  absorbing  interest  and  guiding  hand  for  a  time, 
and  then  for  him  death  closes  the  record;  but  Time  does  not  tarry,  the  gap  is 
filled  and  the  work  continues.  In  this  fact  of  continuity  and  cumulative  force 
of  organized  philanthropic  effort  is  found  both  incentive  and  reward  for  all  that 
any  individual  may  have  the  disposition  to  attempt  and  the  ability  to  ac- 
complish. " 

Eloquent  and  appropriate  addresses  were  also  made  by  Rev.  Dr.  Crandall, 
of  the  Memorial  Baptist  Church,  Rev.  L.  P.  Mercer,  of  the  New  Church 
Temple,  Hon.  E.  M.  Phelps,  Professor  G.  A.  Hall  and  Dr.  Ludlam,  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  hospital,  who  said: 

'  'At  the  meeting  of  our  national  society  in  June  last  it  was  voted  to  erect 
a  monument  to  Hahnemann,  and  that  it  should  be  located  in  Washington,  the 
capital  of  this  great  commonwealth.  There  was  the  right  sort  of  enthusiasm, 
and  plenty  of  it,  and  the  machinery  for  raising  subscriptions  was  set  in  motion 
at  once.  The  physicians  of  Chicago  have  already  interested  themselves  in  the 
enterprise  and  will  doubtless  do  what  they  can  to  further  its  completion.  It  is 
in  every  way  commendable,   and  in  accord  with   the  fitness  of   things,    that    the 


HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


21  I 


old  hero  should  have  a  statue  that  is  grand  and  glorious  in  proportion  with  the 
issues  of  his  life-work  and  with  his  untiring  labors  in  the  cause  of  humanity. 
By  all  means  let  us  have  it,  and  right  away,  too. 

"But  there  are  monuments  and  monuments,  as  there  are  missionaries  and 
missionaries.  We  are  rebuilding  a  monument  to  Hahnemann  here  in  Chicago, 
and  its  corner-stone  has  been  laid  this  very  hour.  It  is  no  new  scheme,  either, 
for  this  institution  was  the  first  of  its  kind  to  be  named  in  his  honor  almost 
forty  years  ago.  And  the  '  Old  Hahnemann '  has  not  been  a  colossal  figure  to 
stand  as  a  silent  witness  of  his  work  and  of  his  achievement,  but  a  busy, 
earnest  school,  in  which  a  host  of  pupils  have  been  trained  and  tauglit,  and 
from  which  almost  two    thousand    graduates    have    already  gone    forth    to  carry 


jS®III®SSa,j^ 


the  blessings  of  his  ministry  to  mankind.  With  my  Quaker  proclivities  I  insist 
that  this  is  the  very  best  kind  of  a  monument.  For  it  is  a  monument  with  a 
heart  in  it,  and  a  home  and  a  bed  for  the  sick  and  the  suffering;  a  hotel,  as 
the  first  hospitals  were,  where  the  weary  traveler  may  iind  those  who  will 
nurse  and  care  for  him,  bind  uji  his  wounds  and  set  him  on  his  way  again. 
We  should  strive  for  its  upbuilding  and  extension,  not  only  because  it  already 
glorifies  its  illustrious  progenitor,  and  will  continue  to  do  so,  but  also  because 
of  its  charitable  and  clinical,  its  social  and  scientific  relations  to  the  public  and 
to  the  profession  at  large. 

"  Professor  Hall  has  spoken  kindly  of  this  old  building  in  which  we  are  work- 
ing like  beavers  until  the  better  one  is  ready.  We  shall  not  leave  it  without  regret, 
but  we  will  enjoy  the  new  one  all  the  more  because  of  its  improved  and  increased 
facilities,  its  greater  capacity  and  its  thorough  fitness  for  the  work  that  is  be- 
fore us." 


2  12  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


NEW    HOSPITAL    BUILDING. 


The  new  hospital  building  is  now  completed  and  in  a  thorough  running 
order.  It  was  erected  at  an  expenditure  of  over  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
($100,000)  and  embodies  every  feature  considered  desirable  in  such  a  structure, 
it  being  more  nearly  perfect  in  its  arrangement  than  any  other  hospital  in  the  city. 
It  is  seven  stories  in  height,  with  basement,  and  has  a  capacity  of  two  hundred 
and  twenty-five  beds;  each  floor  has  a  thoroughly  aseptic  and  specially  furnished 
operating  room,  supplied  with  all  appliances  appropriate  to  the  department 
located  therein  ;  is  heated  by  steain,  lighted  by  electricity  and  provided  with 
all  the  modern  devices  and  conveniences  which  science  has  contributed  of  late 
years  to  the  better  construction  of  such  buildings.  There  are  fourteen  wards, 
separate  and  distinct,  each  with  a  capacity  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  patients,  for 
the  care  and  protection  of  the  sick  poor,  and  there  are  about  sixty  private 
rooms  for  paying  patients.  In  the  wards  are  the  same  provisions  for  heating, 
light,  electrical  call  bells  and  aseptic  precautions  as  are  maintained  in  the 
private  rooms.  On  the  first  floor,  provided  with  special  entrance  from  a  covered 
carriage  way,  is  the  emergency  room  for  ambulance  cases,  the  examination  room 
and  special  operating  room.  The  institution  has  its  own  training  school  for 
nurses  and  has  sent  out  a  number  of  thoroughly  educated  and  well  trained 
nurses    from   its   walls. 

RESUME. 

With  the  growth  of  the  college  and  the  enlarged  conveniences  in  the  way 
of  laboratory  and  chnical  instruction  the  corps  of  the  professors  and  instructors 
has  been  largely  increased,  so  that  for  the  session  of  1895-96  the  Governing 
Faculty  of  the  college  consists  of  the  following; 

Dr.    R.    Ludlam,    President. 

Dr.    C.    H.   Vilas,    Dean. 

Dr.   Joseph   P.    Cobb,    Registrar. 

Dr.   E.   M.   Bruce,   Assistant  Treasurer. 

Dr.  S.  Leavitt,  Dr.  E.  S.  Bailey,  Dr.  J.  E.  Oilman,  Dr.  G.  F.  Shears, 
Dr.  A.  K.  Crawford,  Dr.  Joseph  Watry,  Dr.  H.  V.  Halbert,  Dr.  B.  S.  Arnulphy, 
Dr.  H.  R.  Chislett,  Dr.  W.  A.  Dunn  and  Dr.  C.  O.  Fellows,  and  a  large  corps 
of  adjunct  and  associate  professors  and  lecturers. 

Hahnemann  College  has  always  taken  an  advanced  position  in  the  matter 
of  a  higher  medical  education.  In  the  earlier  years  the  rule  in  medical  colleges 
in  the  West,  and  most  of  the  Eastern  colleges,  required  as  necessary  qualifications 
for  graduation  a  two  years'  course  in  the  college,  or  four  years  of  practice  was 
sometimes  accepted  in  lieu  of  one  year's  course  of  lectures.  The  faculty  of 
Hahnemann  College  labored  long  and  earnestly  to  increase  the  number  of 
courses,   and  finally  in  the  Intercollegiate  Association  a  three  years'  course  was 


HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  213 

settled  upon  and  maintained  for  a  number  of  years,  but  beginning  with  1895-96 
an  additional  year  is  required,  the  course  now  being  a  graded  course  of  four  years' 
duration.  The  contrast  between  the  facilities  offered  now  and  the  educational 
advantages  of  the  earlier  years  is  the  difference  between  an  advanced  school 
and  the  elementary  schools.  Already,  although  the  building  is  so  recently 
completed,  additional  rooms  are  being  planned  and  additional  facilities  are 
becoming  necessary. 

Reference  has  been  made  to  the  Clinical  Society.  This  was  a  society  formed, 
as  its  name  indicates,  for  the  purpose  of  disseminating  clinical  experiences. 
The  society  was  organized  in  sections,  the  chairman  of  each  section  being  the 
professor  in  charge  of  that  special  branch.  Their  meetings  have  been  held  each 
month,  and  a  goodly  supply  of  clinical  reports  furnished  at  each  meeting.  The 
Clinical  Society  was  formed  in  the  year  1876,  and  from  that  to  the  year  1889 
there  were  presented  to  the  society  some  524  papers,  and  1,653  clinical  cases 
were  reported.  In  the  Cliniqiie,  the  organ  of  the  society,  the  proceedings  were 
reported  each  month  with  the  discussions  on  the  cases,  and  in  addition 
original  lectures  that  had  been  delivered  in  the  college,  chiefly  clinical,  and  of 
these  latter  149  were  printed,  making  a  work  of  something  in  the  neighborhood 
of  5,000  pages,  that  will  stand  as  a  work  for  reference  to  the  credit  of  the 
school  from  which  it  emanated. 

Connected  with  the  Hahnemann  College  is  the  Hahnemann  Free  Dispensary, 
an  institution  where  for  several  years  a  large  number  of  patients  have  been  treated 
gratuitously.  For  some  years  not  less  than  thirty-seven  thousand  prescriptions 
yearly  have  been  prescribed  for  the  worthy  poor  who  have  filled  the  different 
department  rooms  of  the  institution. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


REUBEN    LUDLAM,    M.  D. 

In  tlie  front  rank  of  botli  his  school  and  liis  profession,  Chicago  has  reason 
to  be  proud  of  Dr.  Ludlam,  who  by  his  residence  of  more  than  forty  years  in 
this  city  may  justly  be  claimed  as  a  favorite  and  a  favored  son.  He  was  born 
in  Camden,  N.  J.,  on  the  seventh  of  October,  1831,  and  his  father.  Dr.  Jacob 
W.  Ludlam,  was  also  an  eminent  physician,  dying  at  Evanston  in  1858,  after  a 
long  and  well-spent  life. 

The  father  had  often  taken  the  son  with  him,  when  little  more  than  a  child, 
on  his  round  of  professional  visits;  he  had  seen  him,  with  pride,  readily  master 
the  primar}',  grammar  and  academic  studies  and  had  directed  him  well  along 
his  preparatory  course  in  medicine.  That  son  had  afterward  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  the  father's  Alma  Mater,  and  had  graduated  therefrom 
in    1852. 

Soon  after  receiving  his  degree  the  young  physician  came  to  Chicago,  and 
ere  long  the  elder  was  surprised,  and  perhaps  a  little  pained  but  not  offended, 
to  notice  that  he  was  drifting  away  from  the  teachings  of  his  old  father  and 
the  university  to  the  doctrines  of  homeopathy.  Howsoever  deep  the  paternal 
regrets  on  this  score.  Dr.  Ludlam,  the  elder,  lived  long  enough  to  have  them 
somewhat  toned  down  by  the  fact  that  his  son  was  rapidly  becoming  a  leader 
in  the  school  to  which  he  had  become  so  recently  a  convert. 

Upon  the  organization  of  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  in  1859,  Dr. 
Reuben  Ludlam  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Physiology,  Pathology  and  Clinical 
Medicine,  being  also  elected  Registrar  of  the  Faculty.  After  three  years  he  was 
transferred  to  the  professorship  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Chil- 
dren. Later  he  was  elected  Professor  of  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Diseases  of 
Women,  being  chosen  Dean  of  the  Faculty  in  1861.  For  several  years  he  con- 
tinued to  act  as  Registrar,  and  was  Dean  of  the  Faculty  for  nearly  twenty-five 
years,  until  May,  1891,  when  he  became  President  of  the  College  and  Faculty,  a 
position  which  he  still  holds. 

To  the  subject  of  gynecology  Dr.  Ludlam  has  given  thorough  study,  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  and  whether  as  a  clear  and  original  expounder 
of  its  principles  or  as  a  skillful  practitioner,  he  stands  with  the  foremost  authori- 
ties.     But    the    influence  which    he    has    exerted    throu^rhout  the    entire  field  of 


k 


HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  217 

homeopathy,  especially  in  the  United  States,  has  been  repeatedly  demonstrated 
by  the  unusual  honors  which  have  come  to  him  from  the  profession  at  large. 
In  1869  he  was  chosen  President  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy, 
the  oldest  national  medical  society  in  this  country,  and  in  which  a  mere  mem- 
l^ership  is  a  guarantee  of  unimpeachable  standing.  The  oration  which  he  de- 
livered at  the  session  of  that  year,  held  at  Boston,  is  indicative  of  one  of  Dr. 
Ludlam's  many  liberal  and  generous  traits  of  character  which,  during  his  long 
and  honorable  career,  have  personally  endeared  him  to  thousands.  His  theme 
was  '  'The  Relation  of  Woman  to  Homeopathy, "  and  it  is  needless  to  say  to 
those  who  know  him  best  that  many  women  in  Chicago  and  the  West  have 
cause  to  be  profoundly  grateful  to  Dr.  Ludlam  for  his  kindness,  encouragement 
and  practical  helpfulness. 

Dr.  Ludlam  has  also  served  as  President  of  the  Western  Institute  of 
Homeopathy,  of  the  Illinois  Homeopathic  Medical  Society  and  of  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Medicine.  In  1871  he  became  a  member  of  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society,  and  served  upon  the  State  Board 
of  Health  from  its  organization  in  1877  until  December  1892.  He  has  also 
declined  many  honors  which  would  have  severed  his  relations  with  the  city 
and  the  people  with  whose  interests  he  has  been  so  long,  so  intimately  and  so 
prominently  identified.  In  1870,  for  instance,  he  declined  the  lucrative  and 
responsible  position  of  Physician-in-Chief  to  the  Woman's  Homeopathic  In- 
firmary of  New  York  City,  and  also  the  professorship  of  Obstetrics  and  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children  in  the  New  York   Homeopathic  Medical  College. 

Dr.  Ludlam's  striking  career  as  a  contributor  to  medical  literature  was 
inaugurated  by  the  appearance  in  1863  of  a  volume  entitled  "A  Course  of 
Clinical  Lectures  on  Diphtheria."  Aside  from  the  intrinsic  merit  of  its  subject- 
matter,  which  was  great,  interest  attaches  to  this  volume  from  the  fact  that  it 
was  the  first  strictly  medical  work  ever  published  in  the  Northwest.  The 
work  by  which  he  is  known  throughout  the  medical  world,  however,  is  "Clinical 
and  Didactic  Lectures  on  the  Diseases  of  Women,"  the  first  of  the  seven 
editions  through  which  it  has  passed  being  published  in  1871.  It  has  been 
accepted  as  authority  by  the  homeopathic  colleges  and  physicians  of  America 
and  Europe  and  translated  into  several  languages.  Since  i860,  also.  Dr. 
Ludlam  has  been  editorially  connected  with  the  North  American  Journal  of 
Ifovicopathy  {yk.  Y.);  the  United  States  Medical  and  Surgical  /(V/r;/^?/ (Chicago), 
and  The  Clinique,  the  last  named  being  a  monthly  abstract  of  the  work  of  the 
clinical  society  and  of  the   Hahnemann   Hospital. 

As  has  been  well  remarked  of  Dr.  Ludlam's  various  accomplishments  and 
characteristics:  "A  wide  acquaintance  with  literature,  a  love  for  music  and 
sympathy  with  all  that  elevates  and  softens  and,  above  all,  a  very  compre- 
hensive   knowledge  and    affection  for    mankind    have    given    to  his    professional 


2i8  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

work  the  inimitable  finish  of  culture  and  made  of  it,  in  the  truest  sense,  the 
art  of  healing.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  Dr.  Ludlam  is  best  known  to  the 
world  at  large  as  a  writer.  A  great  reader,  an  accomplished  linguist,  possessed 
of  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  humor  and  anecdote,  he  has  added  to  the 
acknowledged  scientific  worth  of  his  contribution  the  charm  of  a  clear  and 
graceful  style." 

Dr.  Ludlam  has  been  twice  married,  his  first  wife,  Anna  M.  Porter,  of 
Greenwich,  N.  J.,  dying  three  years  after  marriage.  His  second  wife  was 
Miss  Harriet  G.  Parvin,  and  their  son,  Reuben  Ludlam,  Jr.,  is  a  young 
physician  of  great  ]iromise.  Finely  educated  both  at  home  and  abroad,  he  has 
already  assumed  much  of  his  father's  extensive  practice  and  is  also  taking  up 
his  work  in  connection  with   the   FLdinemann  College  and  Hospital. 


JOHN  ELLIS   GILMAN,   M.  D. 

It  was  in  lO.v^  that  the  progenitor  of  the  American  branch  of  the  Gilman 
family  came  over  from  Old  England  and  settled  in  New  England,  and  its 
members,  of  stanch  Puritan  stock,  commenced  almost  immediately  to  become 
real  factors  in  the  progress  of  the  new  country.  During  the  Revolution  Nich- 
olas Gilman  was  a  moving  spirit  of  the  times,  having  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  and  subsequently  was  chosen  a  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  New  Hampshire.  John  Taylor  Gilman  was  Governor  of  the  Granite 
State  for  fourteen  years  during  the  last  portion  of  the  eighteenth  and  the  first 
of  the  present  century. 

Dr.  Oilman's  immediate  ancestors  were  pioneers  of  the  pioneer  territory  of 
the  Northwest,  his  grandfather,  Bartholomew  Gilman,  locating  at  Belpre,  not 
many  miles  southwest  of  Marietta.  Afterward  he  removed  to  Kentucky,  but 
not  before  the  birth  of  his  son,  John  C.  Gilman,  the  father  of  the  son  in  whom 
we  are  now  most   interested. 

That  child,  John  E.  Gilman,  was  born  at  Harmer,  a  suburb  of  Marietta, 
on  the  twenty-fourth  of  July,  1841,  and  it  seemed  predestined  that  he  should 
be  a  physician.  His  father  was  a  member  of  the  profession  and  he  had  the 
influence  of  example  from  his  mother's  family.  Formerly  Miss  Elizabeth  C. 
Fay,  she  came  of  an  old  historic  Massachusetts  family,  her  sister,  Catharine 
Fay,  being  for  many  years  an  Indian  missionary  and  founder  of  the  system  of 
county  orphan  asylums  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  But  the  fact  that  may  have  had 
a  bearing  upon  the  future  of  the  boy  John,  aside  from  his  father's  wishes  and 
direction,  was  that  of  the  eleven  Fay  children  of  his  mother's  generation  three 
of  the  daughters  married  physicians.      His  uncle.  Dr.  George   Gilman,    was  also 


I 


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^^  cc^*^ 


HAHNEMANN    MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  221 

for  many  years  a  leading  member  of  the  profession  in  Lexington,  Ky. ,  and  his 
elder  brother,  previous  to  entering  the  ministry,  practiced  medicine  for  some 
time  at  Marietta. 

When  he  was  five  years  of  age  Dr.  Oilman's  parents  removed  to  Westboro, 
Mass.,  and,  although  they  returned  to  Marietta  for  a  time,  the  boy  received  his 
early  education  in  the  schools  of  the  former  town.  By  the  time  he  was  seven- 
teen he  had  been-  graduated  from  the  high  school,  prepared  for  college,  served 
an  apprenticeship  at  piano  making  in  Boston  and  obtained  quite  a  knowledge 
of  music,  as  well  as  of  medicine  and  surgery.  At  this  period  of  his  life  his 
father  died,  and,  thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  he  taught  music  for  about 
three  years.  In  1861  he  returned  to  Marietta,  where  he  again  turned  his 
musical  and  mechanical  knowledge  to  account  in  the  conduct  of  a  piano  store. 

It  is  evident,  however,  that  his  ultimate  aim  was  to  establish  himself  in 
the  profession  which  his  father  and  so  many  of  his  relatives  had  honored, 
since,  while  conducting  his  business  at  Marietta,  he  continued  his  medical 
studies  with  his  brother,  and  when  he  subsequently  removed  to  Toledo  and 
followed  the  same  mercantile  pursuit,  he  found  a  medical  instructor  in  the  person 
of  Dr.  George  Hartwell.  After  thus  employing  three  years  of  his  time  he 
embarked  in  several  oil  speculations  at  Marietta,  and  then  settled  down  in 
earnest  to  make   a  name  for  himself    in  the  medical   profession. 

Contrary,  however,  to  the  instruction  of  his  father  and  that  of  the  several 
other  preceptors  who  had  guided  his  studies,  the  young  man  evinced  his  origi- 
nality of  mind  and  independence  of  spirit  by  deciding  to  adopt  the  principles  of 
the  homeopathic  school.  Coming  to  Chicago  in  1867,  he  entered  Hahnemann 
Medical  College,  receiving  his  degree  therefrom  in  the  Spring  of  1871.  He  at 
once  established  himself  in  practice  at  the  old  Crosby  Opera  House,  his  abilities 
being  quickly  and  substantially  recognized,  and  he  was  one  of  the  originators 
of  the  art  gallery  which  attracted  so  many  to  the  Opera  House,  already  one 
of  the  most  popular  and  fashionable  resorts  of    the  city. 

Naturally,  Dr.  Oilman  shared  materially  in  the  benefits  derived  by  the 
managers  of  the  Opera  House  in  this  influx  of  fashion  and  wealth  and  at  the 
time  of  the  great  fire  had  made  rapid  strides  toward  popularity  and  prosperity. 
But  that  wholesale  calamity  was  also  his  private  misfortune  and  all  his  worldly 
possessions  went  up  with  the  flames.  Vastly  to  his  credit,  however,  he  was 
the  first  physician  in  the  city  to  offer  his  services  to  the  Citizens'  Relief  Com- 
mittee, being  appointed  chairman  of  the  medical  department.  In  this  capacity 
he  organized  the  burnt  territory  into  districts,  appointed  the  physicians  in 
charge,  instituted  the  opening  of  hospitals  and  dispensaries,  attending  person- 
ally to  the  relief  of  sufferers  temporarily  sheltered  in  the  Eighth  Presbyterian, 
Park  Avenue  and  American  Reformed  churches  until  the  management  of  the 
work  was  assumed  by  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society.      During  the  follow- 


222  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

ing  Winter  and  Spring,  as  Secretary  of  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society 
and  Physician  of  the  Herrick  Free  Dispensary,  Dr.  Oilman  added  to  his 
laurels  both  as  a  physician    and  a  man. 

In  1883  Dr.  Oilman  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Physiology,  Sanitary 
Science  and  Hygiene  of  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  holding  that  professor- 
ship for  a  decade,  when  (in  1893)  he  was  called  to  that  of  Materia  Medica  in 
the  same  institution.  Both  as  private  practitioner  and  public  educator,  therefore, 
for  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  his  reputation  has  been  continually  growing  until 
it  now  places  him  in  the  front  rank  of  homeopathic  physicians  in  the  West. 

Few  members  of  the  profession,  outside  their  chosen  held,  have  made  so  fair 
a  mark  in  literature  as  Dr.  Oilman.  His  contributions  to  medical  literature 
have  been  many  and  highly  valued,  and  both  as  an  authority  and  a  writer  on 
art  matters  he  has  made  quite  a  name  for  himself.  Not  only  has  he  been 
thus  identified  with  the  Chicago  press  as  a  contributor  but  was  for  some  time, 
in  company  with  Joseph  Wright,  editor  of  the  Chicago  Art  /oitrnal.  It  follows 
also,  as  a  matter  of  course,  that  his  association  with  the  medical  societies  of  the 
school  of  which   he  is  so  distinguished  a  representative  is  both  wide  and  intimate. 

In  Jul)',  i860.  Dr.  Oilman  was  married  at  Adrian,  Mich.,  to  Miss  Mary  D. 
Johnson,  of  Westboro,  Mass.  They  were  the  friends  of  youthful  days,  his  wife 
also  being  of  a  Puritan  family.  They  have  one  son,  William  T.  Oilman,  who 
is  also  a  graduate  in  medicine   and  in  practice  in  the  city  of   Chicago. 


EDWARD  E.   HOLMAN,   M.  D. 

Born  at  Millville,  Mass.,  on  December  25,  1854,  Dr.  Holman  at  an  early 
age  removed  with  his  parents  to  a  farm  near  Spring  Valley,  Minn.  Between 
the  ages  of  fourteen  and  eighteen  he  not  only  acquired  a  common  school  and 
high  school  education,  but  mastered  the  printer's  trade  and  began  his  career 
as  a  teacher.  While  pursuing  this  latter  vocation  he  commenced  his  medical 
studies,  and,  after  three  years  of  such  training,  entered  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College,    Chicago,    from  which  institution  he  graduated  with  honors  in    1878. 

Entering  active  practice  in  May  of  that  year,  at  Warren,  111.,  Dr.  Hol- 
man remained  at  that  point  for  four  years,  but  being  offered  the  professorship 
of  Medical  Jurisprudence  by  his  Alma  Mater,  he  accepted  the  chair  and  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  or  rather  to  what  was  then  Englewood,  one  of  its  large 
and  flourishing  suburbs.      This  position  he  held  for  three  terms. 

Dr.  Holman  is  Oeneral  Surgeon  to  the  Englewood  Union  Hospital  and  a 
member  of  several  medical  societies,  is  Past  Commander  of  Englewood  Com- 
mandery  No.  59,  Knights  Templar,  a  32"  Mason  and  a  "Shriner;"  also  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Association. 


HAHNEMANN    MEDICAL    COLEEGE.  225 

The  doctor  has  been  an  extensive  traveler,  both  in  this  country  and 
Mexico,  and  he  has  not  only  derived  the  personal  benefit  which  comes  from 
intelligent  observation,  but  has  published  many  of  the  results  of  his  tours  to 
the  literary  world.  His  graceful  pen  is  not  confined  to  narrative  work,  but  has 
brought  him  quite  a  reputation  as  a  humorist,  he  having  been  a  contributor  to  the 
Toledo  Blade,  Nasby's  famous  publication.  He  has,  moreover,  enjoyed  the  per- 
sonal friendship  of  Generals  Grant  and  Logan  and  of  Senator  William  Windom, 
of  Minnesota,    the  last  named  being  an  intimate  friend  of  his  parents. 

Dr.  Holman's  father,  Benjamin  F.,  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  being 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  edged  tools,  either  as  actual  maker  or  proprietor 
of  large  establishments.  In  1857,  after  he  had  amassed  a  competency,  he  re- 
moved from  Rhode  Island  to  Minnesota  and  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits. 
Here  he  was  honored  by  being  elected  to  various  local  offices,  and  died  in 
Spring  Valley,    that  State,    in   1892. 

Dr.  Holman's  mother  (Susan  Eames  Holman)  was  born  in  New  York,  but 
afterward  removed  to  Providence,  R.  I.  She  was  a  direct  descendent  of  Roger 
Williams,    and  died  at  the  age  of   sixty-nine. 

A.  R.  Holman,  of  Spring  Valley,  one  of  Dr.  Holman's  brothers,  is  well 
known  throughout  the  Northwest  as  an  attorney  for  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
&  St.    Paul  Railroad.      He  has  also  two  married  sisters  living  at  Faribault,  Minn. 

One  of  Dr.  Holman's  uncles,  Russell,  was  among  the  ablest  men  in  the 
South,  organizing  the  first  Baptist  church  in  New  Orleans  and  serving  as 
chaplain  in  the  Confederate  Army  during  the  Civil  War.  Sewall  Holman, 
another  uncle,  was  a  classical  scholar  of  note  and  the  pioneer  journalist  of 
Janesville,  Wis.  Still  a  third  was  Harvey  Holman,  one  of  the  throng  of  Cali- 
fornia emigrants,  but  who  crossed  the  plains  primarily  in  search  of  health, 
which  had  broken  down  under  the  stress  of  long  continued  commercial  pursuits 
in  Chillicothe,  111.  During  his  absence  a  dishonest  partner  absconded  and 
plunged  him  into  debt,  but  notwithstanding  this  blow  he  resumed  business,  re- 
tained his  standing,  paid  every  claim  against  him  and  re-collected  another 
fortune,    leaving  an  estate  a  few  years  ago  valued  at  $200,000. 


REV.    ISAAC   PRINCE,    M.   D. 

Rev.  Isaac  Prince,  M.  D.,  founder  and  Superintendent  of  the  Home  For 
Destitute  Crippled  Children,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  on  the  twenty-sixth 
of  November,  1834,  being  a  son  of  Rev.  William  Augustus  Prince,  who  served 
for  many  years  as  a  missionary  in   the  West  Indies. 

He  received  his  literary  education  in  Nazareth  Hall,  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
Academy  of    the    Moravian    denomination,   after  which  he    followed  his  father's 


226  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

footsteps  and  engaged  for  several  years  in  the  foreign  field  as  an  ordained  min- 
ister. While  thus  employed  he  felt  the  need  of  a  medical  education  to  render 
himself  more  efficient  among  the  poor,  but  with  only  a  small  salary  his  desire 
could  not  be  gratified. 

During  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  in  1864,  he  returned  to  the  United  States 
on  a  furlough,  and  at  once  responded  to  a  call  for  volunteers  to  serve  as  dele- 
gates of  the  Christian  Commission  in  relieving  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers 
of  both  armies.  After  ministering  to  their  physical  and  spiritual  wants,  as  well 
as  to  those  of  the  freedman,  until  the  close  of  the  war,  he  returned  to  New 
York,  when  he  became  associated  with  the  Rev.  William  Augustus  Mahlenberg, 
D.  D.,  in  his  work  at  St.    Luke's  hospital  and    St.   Johnland. 

Through  the  assistance  of  a  brother-in-law  he  was  offered  the  long  wished- 
for  opportunity  to  study  medicine,  graduating  from  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College  in  1878. 

The  need  for  physicians  among  the  poor  of  Chicago,  seemed  so  great  that 
he  relinquished  his  intention  of  returning  to  the  missionary  field,  and  under  the 
auspices  of  the  W.  C.  T.  Union  began  the  first  medical  mission  ever  opened 
in  Chicago,  at  No.  100  South  Desplaines  street,  in  the  year  1878.  While  thus 
engaged,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Dr.  George  E.  Shipman,  whose  health 
had  become  greatly  impaired  and  who  invited  him  to  assist  him  in  his  work 
at  the  Chicago  Foundling's  Home.  There  he  remained  for  over  ten  years,  an 
important  feature  of  his  work  being  the  adoption  of  children. 

This  opened  his  eyes  to  the  need  of  a  home  for  a  class  hitherto  unprovided 
for.  Healthy,  sound  and  attractive  children  found  ready  adoption  into  homes 
of  wealth  and  refinement,  but  for  cripples  nobody  cared.  In  February,  1890, 
with  only  a  few  dollars  in  cash,  but  an  abundance  of  zeal  and  faith,  he  began 
a  home  for  crippled  children.  His  faith  in  the  Divine  assistance  and  the  gener- 
osity of  the  Chicago  public  was  not  disappointed.  Through  trials  and  discourage- 
ments of  different  kinds,  he  lived  to  witness  the  establishment  of  a  home  for 
the  correction  of  deformities  and  the  intellectual  and  industrial  care  and  train- 
ing of  crippled  children. 

In  the  pastorate,  the  temperance  cause,  the  foreign  mission  and  educa- 
tional work,  among  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  the  freedmen,  the  aban- 
doned waifs  and  the  day  nurseries  a  long  life  has  been  passed. 

Perhaps  no  work  in  which  he  has  shared  took  such  firm  hold  of  his  sym- 
pathy as  the  establishment  of  a  children's  church,  with  its  object-lesson  ser- 
mons,   and  the  Home  for  Destitute  Crippled  Children. 

Associated  with  him  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life  for  humanity  was  his 
devoted  wife,  Mrs.  C.  E.  (Moserole)  Prince,  whose  long  experience  and  labor 
among  the  poor  contributed  so  largely  to  the  success  and  stability  of  all  his 
plans. 


HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  227 


WILLIAM    SPENCER    HARVEY,   A.  M.,  M.  D. 

The  family  of  which  Dr.  Harvey  is  a  member  combines  the  vivacious, 
magnetic  quahties  of  the  Celt  with  the  substantial  traits  of  the  Anglo-Saxon — in 
other  words,  it  is  of  the  best  American  type.  His  paternal  grandfather.  Rev. 
John  Harvey,  was  a  native  of  Norwich,  Southeastern  England,  and  during  his 
younger  years  served  in  the  British  Army.  It  was  while  on  military  duty  in 
Ireland  that  he  became  acquainted  with  a  prominent  Irish  family  of  Dublin. 
One  of  its  representatives  was  a  Catholic  priest  of  note,  who  was  the  author 
of  a  standard  ecclesiastical  history  of  Ireland.  Another  of  its  members,  Miss 
Ann  Brennan,  although  not  famous,  was  so  attractive  to  the  young  British  sol- 
dier that  he  soon   married  her. 

Subsequently  this  John  Harvey  became  a  clergyman  of  the  M.  E.  Church, 
emigrated  to  America  with  his  educated  and  comely  Irish  wife  and  for  more 
than  half  a  century  was  an  honored  pastor  of  that  denomination  in  Oneida 
County,  N.  Y.  Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  the  martial  spirit 
which  had  been  implanted  in  him  during  his  younger  )'ears  sprang  up  afresh, 
and  going  to  the  front  as  a  chaplain  of  one  of  the  New  York  regiments,  he 
served  faithfully  throughout  the  entire  period  of  hostilities. 

Dr.  Harvey's  father,  William  Nathaniel,  was  a  native  of  New  York  Mills, 
Oneida  County,  marrying  Lovina  Brewer,  of  old  Vermont  stock,  and  settling  in 
Galesburg  in  1845.  Here,  for  more  than  fifty  years,  they  have  since  resided, 
and  here  were  born  the  three  sons  who  are  members  of  the  medical  profession. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Harvey,  who  graduated  from  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College, 
Chicago,    is  a  leading  practitioner  of  that  place. 

Dr.  Andrew  M.  Harvey  is  a  graduate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  Chicago,  and  is  a  late  Resident  Surgeon  of  St.  Elizabeth  Hospital, 
this  city.      He  is  now  Surgeon  of  the  West  Side  Free  Dispensary. 

Dr.  William  Spencer  Harvey  was  born  in  Galesburg,  the  county  seat  of 
Knox  County,  on  the  twenty-ninth  of  August,  1859.  In  this  locality  he  quietly 
passed  his  early  years,  being  industrious  and  studious,  at  the  same  time  pas- 
sionately fond  of  athletic  sports.  His  progress  was  steady  through  the  district 
schools,  Knox  Academy  and  Knox  College,  but  to  this  day  he  is  not  perhaps 
so  well  remembered  by  his  fellow  students  for  his  scholarship  as  from  the  fact 
that  he  pitched  the  first  curved  ball  in  the  national  game  which  was  ever  seen 
in  that  section  of  the  country.  After  graduating  from  Knox  College  in  1880 
Dr.  Harvey  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  at 
Ann  Arbor.  Although  he  earnestly  pursued  liis  medical  studies,  he  could  not 
be  weaned  from  his  love  of  manly  sports  and  became  an  acknowledged  leader 
among  the    ball    enthusiasts    and    all-around    athletes    of    that    institution.      And 


2  2S  HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE, 

even  now,  in  the  midst  of  a  large  and  increasing  practice  in  Chicago,  he  takes 
a  deep  and  an  active  interest  in  physical  education,  being  one  of  the  best- 
known  members  of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Club. 

Continuing  his  medical  studies  at  the  University  of  Michigan  during  1881- 
82,  Dr.  Harvey  entered  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chicago  during 
the  latter  year,  graduating  from  that  institution  in  1883.  During  the  last-named 
year  Knox  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  M.  A.  At  once  entering 
into  practice  with  Dr.  John  E.  Gilman,  so  long  and  so  prominently  identified 
with  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Dr.  Harvey  came  to  the  front  as  one  of 
the  most  promising  of  the  younger  members  of  the  profession.  This  connection 
was  maintained  for  about  two  years,  since  which  time  he  has  successfully  pur- 
sued his  chosen  calling    alone. 

Very  early  in  his  career  Dr.  Harvey  adopted  surgery  as  his  specialty, 
although  he  has  for  years  taken  a  most  prominent  position,  both  as  educator 
and  practitioner,  in  the  more  general  departments  of  medicine.  For  three  years 
he  filled  the  chair  of  Physiology  and  Histology  in  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College,  and  during  the  World's  Fair  he  was  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Columbian 
Homeopathic  Hospital,  a  model  and  a  working  institution  of  its  kind,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  chief  organizers. 

Dr.  Harvey  was  also  a  leader  in  the  organization  of  the  Homeopathic 
Post-Graduate  Medical  College,  having  served  on  its  Board  of  Directors  and  as 
its  Secretary.  He  is  Professor  of  Surgery  in  that  institution  as  v^ell  as  Surgeon 
of  the  Chicago  Baptist  Hospital  and  the  Garfield  Park  Sanitarium,  Lecturer 
before  the  Training  School  for  Nurses  of  the  Baptist  Hospital,  as  well  as  Presi- 
dent of    the  Garfield  Park  Training  School. 

Besides  being  connected  with  the  institutions  above  named.  Dr.  Harvey  is 
President  of  the  Knox  College  Club  and  is  an  active  member  of  the  Illinois 
and  the  Chicago  Athletic  clubs  and  of  such  professional  organizations  as  the 
American  Institute  of  Homeopathy,  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  the  Chi- 
cago Homeopathic  Medical  Society  and  the  Chnical  Society  of  Hahnemann 
Medical  College  and  Hospital.  He  is  not  an  infrequent  contributor  to  medical 
literature,  but  his  papers  are  seldom  theoretical  in  their  nature,  being,  as  a 
rule,  reports  of  unusual  cases  of  which  he  has  acted  as  attending  surgeon, 
either  in  his  private  capacity  or  through  his  connection  with  the  various  public 
institutions  with  which  he  is  identified. 

In  1 89 1  Dr.  Harvey  was  married  to  Miss  Alice  Flash,  daughter  of  a  prom- 
inent business  man  of  New  Orleans.  They  have  two  children — Alice  Flash 
and  William  Spencer. 

It  may  be  stated,  in  conclusion,  that  although  his  religious  traditions  and 
early  education  were  with  the  Methodist  Church,  much  of  his  later  life  was 
passed  without  direct  affiliation  with  any  denomination,  but  that  soon  after  his 


-^-^-^^ 


7y^^ 


HAHNEMANN  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  231 

marriage,  through  the  influence  of  his  wife,  he  become  a  communicant  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  being  at  present  a  prominent  member  of  the  Church  of  the 
Epiphany,  one  of  the  largest,  wealthiest  and  most  influential  religious  organiza- 
tions in  the  country.  While  too  busy  as  a  professional  leader  to  be  an  active 
politician,  Dr.  Harvey  is  an  earnest  Republican — and,  all  in  all,  a  well-balanced, 
affable,  energetic,  refined  and  successful  man  and  physician. 


MARTHA  ALMINA  BOWERMAN,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Bowerman  is  one  of  the  oldest  graduates  of  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College  in  this  city,  one  of  the  most  enthusiastic  advocates  of  homeopathy, 
and  although  her  work  as  a  practitioner  and  an  author  has  been  conducted 
largely  in  the  background,  to  those  who  know  what  she  has  accomplished  her 
professional  life  stands  as  a  fine  example  of  faithfulness,  industry,  bravery 
and  ability. 

Born  on  the  twenty-seventh  of  March,  1842,  at  Riga  Center,  Monroe 
county,  N.  Y. ,  Martha  Almina  (as  she  was  known  in  maidenhood)  removed 
with  her  parents  to  Lake  Mills,  Wis.,  when  she  was  but  six  years  of  age. 
Here  and  later  at  Neenah  and  Ripon,  in  the  same  State,  she  received  her 
non-professional  education.  She  had  nearly  completed  a  full  course  at  Ripon 
College  and  would,  in  fact,  have  graduated  in  1861,  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out  and  made  such  inroads  among  the  young  men  that  her  class  was 
disbanded.  During  her  residence  in  that  beautiful  city,  however,  she  had 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Nelson  Bowerman,  editor  of  the  Ripon  Connuon- 
zveali/i,    to  whom  in   the   Spring  of   1861   she  was  united  in  marriage. 

Although  bright  as  a  writer  and  a  man  of  learning,  Mr.  Bowerman's 
business  abilities  were  not  equal  to  his  intellectual,  and  when,  in  the  eighth  year 
after  his  marriage,  he  made  his  home  in  Madison,  became  interested  in  the 
State  printing  and  ventured  otherwise  financially,  he  failed  disastrously  in  his 
undertakings. 

In  the  Fall  of  1879  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bowerman  came  to  Chicago,  the  former 
connecting  himself  with  the  Tribune,  with  which  he  has  since  been  associated 
in  various  capacities.  Mrs.  Bowerman  now  commenced  to  put  into  practical 
action  an  ambition  which  she  had  nourished  since  early  girlhood,  viz.,  to  take 
steps  toward  the  adoption  of  the  medical  profession.  Naturally,  her  means 
were  limited,  but  under  the  tutelage  of  Professor  A.  E.  Small  she  was  en- 
abled to  take  a  course  in  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  from  which  institution 
she  graduated  in  February,  1882.  While  pursuing  her  studies  she  acted  as 
private  secretary  not  only  for  Professor  Small,  but  for  Professcrs  T.  S. 
Hoyne  and  H.   B,    Fellows,    and    the    records    which    she    prepared  of  the    hos- 


2  32  HAHNEMANN    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

pital  cases  are  even  now  instanced  by  her  superiors  as  models  of  exactness 
and  scientific  value  to  the  profession.  Subsequently  she  was  engaged  by 
Professor  Small  to  prepare  his  work  on  the  "Practice  of  Medicine."  On  this, 
without  any  reward  than  of  obtaining  an  enormous  amount  of  medical 
information,  she  labored  faithfully  for  two  years,  having  at  last  the  thankless 
task  of  condensing  the  work  to  one-half  its  original  proportions.  As  it  was,  it 
made  a  volume  of  850  pages,  Dr.  Bowerman's  invaluable  labors  being  grate- 
fully referred  to  in  the  preface  of  the  publication. 

Dr.  Bowerman's  first  office  was  on  the  corner  of  Thirty-ninth  Street  and 
Cottage  Grove  Avenue.  From  this  location,  after  a  successful  practice  of  four 
years,  she  removed  to  Oakwood  Boulevard,  where,  for  two  years,  she  was  at 
the  head  of  a  private  sanitarium.  For  the  past  seven  years  she  has  been 
located  on  Cottage  Grove  Avenue  near  Thirty-ninth  Street.  During  this  long 
period  she  has  engaged  in  a  general  practice,  devoting  most  of  her  attention, 
however,    to  the  diseases  of    women  and  children. 

Dr.  Bowerman  is  a  member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy,  to 
be  associated  with  which  is  of  itself  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  her  high  stand- 
ing in  the  profession.  She  is  also  connected  with  a  number  of  other  organiza- 
tions founded  by  her  school  of  medicine. 


BENNETT  COLLEGE 


ECLECTICISM  IN  CHICAGO 


History  of  Bennett  College  of  Eclectic  Medicine  and  Surgery 


ECLECTICISM   IN   CHICAGO 


By  ANSON  L.  CLARK,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  PRESIDENT  AND  DEAN  OF  THE  College. 


GENERAL    HISTORY. 

The  early  history  of  eclecticism  in  Chicago  and  Cook  County  is  enveloped 
in  considerable  obscurity.  Many  of  the  earlier  medical  practitioners,  very  nearly 
allied  to  what  at  that  time  was  known  as  eclecticism,  were  known  as  botanies, 
although  there  has  always  been  quite  a  distinction,  the  Materia  Medica  of  even 
the  early  eclectics  being  much  larger. 

The  botanic  physicians  discarded  all  "poisons,"  while  to  the  eclectic  the 
term  "poison"  was  merely  a  relative  term.  Too  much  of  the  best  and  most 
wholesome  food  taken  at  one  time  might  produce  as  severe  trouble  as  too  large 
a  quantity  of  arsenic  or  strychnia;  the  difference  was  in  the  size  of  the  toxic 
dose. 

In  1854  a  "botanic"  drug  store,  at  the  corner  of  Dearborn  and  Randolph 
streets,  under  the  old  Matteson  Hotel,  was  a  purveyor  of  medicines  such  as 
were  used  by  the  early  botanic  and  eclectic  physicians.  In  this  store  a  Dr. 
Batchelder,  or  Batcheller,  kept  his  office  ;  his  practice  was  perhaps  more  nearly 
allied  to  the  botanic  system. 

In  1854  H.  K.  Stratford  came  to  the  city,  commencing  to  practice  medicine 
in  1858.  In  1859  he  formed  a  co-partnership  with  Dr.  A.  M.  Read,  at  that 
time  practicing  in  Chicago.  A  Dr.  Garvin  came  at  about  this  time,  but  did  not 
remain  long.  Drs.  Franklin  Chavette,  J.  H.  Mellinger  and  A.  B.  Wcscott  were 
also  here  at  that  time.  There  were  doubtless  others  whose  names  at  this  time 
are    inaccessible. 

Then  followed  the    War  of  the  Rebellion,  with  its  excitements  and  disorgani- 

zations;    and  little  was  heard   of  eclecticism  as  such    until  the  Summer  and  Fall 

of    1868,  when    there    was   organized    the    Bennett  College  of    Eclectic   Medicine 

and  Surgery.      At  this  time  were  found  in  the  city  Drs.  J.  F.  Cook,  R.  A.  Gunn, 

H.  D.  Garrison,    John  Foreman,  Hathaway,  and  perhaps  a  few  others  in 

addition  to  those  already  mentioned. 

235 


236  BENNETT   MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

With  the  estabhshment  of  the  college  the  number  of  eclectics  rapidly 
increased,  both  from  the  location  of  its  graduates  and  the  immigration  from 
outside.  During  the  first  year  of  the  life  of  the  college  the  Chicago  Medical 
Times  was  established  by  Drs.  R.  A.  Gunn  and  John  Foreman,  and  contributed 
no  little  at  the  time,  as  it  has  constantly  since  done,  to  advance  a  knowledge  of 
eclecticism  and  increase  the  number  of    eclectic  physicians. 

In  the  Summer  of  1S77,  to  provide  better  clinical  facilities  for  the  students, 
the  Bennett  Medical  College  established  the  Bennett  Hospital,  in  a  building 
erected  for  the  purpose  in  the  rear  of  the  college,  which  was  at  that  time  at 
Nos.  51 1-5 1 3  State  Street.  With  the  removal  of  the  college  to  the  corner  of 
Ada  and  Fulton  streets  the  hospital  facilities  were  enlarged  and  improved, 
making  it  practicable  to  perform,  either  in  the  halls  of  the  college  or  in  the 
operating  room  of  the  hospital,  all  the  operations  known  to  modern  surgical 
skill.  One  or  more  of  the  graduates  selected  for  their  fitness  are  in  constant 
attendance. 

The  first  eclectic  medical  society  was  organized  in  1872,  under  the  name  of 
the  Chicago  Eclectic  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  and  had  for  its  first  officers 
Dr.  H.  D.  Garrison,  President,  Dr.  H.  N.  Young,  Vice-President,  and  Dr.  F.  B- 
Brewer,  Secretary.  From  that  time  to  the  present  regular  stated  meetings  have 
been  held. 

In  1889  the  County  Commissioners  decided  to  concede  to  the  eclectic  branch 
of  the  medical  profession  a  share  in  the  labors  and  honors  connected  with 
attendance  in  the  Cook  County  Hospital  in  the  capacity  of  physicians  and 
surgeons.  With  this  followed  the  appointment  of  students  who  had  graduated 
and  passed  a  special  competitive  examination  from  the  Bennett  Eclectic  Medical 
College  as  internes  for  service  in  the  County  Hospital. 

At  this  writing  (1896)  there  are  in  Chicago  and  Cook  County  not  far  from 
two  hundred  eclectic  physicians  and  surgeons. 

ORIGIN     OF     THE    COLLEGE.- 

The  tidal  wave  of  eclecticism,  which  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  had  been 
depositing  the  principles  of  progressive  medicine  throughout  the  Northwest, 
found,  in  the  Summer  of  1868,  about  half  a  score  of  eclectic  physicians  in 
the  city  of  Chicago.  After  a  careful  survey  of  the  geographical  location,  of 
the  magnitude  of  the  city  and  of  the  circumstances  which  seemed  to  insure  its 
future  greatness,  it  seemed  reasonable  to  those  few  that  in  the  near  future 
Chicago  would  have  no  equal  as  a  great  medical  center  in  the  United  States, 
and  as  such  should  disseminate  with  the  principles  of  other  systems  of  medicine 
those  principles  which  they  believed  to  be  the  correct  ones  in  the  alleviation  of 
human  suffering,    the  principles  of    broad-boundaried  eclecticism.      From  time  to 


BENNETT  MEDIC Ai.    COLLEGE.  237 

time  the  propriety  of  establishing  a  college  of  eclectic  medicine  was  discussed 
among  them,  and  finally,  under  date  of  May  26,  1868,  Dr.  H.  D.  Garrison  of  the 
firm  of  Garrison  Brothers,  Chicago  Chemical  Laboratory  and  Steam  Drug  Mills, 
wrote  to  Dr.  A.  L.  Clark,  of  Elgin,  111.,  a  letter  from  which  we  quote: 
' '  The  matter  of  starting  an  eclectic  medical  college  has  been  agitated  some- 
what of  late  and  you  can  judge  what  would  be  its  prospects  with  an  able 
faculty.  Can  we  count  on  your  aid  in  organizing,  and  as  a  lecturer,  in  case  we 
find  suitable  men  for  the  remainder  of  the  chairs?"  Further  on  follows  a 
skeleton  of  a  proposed  faculty.  ' '  Below  I  have  ventured  to  sketch  an  arrange- 
ment which  I  think  would  place  each  man  on  his  favorite  ground,  or  at  least 
in  a  position  to  do  justice  to  himself  and  the  school,  but  disclaim  at  once  any 
desire  to  dictate,  or  even  to  advise,  except  for  the  good  of  the  parties  interested, " 

A.    L.    Clark,    M.  D.,  Civil  and  Military   Surgery,    etc. 

L.    S.   Major,    M.  D.,  Obstetrics,    etc. 

H.    K.   Whitford,    M.  D.,  Materia  Medica,  etc. 

H.    C.    French,    M.  D.,  Physiology,    etc. 

J.    F.    Cook,   M.  D.,  Anatomy,   etc. 

H.    D.    Garrison,    M.  D.,  Chemistry,    etc." 

Under  date  of  May  23,  1868,  Dr.  Hayes  C.  French,  then  residing  and 
practicing  medicine  at  Turner's  Junction,  111.,  also  wrote  Dr.  A.  L.  Clark 
from  Tyner  City,  Ind. ,  where  he  was  then  visiting:  "Dr.  Whitford  has,  no 
doubt,  ere  this  communicated  to  you  our  designs  upon  you  as  a  professor  in  a 
prospective  eclectic  college  to  be  established  in  Chicago.  I  expect  to  return  to 
Illinois  in  a  few  days,  and  shall  come  to  Elgin  and  have  an  old-fashioned  talk 
with  you.  In  the  meantime  please  grind  the  subject  in  your  mental  mill,  so 
that  when   I  come  I   may  know  your  judgment  in  the  matter." 

Enclosed  was  a  draft  of  a  faculty  for  the  Chicago  Eclectic  Medical  College, 
which  was  as  follows: 

A.  L.  Clark,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Civil  and  Military  Surgery  and  Surgical 
Diseases. 

Milton  Jay,    M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

H.    C.    French,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Physiology  and  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

H.    D.    Garrison,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Pharmacy  and  Toxicology. 

H.    K.    Whitford,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women. 

Before  the  matter,  however,  took  definite  form,  some  hitherto  unthought-of 
characters  entered  the  stage  in  the  persons  of  Drs.  John  Foreman  and  Robert 
A.    Gunn,    and  the  first  faculty  was  finally  constructed  as  follows: 

Robert  A.    Gunn,    M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery, 

H.    K.    Whitford,    M.  D.,  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

H.    D.    Garrison,    M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology. 

A.    L.    Clark,    M.  D.,    Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of   Women. 


!38 


BENNETT  MEDICAL    COLLEGE, 


John  Foreman,    M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 
Hayes  C.    French,    M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology. 
J.    F.    Cook,    M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica. 

FIRST    COURSE    OF    LECTURES    (1869-1870). 

For  the  first  course  of  lectures  rooms  were  secured  on  Kinzie  Street,  near 
the  corner  of  La  Salle.  Announcements  were  published  and  distributed  and  the 
faculty  was  rewarded  by  a  class  of  thirty  students,  the  arrangements  having  all 
been  made  in  the  space  of    four  months.      The    inaugural  address  was  given  by 

Professor  J.  F.  Cook  on  the  evening  of  the  first  day 
of  November,  1868,  and  the  course  of  lectures  com- 
menced the  next  day. 

At  the  close  of  the  session  the  following  persons, 
having  been  found  thoroughl}'  qualified  and  entitled 
to  the  same,  received  the  degrees  and  diploma  of 
the  college  :  John  Angus  Ross,  J.  W.  Richardson, 
Alexander  McRae,  B.  F.  Stevens,  Thomas  M.  Hig:- 

o 

gins,    Mrs.    Clara    S.    Higgins,    Elias    W.    Stevens, 

Samuel  B.  Norton,  Linn  A.  Kelly,  Charles  Luetzel- 
^    i^' '^r  "^i^  Jll'  E^  Schwab.      At  this  session  there  were  also  conferred 

li     ^,  Ji,  .nS,  ,8-1,  P  .[^i   Eundciu    degrees    upon   Thomas    R.    Mclnnes, 

Franklin    Chavett,     G.    T.    Manning    and    Edward 

Brown. 

CHARTER    (IRANTED. 

During  the  Winter  of  1868-69,  to  the  Legislature 

of  the  State,  being  then  in  session,  application  was 

1  r     L^^^^J^^^""  _    -^      made  for  a  charter,  which  was  granted  and  approved 

dr'      _=.^=^=^=^'^^^PV  '  March   25,   1869,  by  John  M.    Palmer,  at  that  time 

governor.  This  instrument  named  L.  S.  Major, 
W.  D.  Atchison,  H.  C-  French,  H.  D.  Garrison, 
William  M.  Dale,  H.  K.  Whitford,  A.  L.  Clark, 
John  Foreman,  M.  R.  Teegarden,  R.  A.  Gunn,  A.  L.  Brown  and  J.  F.  Cook 
and  their  successors,  constituting  them  a  body  politic  and  corporate  by  the 
name  of  "The  Bennett  College  of  Eclectic  Medicine  and  Surgery."  L.  S.  Major 
was  chosen  as  the  first  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  a  position  which  he 
occupied  until  the  Spring  of  1872,  when  A.  L.  Clark  was  elected  to  the  position, 
which  he  has  occupied  continuously  to  the  present  day. 

The  success  of  this  first  term  of  lectures  exceeded  the  anticipations  of  the 
trustees  and  faculty,  but  the  location  which  they  had  thus  far  occupied,  in  its 
obscurity  and  unpleasant  surroundings,  was  not  satisfactory.  During  the  following 
Summer  they  rented  the  two  upper  floors  of  a  marble  front  building  at  No.   180 


THE    BUILDING    OF    if 


BENNETT   MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


239 


East  Washington  Street,  where  the  surroundings  were  pleasant  and  even  attractive 
and  the  rooms  fitted  up  tastefully  and  neatly.  Before  the  opening  of  this  term 
a  change  was  made  in  the  faculty  by  the  resignation  of  Drs.  Foreman  and 
French  and  the  substitution  in  their  places  of  Drs.  H.  N.  Young  and  Milton  Jay, 
and  the  number  was  increased  by  the  acquisition  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Davis,  Dr.  Henry 
Olin  and  George  C.  Christian,  LL.D.,  lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

COMING    OF    THE    GREAT    FIRE. 

In  these  new  quarters  the  lectures  of  the  course  for    1869-70  were  held  with 
very  satisfactory  results.      Three  days,  however,  after  the  first  lecture  of  the  course 


AFTER   THE    FIRE. 


for  1871-72  was  begun  that  historical  calamity,  the  Great  Chicago  Fire,  occurred, 
and  as  the  college  building  stood  near  the  center  of  the  path  of  this  conflagration, 
it  constituted  no  exception  to  the  rule,  but  in  a  few  hours  was  reduced  to  a 
shapeless  mass  of  stone  and  brick.  Everything  that  the  college  possessed  was 
destroyed.  The  nucleus  of  a  museum  and  library,  of  course,  went  in  the 
conflagration,  a  loss  great  only  in  the  impossibility  of  replacing  by  duplicates 
some  of  the  specimens  there  stored.  The  offices  of  the  entire  faculty,  with  but 
one  solitary  exception,  were  with  their  contents  burned,  including  libraries  and 
instruments.      A  large  class    was    in    attendance  with  no  accomodations,    but  the 


240 


BENNETT  iMEDICAL    COLLEGE 


shock  was  only  momentary;  the  spirit  of  reconstruction  which  pervaded  the  entire 
population  of  Chicago  filled  the  hearts  of  the  faculty,  and  within  a  week  rooms 
were  rented  and  lectures  again  commenced.  The  building  now  occupied  stood 
at  the  southeast  corner  of  Twenty-second  and  State  streets,  but  its  occupancy 
was  for  only  a  month,  at  which  time  a  building  was  purchased  at  No.  461  South 
Clark  Street,    to  which  the  entire  belongings  of  the  college  were  removed. 

FIRST    PERMANENT    BUILDING. 

For  the  first  time  in  its    existence  the  college  now  occupied  its  own  building, 
and  this  change,  as  in  other  affairs  of    men,    brought  with  it  a  certain  degree  of 

independence  and  increased  patronage.  The 
classes  grew  in  numbers  until  the  halls  be- 
came too  small  for  their  accommodation  and 
a  change  was  a  necessity.  It  was  decided 
to  sell,  and  purchase  the  lots  Nos.  5 1 1  and 
513  State  Street.  Work  was  immediately 
commenced  and  continued  during  the  Win- 
ter of  i<S74-75,  and  the  Spring  of  1875  saw 
completed  a  large  and  commodious  building 
which,  then,  was  thought  by  the  trustees  to 
be  sufficient  and  satisfactory  for  all  time  to 
come. 


"4)*"f-' 


THE    HOSPITAL. 

In  the  year  1877,  to  faciliate  the  study 
of  clinical  medicine,  it  was  decided  to  erect 
in  the  rear  of  the  college  building  a  hospital 
with  facilities  for  the  treatment  of  from  thirty 
to  forty  patients.  In  this  manner  all  the 
major  and  minor  operations  of  surgery  were 
made  accessible  easily  to  the  students. 

Up  to  the  year  1877  two  courses  of  lec- 
tures were  held  yearly,  at  the  close  of  which 
those  students  found  worthy  received  their  degrees.  These  courses  of  lectures 
ranged  in  length  from  sixteen  to  twenty-two  weeks.  With  the  commencement  of 
the  session  for  1879-80  the  term  was  lengthened  to  six  calendar  months,  and  from 
this  time  forward  but  one  course  of  lectures  has  been  held  yearly. 

THE    WEST    SIDE    BUILDINGS. 

In  the  Spring  of  1889  it  was  decided  to  sell  the  college  upon  State  Street 
and  remove  to  the  corner  of  Ada  and  Fulton  streets  upon  the  West  Side,  in 
order  to  have  better  clinical  facilities  for  the  study  of  medicine,  and  that  in  the 


FIRST    PERMANENT    BUILDING. 


BENNETT  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


?4i 


new  building  to  be  erected  greater  conveniences  for  a  medical  college  might  be 
secured.  The  twenty-second  year  of  the  existence  of  the  college  was  therefore 
signalized  by  a  movement  to  its  present  location.  The  building  there  erected 
contains  all  the  conveniences  of  the  modern  medical  college,  and  has  two  large 
amphitheaters  capable  of  seating  over  two  hundred  students,  clinical  rooms, 
chemical  and  physiological  laboratory,  drug  room,  janitor's  room  and  office  for 
the  registrar.  Here  at  the  daily  clinics  held  by  various  members  of  the 
faculty  are  treated  each  year  several  hundred  patients.  With  the  exception  of 
two   or   three    years,  the    policy  of    the  school    has    been    one  of    co-education  of 


BENNETT    MEDICAL    COLLEGE    AND    HOSPITAL. 


the  sexes,  and  accordingly  ladies  have  been  admitted  upon  the  same  footing  as 
gentlemen,  and  quite  a  number  of  the  brightest  graduates  of  the  college  have 
been  women.  Connected  with  the  present  building  is  a  capacious  and  well- 
arranged  hospital  capable  of  accommodating  thirty  or  forty  patients,  in  which 
are  constantly  under  treatment  cases  of  interest. 

THE     PRESENT     FACULTY. 

The  first  faculty  consisted,  as  we  have  seen,  of  but  seven  names — the 
present  of  twenty-four  professors  and  eight  assistants.  The  present  faculty 
contains  the  names  of: 

Anson  L.  Clark,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Dean,  Professor  of  the  Surgical  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Clinical  Gynecology. 


242  BENNETT   MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

E.  F.  Buecking,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery 
and  Clinical  Surgery. 

H.    K.    Whitford,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of   Medicine. 

Oscar  O.    Baines,    M.    D..    Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

H.  S.  Tucker,    A.   M.,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Orificial  Surgery. 

J.    B.    McFatrich,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology. 

George  McFatrich,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Ophthalmology  and  Otology. 

E.  M.  Reading,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Respiratory,  Cir- 
culator}' and  Nervous  System. 

Finley  Ellingwood,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Renal  Diseases. 

E.  J.  Farnum,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery. 
J.  B.  Stevens,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children  and  Clinical  Medicine. 

F.  E.    Thornton,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 
Samuel  Fallows,    A.    M.,    D.    D.,    Professor  of  Mental  Physiology. 

A.    L.    Willard,   M.   D.,    Professor  of  Osteology,    Dislocations  and  Fractures. 

N.    A.    Graves,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Chemistry. 

Arthur  Weir  Smith,   A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Registrar,    Professor  of  Materia  Medica. 

W.    E.    Kinnett,    M.   D.,    Professor  of  Therapeutics. 

H.    E.    Whitford,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Venereal  Diseases. 

H.    H.    Latimer,    M.    D.,    Professor   of   Dermatology. 

Howard  N.    Lyon,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Histology  and  Microscopy. 

A.   W.    Strong,    LL.   D.,    Professor  of   Medical    Jurisprudence    and    Insanity. 

W.    H.    Hipps,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Rhinology  and  Laryngology. 

A.  L.  Freund,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Minor  Surgery  and  Life  Insurance 
Examinations. 

H.    P.    Pratt,    M.    D.,    Professor  of    Electro-Therapeutics. 

Arthur  H.  Reading,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Diseases  of  the  Respiratory,  Circu- 
latory and  Nervous  System. 

Jessie  G.    Forrester,    M.    D.,    Assistant  in  Gynecology. 

J.    C.    Delprat,    M.   D.,    Assistant  in  Surgery. 

J.    Frank  Hubert,    M.    D.,    Assistant  in  Venereal  Diseases. 

N.    A.    Graves,    M.    D.,    Demonstrator  in  Analytical  Chemistry. 

M.    N.  Eberhart,    M.    D.,  Assistant  in  Anatomy. 

W.    T.    Eckley,    M.  D.,    Demonstrator  of    Anatomy. 

F.   A.  Winslow,    M.  D.,    Assistant  in  Electro-Therapeutics. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


ANSON    LUMAN    CLARK,    A.   M.,    M.   D. 

Fortunate  indeed  is  the  man  of  sturdy  ancestors,  and  doubly  fortunate  if 
the  record  of  their  hves  has  been  so  preserved  that  it  is  an  ever-present 
inspiration   for  those  who  stand  for  the    family  tree. 

The  name  Clark  is  not  uncommon  and  in  the  earlier  centuries  was  gener- 
ally written  with  an  e;  however,  two  or  three  generations  ago  in  the  family 
of  this  subject  the  final  e  was  dropped,  exactly  when  or  by  whom  is  not 
known.  ....:■ 

But  however  the  name  is  spelled,  those  who  bear  it  come  from  substantial 
English  stock — sturdy  physically,  intellectually  and  morally,  and,  as  the  biblical 
assertion  is  true  that  the  sins  of  the  father  are  visited  upon  the  children,  so  it 
is  a  comforting  fact  that    the  virtues  also  descend  indefinitely.         • 

Dr.  Clark  traces  his  ancestry  from  John  Clark,  Jr.,  born  in  England  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1 54 1,  and  married  to  Catherine  Cook,  The  wife  and  mother  died  on  the 
twenty-seventh  of  March,  1598,  and  eight  days  later  passed  away  the  husband 
and  father. 

Being  born  on  the  eighth  of  October,  1609,  the  John  Clark  who  descended 
from  this  family  was  eleven  years  of  age  when  Plymouth  was  founded  by  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers.  When  he  was  old  enough  to  emigrate  to  America  for  con- 
science' sake,    he  cast  his  lot  with  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 

It  was  during  the  year  of  1636  that  Roger  Williams  was  banished  by  the 
Colonial  authorities  because  of  his  anti-Puritanic  doctrines  and,  braving  savages 
in  an  unknown  wilderness,  founded  that  colony  of  Rhode  Island  whose  consti- 
tution decreed  absolute  liberty  of  conscience  and  the  complete  separation  of 
Church  and  State.  In  1637,  the  succeeding  year,  John  Clark,  who  was  a  fol- 
lower of  Anne  Hutchinson,  was  also  banished  to  Rhode  Island  and  took  his 
place  in  the  ranks  of  that  brave  little  band  whose  members  built  their  huts 
around  the  shores  of  Narragansett  Bay  and  every  one  of  whom  has  gone  into 
history.  Later  the  descendants  of  this  pioneer  founded  Clarksburg,  Mass.,  a 
few  miles  from   the  Vermont  State   line  as  now  established. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  Clarks  were  among  the  fathers  of  New 
England.  Almost  at  the  birth  of  the  country  they  were  planting  homes,  rearing 
families  and  conducting  themselves  as  fearless,  honest  Anglo-Saxons  should  live. 

243 


244  BENNETT  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

For  more  than  two  centuries  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  were  the 
scenes  of  their  labors,  Dr.  Clark  himself  being  born  on  the  twelfth  of  October, 
1836,  in  that  Clarksburg  which  his  ancestors  had  founded.  Thomas  Skeels 
Clark,  his  father,  although  he  had  received  but  a  common  school  education,  was 
a  man  of  more  than  ordinarily  studious  habits,  and  thus  had  in  store  a  fund 
of  information  which  was  a  constant  stimulus  to  his  son  Anson  as  he  approached 
youth  and  early  manhood.  His  mother,  Almeda  Ketchum,  had  also  acquired  a 
good  education,    having  in  her  early  life  been  a  teacher. 

In  both  of  his  parents,  therefore,  he  had  the  best  of  incentives  to  make 
the  most  of  his  opportunities  and  of  himself.  From  them  he  inherited  a  good 
constitution,  ability  and  determination,  and  had  in  them  living  examples  of 
intelligently  directed  efforts  in  the  formation  of  sturdy  character. 

In  May,  1841,  Mr.  Clark  and  his  family  moved  from  Clarksburg  to  Illinois, 
settling  in  the  township  of  Palatine,  Cook  County.  He  had  purchased  a  farm 
and,  being  of  a  mechanical  turn,  he  also  built  a  shop,  in  which  he  repaired 
anything  from  a  watch  to  a  thrashing  machine.  As  the  country  was  then  new 
and  mechanics  very  scarce  he  thus  added  not  a  little  to  his  income.  Mr. 
Clark  lived  for  forty  years  in  his  adopted  State,  dying  in  1881  at  the  age  of 
seventy-two.  His  wife  survives  him,  being  eighty  years  of  age  and  in  the  perfect 
possession  of  all  her  faculties. 

After  passing  through  the  common  schools  Anson  obtained  a  collegiate 
education  at  Lombard  University,  Galesburg,  111.,  graduating  with  the  degree 
of  A.  B.  and  later  A.  M.  In  February,  1861,  he  was  enabled  to  add  an  M.  D. 
to  his  name,  having  completed  his  studies  at  the  Eclectic  Medical  Institute, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  During  his  school  days  Dr.  Clark  evinced  the  same  determi- 
nation which  has  marked  his  entire  career,  being  obliged  to  teach  as  a  means  of 
completing  his  education,  both  as  a  collegiate  and  a  medical  student. 

Graduating  in  medicine,  he  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  early  in 
the  Spring  of  1861,  locating  at  Franklin  Grove,  III.,  but  finding  that  he  could  im- 
prove his  position  he  moved  to  Elgm,  111.,  in  May,  1861.  Soon  afterward,  being 
appointed  First  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-Seventh 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  he  entered  the  service,  remaining  until  the  close  of 
the  war,  when  he  returned  to  Elgin,  where  he  has  since  resided,  a  leading 
practitioner  and  a  prominent  citizen.  Naturally  Dr.  Clark  has  been  for  years 
a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  having  repeatedly  served  as 
Post  Surgeon  of  Veteran  Post  No.  49.  He  is  also  connected  with  the  Loyal 
Legion  Commandery  of  Illinois,  joining  that  organization  in  1891,  and  is  a 
member  of   the  Century  Club,    Elgin. 

Dr.  Clark  is  a  Mason  of  long  standing,  having  for  several  years  been 
Master  of  Elgin  Lodge  No.  117  and  Eminent  Commander  of  Bethel  Com- 
mandery at  Elgin. 


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I 


BENNETT  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  247 

In  politics  he  has  been  a  Repubhcan  since  the  organization  of  the  party 
and,  notwithstanding  the  arduous  duties  of  his  profession,  has  found  time  to  so 
advance  its  interests  that  he  has  been  honored  with  a  seat  in  the  State 
Assembly,  serving  in  the   Lower  House   for  the  XXVII   Session   (1871). 

The  practical  interest  which  he  has  always  taken  in  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion has  been  recognized  by  the  citizens  of  Elgin,  he  having  been  for  some 
time  a  member  of  its  Board  of  Education  and  elected  President  thereof  for  five 
consecutive  years,  beginning  with  1889.  The  pressure  of  business  and  profes- 
sional duties  then  compelled  him  to  decline    further  service. 

Dr.  Clark's  connection  with  those  organizations  which  are  directly  associated 
with  his  profession  is  wide  and  intimate  and  in  keeping  with  his  usual  activity 
and  earnestness.  At  its  organization  in  1867  he  joined  the  State  Eclectic 
Medical  Society  and  has  been  prominent  in  its   councils  ever  since. 

In  1868  he  was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  organization  of  the  Ben- 
nett College  of  Eclectic  Medicine  and  Surgery  and  has  been  continuously 
connected  with  that  institution,  having  from  the  first  held  the  chair  of  Obstetrics 
and  Gynecology,  or  that  of  G3'necology.  Since  1872  he  has  served  as  President 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  which  fact  speaks  for  itself  as  to  his  standing  in  the 
profession. 

To  this  it  may  be  added  that  Dr.  Clark  has  been  prominently  identified 
with  the  National  Eclectic  Medical  Association  since  its  organization  in  1870, 
having  served  as  its  President. 

Dr.  Clark's  success  as  a  practitioner  has  enabled  him,  during  the  late  years 
of  his  career,  to  become  quite  an  extensive  traveler,  and  both  as  a  recreation 
and  as  a  means  of  self-culture  he  has  derived  that  benefit  which  comes  to 
intelligent  and  educated  observers.  Like  a  sensible  man  he  first  became 
acquainted  with  his  own  country,  having  virtually  introduced  himself  to  all  of 
the  United  States,  except  Maine,  Florida,  Oregon  and  Washington.  In  1891  he 
made  a  tour  of  Ireland,  England,  France,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Germany  and 
Belgium,  his  last  trip  covering  a  portion  of  Spain,  Southern  Italy,  Egypt, 
Palestine,  Turkey  and    Greece. 

In  accord  with  those  liberal  views  which  he  perhaps  inherited  from  his 
ancestors  of  the  seventeenth  century  who  were  banished  with  Roger  Williams 
from  Massachusetts  to  Rhode  Island,  Dr.  Clark  has  always  been  a  Univer- 
salist;  and  to  be  a  Universalist.  even  as  late  as  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago, 
required  real  acumen  and  moral  bravery.  He  is  a  member  and  one  of  the 
trustees  of  the  First  Universalist  Church  at  Elgin,  and  is  as  firm  in  his  faith  as 
he  is  in  his  politics,  his  professional  ethics,  his  Masonry  and  in  every  other 
field  which  he  has  entered  as  a  portion  of    his  life-work. 

Considering  the  range  and  results  of  that  work,  it  is  almost  needless  to 
say  that  Dr.  Clark  has,  as  a  rule,  enjoyed  good  health  and  possesses  a  physique 


248  BENNETT  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

which,  in  all  probability,  will  not  impair  his  great  usefulness  for  years  to  come. 
He  is  above  the  average  height  and  weight  and  shows  his  good  English  blood, 
with   the  added  energy  of  a  typical  American. 

Dr.  Clark  was  married  in  August,  1858,  to  Miss  Phoebe  J.  Lemon,  of 
Metamora,  111.,  the  fruits  of  their  union  being  two  sons,  Otis  Ainsworth  and 
Percival  Lemon  Clark,  and  a  daughter  who  died  in  infancy.  He  lost  his  first 
wife  in  1868,  and  of  the  two  sons  Otis  A.  died  in  1873  at  the  age  of  eighteen. 
In  1873  Dr.  Clark  was  again  married  to  Miss  Mary  Frances  Dunton,  his  present 
wife,  who  has  had  no  children. 


EDWARD    JAMES    FARNUM,    M.   D. 

With  the  progress  of  scientific  thought  the  field  of  medicine  has  so  broad- 
ened and  the  requirements  for  success  have  become  so  high  that  the  most 
far-seeing  of  practitioners  now  invariably  adopt  certain  specialties  and  confine 
their  activities  strictly  to  their  several  provinces.  Dr.  Farnum's  specialty  is 
surgery,  and  to  that  he  is  devoting  all  his  energies  and  abilities  with  well- 
merited  success.  Although  still  comparatively  a  young  man,  he  stands  high  in 
the  profession,  as  a  mere  enumeration  of  the  posts  of  honor  which  he  now 
occupies  will  conclusively  prove.  At  present  he  is  Professor  of  Orthopedic  and 
Clinical  Surgery  in  his  Alma  Mater,  Bennett  College;  Attending  Surgeon  to 
Cook  County  Hospital  (since  1892),  where  he  holds  a  general  surgical  clinic 
every  week;  Surgeon  to  Bennett  Hospital;  Surgeon-in-Chief  to  the  Post-Grad- 
uate  Policlinic  of  Eclectic  Medicine  and  Surgery,  of  which  institution  he  was 
the  founder;  Surgeon  to  the  Willie  Hipp  Hospital,  established  for  the  treat- 
ment of  children's  diseases;  Surgeon  to  the  Humboldt  Park  Sanitarium  and 
Grand  Medical  Examiner  of  the  Switchmen's  Mutual  Accident  Association  of 
North  America.  Dr.  Farnum  is  also  Vice-President  of  the  State  Eclectic 
Society,  and  a  member  of  the  National  Eclectic  Association  and  the  Illinois 
State  and  the  Chicago  Medical  societies.  Further,  he  is  a  Past  Master  Mason 
of  Ashlar  Lodge,  a  member  of  Oriental  Consistory  32",  A.  A.  S.  R.  and  an 
official  of  the  latter  body. 

Dr.  Farnum's  father,  Henry  James  Farnum,  comes  of  a  substantial  Scotch 
family,  and  his  mother,  Elizabeth  Shell,  is  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  old 
Dutch  families  of  New  York  State.  In  1838  his  parents  removed  from  the 
Empire  State  to  Sauk  County,  Wis.,  where  he  was  born  in  1861.  There  were 
three  children  in  the  family,  and  here  on  a  farm  lived  the  son,  Edward  James 
Farnum,  up  to  the  period  of  early  manhood.  In  common  with  boys  so  situ- 
ated, he  enjoyed  a  healthful  life,  composed  of  about  equal  parts  of  district 
schooling    and    light    work,   and    in    due    time    was    sent    to    the    Baraboo  high 


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I 


BENNETT  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  251 

school,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1879.  He  still  continued  his  farm  labors, 
but  during  the  Summer  following  his  graduation  took  a  prospecting  trip  through 
Dakota,  Montana,  Colorado  and  Nebraska.  The  youth  returned,  however,  to 
his  old  home,  where  he  taught  school  for  three  years,  continuing  his  studies  in 
botany,  geology  and  zoology,  for  which  he  had  always  had  a  great  passion. 
He  not  only  studied,  but  made  valuable  collections  and  not  a  few  scientific 
investigations  along  quite  original  lines. 

In  1882,  when  of  age.  Dr.  Farnum  married  Anna  S.  Lanich,  living  for 
some  two  years  on  the  old  homestead  occupied  in  study  and  teaching.  In 
1884  he  removed  to  Madison  to  enter  the  scientific  department  of  the  State 
University,  but  upon  the  death  of  his  wife  during  the  succeeding  year  he 
determined  upon  the  study  of  medicine.  Graduating  from  Bennett  College  in 
1889  Dr.  Farnum  at  once  entered  into  practice,  and  has  now  a  business  and 
a  reputation  which  might  be  the  pride  of  one  who  has  seen  thrice  his  length 
of  professional  service.  His  progress  has  been  uninterrupted  both  as  a  practi- 
tioner and  a  professional  teacher.  Irrespective  of  school  distinctions,  his  fellow 
surgeons  also  often  call  upon  him  either  in  consultation  or  to  operate,  and  his 
clinics  at  the  County  Hospital  are  acknowledged  by  all  to  be  of  intense  interest 
and  full  of  instruction.  Bennett  Medical  College  stands  now  among  the  leading 
eclectic  medical  institutions  of  the  country,  and  Dr.  Farnum  has  done  much 
to  bring  it  to  that  position.  He  has  been  Manager  and  Resident  Physician  of 
Bennett  Hospital,  and  for  a  number  of  years  has  delivered  two  lectures  and 
conducted  one  public  clinic  per  week  throughout  each  collegiate  season. 

Of  commanding  personal  presence,  courteous  and  refined,  Dr.  Farnum 
impresses  all  as  being  a  man  of  determination  and  remarkable  balance  of 
character.  That  such  is  the  fact  is  evident  from  his  short  but  brilliant  career 
in  Chicago,  and  as  he  is  still  a  young  man  it  is  safe  to  predict  even  higher 
honors  in  store  for  him  than  those  which  he  has  already    earned. 


SARAH    J.    HOGAN,    M.  D. 

One  of  the  most  honored  graduates  of  the  Bennett  College  and  practi- 
tioners of  the  eclectic  school  is  Dr.  Sarah  J.  Hogan,  an  English  lady  by  birth. 
She  received  a  thorough  education  in  a  private  seminary,  and  as  her  family 
was  of  a  long  line  of  Episcopalians,  from  early  childhood  she  was  practically 
interested  in  missionary  work.  At  nine  years  of  age  she  read  the  Scriptures 
daily  at  the  home  of  an  aged  couple,  and,  as  she  says,  "their  happy  faces 
still  remain  photographed  on  her  mind,"  through  an  eventful  life  and  in  the 
midst  of  a  busy  practice  in  the  great  city  of   her  adoption. 


2  53  BENNEir   MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

In  company  with  her  eldest  brother,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  for  two 
years,  she  visited  points  of  historic  and  picturesque  interest  in  England,  Scot- 
land and  France,  finally  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  after  a  tour  through 
the  East  settling  in  Missouri.  Buchanan  was  at  this  time  president  of  the 
United  States,  and  Dr.  Hogan  had  become  so  attached  to  the  country  that 
when  business  called  her  brother  to  his  home  in  Chatham,  New  Brunswick, 
she  decided  to  become  a  resident  of  the  States.  She  had  formed  friendships 
both  pleasant  and  profitable,  among  the  most  valued  being  that  of  Dr.  Corning, 
with    whom    she    first     systematically  took  up  the  study  of    her    profession. 

After  being  thus  employed  for  a  year,  in  1859  she  started  on  a  visit  to 
the  Lake  Superior  region  in  the  vicinity  of  Marquette.  On  the  way  thither 
she  fell  in  with  an  old  lady  and  gentleman  from  Cincinnati,  O.,  who  were 
traveling  to  the  same  destination.  The  acquaintance  thus  formed  soon  devel- 
oped into  friendship,  and  the  aged  couple  took  such  a  deep  interest  in  Dr. 
Hogan  as  to  immediately  bring  considerable  professional  business  to  her. 
Physicians  were  -scarce  in  the  Marquette  region  at  this  time,  and  success 
crowned  her   able   efforts  to  establish  herself   in  practice  there. 

Her  subsequent  career  is  best  told  in  her  own  words:  "Here  (at  Marquette, 
Mich.)  Dr.  St.  Clair  was  a  powerful  ally  of  mine,  being  a  good,  true  and  noble 
man.  When  Lincoln  was  brought  forward  for  President,  I  was  a  political 
enthusiast.  Mrs.  Gay,  with  whom  I  made  my  home,  did  not  approve  of 
politics  in  the  gentler  sex.  She  had  read  'Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,'  but  had  not 
seen  the  negro  on  the  auction  block  as  I   had. 

"Well,  I  hurrahed  for  Lincoln.  He  was  elected,  nmch  to  the  chagrin  of 
the  opposite  party. 

"During  the  July  after  the  war  broke  out  I  went  to  New  York  so  that 
I  could  receive  news  from  the  seat  of  war  more  promptly.  In  1863  I  opened 
a  drug  store  in  conjunction  with  the  manufacture  of  perfumes  and  cosmetics, 
continuing  also  the  practice  of  medicine. 

"In  1869  I  married  James  P.  Hogan,  who.. was  then  first  officer  in  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company,  and  at  his  earnest  solicitation  I  gave  up 
my  business  career.  In  1872  we  removed  to  Buffalo  and  subsequently  to  Toledo 
and  Chicago.      In   1881    my  husband  died,    after  an  illness  of    two  years. 

' '  It  was  then  that  I  decided  to  take  up  medicine  again.  Through  the 
assistance  of  a  friend  I  was  enabled  to  finish  my  college  course,  and  took  my 
diploma  from  the  Bennett  Medical  College  in    1886." 

To  the  above  it  should  be  added  .that  Dr.  Hogan  stands  in  high  favor 
with  the  faculty  and  alumni  of  her  Alma  Mater.  She  has  been  elected  Vice- 
President  of  the  local  society  for  two  successive  years,  by  acclamation,  having 
also  served  as  Vice-President  of    the  alumni  society  for  the  past  year. 


i 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSni'  WOMAN'S 

MEDICAL  SCHOOL 


History  of  the  Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical  School 


By  marie  j.  mergler,  m.  d. 


FOUNDERS   OF   THE    SCHOOL. 

This  school  was  organized  in  1870.  Like  other  institutions  of  the  kind, 
there  were  numerous  conditions  which  combined  to  call  it  into  existence,  but 
it  is  very  evident  that  the  strong  desire  on  the  part  of  a  few  women  to 
obtain  a  thorough  medical  education  was  the  mainspring  in  the  original  attempt 
which  resulted  in  its  final  establishment. 

As  early  as  1852  Emily  Blackwell  attended  one  course  of  lectures  in  Rush 
A-Iedical  College;  she  was  denied  entrance  a  second  year  and  finally  graduated 
at  a  Cleveland  institution.  We  have  no  record  of  all  the  circumstances  of  this 
case,  but,  referring  to  this  period,  the  late  Professor  Charles  Warrington  Earle 
said:  "This  much,  however,  is  known:  The  Illinois  State  Medical  Society, 
saturated  with  the  then  prevailing  prejudices  against  female  medical  education, 
censured  the  college  for  admitting  women  to  its  instruction.  *  *  *  A  few 
years  later  two  female  practitioners,  educated  in  the  East,  located  in  this  city 
for  a  short  time,  but  so  far  as  I  am  aware  no  students  received  instruction  or 
asked  for  it  in  their  ofhce. 

"At  about  the  same  time  Dr.  Mary  H.  Thompson  came  to  practice  among 
us,  and  shortly  afterward,  mainly  indebted  to  the  generous  assistance  of  Dr. 
Dyas  and  his  public-spirited  wife,  established  a  Hospital  for  Women  and  Chil- 
dren. This  soon  became  the  rendezvous  for  the  women  of  the  West,  who,  being 
denied  access  to  any  regular  college  in  this  region,  found  in  the  clinical  advan- 
tages of  the  hospital  their  nearest  approximation  to  an  institution  for  medical 
instruction.  Applications  were  continually  made  by  women  for  the  advantages 
of  an  education  in  some  regular  medical  school." 

Dr.  Mary  Thompson  herself  was  desirous  of  taking  an  advanced  course,  and 
realizing  that  the  hospital  advantages  alone  would  not  suffice  to  educate  regular 
practitioners,  she  applied  to  Rush  Medical  College  for  admission,  but  it  was 
refused  on  the  ground  of  "inconvenience."  One  or  two  years  passed  by,  and, 
as  women  still  applied  to  the  hospital  for  training,  Dr.  Thompson  again  sought 
admission  to   Rush  and  was  again  refused. 

255 


2  56      ■  WOMAN'S   MEDICAL   SCHOOL. 

In  the  meantime  Dr.  Thompson  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  late  Professor 
WilHam  H.  Byford,  who  was  then  on  the  faculty  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege. Having  learned  of  a  number  of  women  throughout  the  Northwest  who 
desired  a  thorough  medical  education,  he  at  once  promised  to  lay  the  matter 
before  his  faculty  and  to  give  it  his  support.  Shortly  before  the  opening  of  the 
term  the  faculty  agreed  to  admit  women,  but  in  the  meantime  most  of  the 
applicants  had  gone  East,  only  four  remaining.  These,  including  Dr.  Thompson, 
entered  the  college,  and  at  the  end  of  the   term  the    latter  received  a  diploma. 

Referring  to  this  time  we  again  quote  Professor  Earle:  "Although  the 
relations  of  the  ladies  and  gentlemen  as  students  had  always  been  dignified  and 
respectful,  the  male  members  of  the  class,  at  the  close  of  the  college  year,  sent 
to  the  faculty  a  formal  protest  against  the  admission  of  their  fair  visitors,  claim- 
ing that  certain  clinical  material  was  not  as  ready  in  coming  forward  and  that  cer- 
tain facts  and  observations  of  value  were  omitted  from  the  lectures  in  the  presence 
of  a  mixed  class." 

THE    COLLEGE    FOUNDED    (1870). 

Immediately  correspondence  sprang  up  between  Professor  Byford  and  Dr. 
Mary  H.  Thompson  in  regard  to  the  founding  of  a  new  college  for  the  exclusive 
education  of  women. 

A  faculty  composed  largely  of  physicians  connected  with  the  Hospital  for 
Women  and  Children  was  organized  under  the  name  of  Woman's  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College  of  Chicago,  and  a  board  of  trustees  composed  of  ladies  and  gentlemen 
friendly  to  female  education,  embracing  a  number  of  prominent  citizens,  was 
selected.  The  first  regular  course  of  lectures  was  delivered  in  the  building 
occupied  by  the  hospital  referred  to,  at  No.  402  North  Clark  Street.  The  ses- 
sion was  in  every  respect  a  greater  success  than  even  the  most  sanguine  friends 
of  the  movement  had  dared  to  hope. 

The  second  term  was  opened  on  the  third  of  October,  in  rooms  which  had 
been  fitted  up  at  Nos.  i  and  3  North  Clark  Street, ..when  the  great  fire  of  1871 
swept  away  the  college  and  all  its  material  possessions.  Though  three-fourths 
of  the  faculty  had  lost  their  homes,  offices  and  libraries,  they  convened  on  the 
tenth  of  October  and  decided  that  the  school  should  go  on. 

The  students  were  notified  and  the  lectures  resumed  at  No.  341  West 
Adams  Street.  The  hospital  had  been  re-established  at  No.  598  of  the  same 
street  and  the  college  moved  to  that  locality. 

ITS    OWN    BUILDING. 

In  1872  it  moved  again.  The  hospital  had,  in  the  meantime,  received 
$25,000  of  money  from  the  Relief  and  Aid  Society  in  consideration  of  certain 
medical  and  surgical  services  rendered  from  year  to  year,  and  had  established 
itself  on  the  corner  of  Adams  and  Paulina  streets.      On  its  rear  lot  there  was  a 


k 


WOMAN'S   MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  257 

little  barn,  the  use  of  which  was  kindly  and  gratuitously  granted  to  the  faculty. 
13,000  were  expended  in  converting  this  building  into  a  comfortable  and  mod- 
erately  convenient    Woman's    Medical   College. 

On  the  first  floor  was  a  small  lecture  room,  which  also  served  for  the 
purpose  of  library,  faculty  room  and  museum.  The  second  floor  was  used  for 
dissections.  Although  the  accommodations  were  scant  and  facilities  inadequate, 
the  classes  were  intelligent,  and  many  of  those  graduates  have  obtained  honorable 
and  lucrative  practice,  bringing  credit  upon  the  institution  and  inducing  others  to 
pursue  the  course. 

FACULTY     FOR     I  873- I  874. 

The  faculty  for  1873-74,  the  college  having  at  last  an  abiding  place  which 
might  be  called  its  own,  was  as  follows: 

W.  H.  Byford,  M.  D.,    President,    Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery  of  Women. 

W.  G.  Dyas,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

A.  Fisher,  M.  D.,  Professor  Emeritus  of  Surgery. 

Roswell  G.  Bogue,  M.  D.,  Treasurer  and  Professor  of  Surgery. 

T.  D.  Fitch,  M.  D.,  Secretary  and  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Women. 

E.  Marguerat,  M.  D.,  Professor  of    Obstetrics. 

Chas.  G.  Smith,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children. 

Mary  H.  Thompson,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Clinical  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Women. 

S.  C.  Blake,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System. 

G.  C.  Paoli,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics. 

S.  A.  McWilliams,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Chas.  W.  Earle,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology. 

A.  H.  Foster,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy  and  Operations  in 
Surgery. 

M.  Delafontaine,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

P.  S.  MacDonald,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

The  Clinical  Instructors  were:  W.  H.  Byford,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical 
Surgery  of  Women  at  the  Woman's  Hospital;  Mary  H.  Thompson,  M.  D., 
Clinical  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  at  Woman's 
Hospital;  Roswell  G.  Bogue,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Surgery  for  the  College 
and  Cook  County  Hospital;  T.  D.  Fitch,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  for  Cook  County  Hospital;  Chas.  G. 
Smith,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin  for  Cook  County 
Hospital;  S.  C.  Blake,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Nervous  Diseases  for  the 
College. 

Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College:  Erastus  O.  Havan,  D.  D.,  LL.D., 
Messrs.  E.  W.  Blatchford,  F.  B.  Gardner,  T.  M.  Avery,  J.  T.  Ryerson  and  Gilbert 


2  58  JVOAIAN'S   MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Hubbard,  Rev.  Robert  Collyer.  Rev.  J.  M.  Reid,  D.  D.,  Rev.  W.  H.  Ryder,  D.  D., 
Mesdames  M.  B.  Dyas  and  T.  C.  Hoag  and  Drs.  W.  G.  Dyas,  Roswell  G. 
Bogue,  G.  C.  Paoli,  T.  D.  Fitch,  E.  Marguerat  and  Mary  H.  Thompson. 

FACULTY    FOR     I  877- I  878. 

During  all  this  time  the  financial  risks  of  conducting  the  school  were  assumed 
by  the  faculty.  A  number  of  the  faculty,  who  were  anxious  that  the  school 
should  afford  better  opportunities  than  could  be  furnished  in  the  small  building 
then  occupied,  were  willing  to  venture  on  what  then  seemed  the  assumption  of 
a  great  financial  risk.  This,  together  with  some  differences  in  views,  led  to  the 
re-organization  of  the  faculty  which  now  (1877-78)  consisted  of: 

Wm.  H.  Byford,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  President  and  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

T.  Davis  Fitch,  M.  D.,  Secretary  and  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

Chas.  Warrington  Earle,  M.  D.,  Treasurer  and  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
Children. 

Isaac  N.  Danforth,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology. 

John  E.  Owens,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

Henry  M.  Lyman,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Medicine. 

Daniel  R.  Brower,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and 
Nervous  Diseases. 

Sarah  Hackett  Stevenson,  M.  D.,  Corresponding  Secretary  and  Professor  of 
Physiology. 

David  W.  Graham,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,   Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Plymmon  S.  Hayes,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

ANOTHER    COLLEGE    BUILDING. 

A  dwelling  house  was  purchased  and  converted  into  a  very  complete  college 
building.  This  building,  which  contained  two  Jimphitheaters,  a  comfortable 
dissecting  room  and  fairly  equipped  chemical  laboratory,  was  a  vast  improvement 
on  the  previous  accommodations  and,  indeed.  Professor  Byford  took  great  pride 
in  bringing  to  it  his  professional  friends. 

WOMEN    ADMITTED    TO    COMPETITIVE    EXAMINATIONS. 

In  the  Spring  of  1879  the  senior  class  of  the  Woman's  College  was  for  the 
first  time  invited  to  take  part  in  the  competitive  examinations  with  seniors  of 
the  Medical  College  for  men  for  positions  as  internes  in  the  Cook  County 
Hospital  and  Insane  Asylum.  In  the  examination  for  the  former  position  the 
women  passed  a  very  poor  examination  in  surgery,  their  instruction  in  that 
branch  having  been  very  rudimentary — but ,  in  the  examination  for  the  asylum 
the  three   women  who  applied  averaged  higher  than  the  seventeen  men.     There 


i 


IVOMAN'S   MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 


259 


IMPROVED  ACCOMMODATIONS. 


were  three  positions  to  be  assigned  in  the  asylum,  and  the  woman  who  had 
ranked  the  highest  was  notified  that  she  was  entitled  to  the  second  position, 
which,  however,  was  never  given  to  her  under  the  pretext  that  the  County 
Commissioners  would  not  ratify  the  recommendation  of  a  woman  to  such  a  place. 

This  class  now  made  a  very  energetic  effort  to 
secure  more  thorough  and  extensive  instruction  in 
surgery  for  future  classes,  although  the  students  of 
the  Woman's  College  were  told  that  future  attempts 
would  be  useless — a  woman  would  never  be  ap- 
pointed as  physician  in  the  public  institution. 

The  expressed  determination  on  the  part  of 
the  women  to  continue  to  compete  with  the  other 
schools  for  such  positions  had  a  very  salutary  effect 
on  the  curriculum.  In  1881  Dr.  Mary  Bates  really 
obtained  the  position  as  interne  in  Cook  County 
Hospital,  and  served  her  full  term  to  the  entire  satis- 
faction of  even  prejudiced  members  of  the  staff. 
Since  that  time  the  place  has  been  open  every  year, 
and  several  ladies  have  obtained  the  position  and 
served  the  full  term,  thus  proving  that  their  sex  does  not  debar  them  from  a 
province    once    considered    radically    unfit    for    them. 

THE    EDIFICE    OF     1 89O. 

Complete  as  the  new  building  seemed,  the  increasing  size  of  new  classes 
and  the  demand  for  better  opportunities  soon  necessitated  the  erection  of  tlie  new 
edifice,  which  was  completed  in  1890.  The  old  building  was  remodeled,  being 
used  chiefly  for  laboratory  and  dispensary  purposes,  and  was  connected  directly 
with  the  new  one.  The  latter  has  two  amphitheaters  with  a  seating  capacity 
each  of  one  hundred  and  fifty,  new  laboratories  and  many  additional  con- 
veniences. 

ALLIANCE    WITH    THE    NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY. 

With  the  change  that  had  taken  place  in  public  sentiment  concerning  the 
admission  of  women  to  higher  institutions  of  learning,  and  with  the  hioh  standino- 
which  the  school  itself  had  attained,  it  now  seemed  desirable  on  the  part  of  the 
Northwestern  University,  as  well  as  on  the  part  of  this  school,  that  the  two 
should  become  allied.  Indeed  this  question  had  been  considered  from  the  time 
of  the  organization  of  the  college,  and  had  been  from  time  to  time  discussed  in 
faculty  meetings  of  both  institutions;  it  now  was  seriously  taken  up,  and  in  1891 
the  college  was  made  a  department  of  the  university  and  assumed  the 
name  which  it  now  bears,  "Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical 
School. " 


26o  WOMAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

The  announcement  of  1892-93  contained  the  following  paragraphs:  "During 
the  year  of  1891-92  the  Woman's  Medical  School  of  Chicago  became  a  part  of 
the  Northwestern  University  and  is  now  under  its  control.  It  will  hereafter  be 
known  as  'Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical  School.'  It  is  conducted 
as  a  regular  school  of  medicine  for  the  education  of  women  only.  By  the  action 
of  the  university  authorities  the  former  graduates  of  the  Woman's  Medical  College 
have  been  made  alumnae  of  the  university. 

"This  union  of  the  Woman's  Medical  College  with  the  university  will  give 
to  the  students  of  this  school  access  to  the  extensive  physiological  and  pathological 
laboratories  now  being  erected  by  the  university.  These  laboratories  will  cost 
not  less  than  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  will  be  fully  equipped  and 
supervised  by  experts  in  each  department,  so  that  the  students  can  pursue 
original  investigation  in  special  branches  without  going  abroad.  The  faculty 
of    the    school    continues    as    heretofore." 

FINANCIAL    SUPPORT. 

The  financial  support,  from  the  time  of  its  organization  up  to  its  union  with 
the  university,  has  been  derived  from  the  earnings  of  the  school  itself,  i.e.,  the 
fees  obtained  from  students,  but  a  glance  at  the  number  of  matriculants  and  the 
fees  required  will  show  tliat  for  many  years  it  was  necessary  for  the  faculty  to 
assume  a  large  financial  responsibility,  which,  in  fact,  was  assumed  chiefly  by  its 
President,  Professor  Byford,  and  its  Treasurer,  Professor  Earle. 

In  1884  a  scholarship,  "The  Grace  Chandler  Scholarship,"  was  created. 
The  Woman's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Northwest  has  established 
a  perpetual  scholarship  in  this  school  for  the  education  of  medical  missionaries. 
The  money  for  this  purpose  was  given  by  Mrs.  Chandler,  of  Detroit,  Mich. 
Since  then  the  following  other  scholarships  for  the  education  of  missionaries 
have  been  added:  The  Northwestern  Branch  of  the  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  has  ..established  two  perpetual 
scholarships  in  this  school  for  the  education  of  medical  missionaries.  The  money 
for  this  purpose  was  bequeathed  by  Mrs.  Schofield  of  Elgin,  111.  The  Woman's 
Board  of  the  Interior  (of  the  Congregational  Church)  has  also  established  a 
scholarship  in  this  school  for  the  education  of  medical  missionaries.  The  money 
for  this  purpose  has  also  been  bequeathed  by  Mrs.  Schofield.  The  Woman's 
Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Southwest  has  also  recently  established  a 
scholarship. 

GROWTH    OF    THE    SCHOOL. 

The  school  was  opened  in  1870  with  seventeen  matriculants,  and  its  first 
graduating  class  numbered  three.  Since  that  time  classes  increased  in  size  from 
year  to  year.  In  1892-93  there  were  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  matriculants, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  year  its  alumnae  numbered  three    hundred  and  fifty. 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY    WOMAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL 
(Woman's   Medical   College  of   Chicagoj. 


WOjI/AN'S    medical    school.  263 

present  condition,  and  faculty  of   1 893-94. 

The  school  year  now  consists  of  seven  consecutive  months  and  instruction  is 
given  by  didactic  lectures,  recitations,  clinical  lectures  and  lessons  in  diagnosis, 
and  the  usual  practical  work  required  of   medical  students. 

Clinical  instruction  is  extensively  carried  on  in  the  Lincoln  Street  Dispensary, 
which  occupies  the  entire  floor  of  the  old  college  building.  Patients  are  treated 
throughout  the  year  and  the  cases  are  classified  according  to  their  diseases  and 
assigned  to  the  respective  clinics.  The  college  clinics  are  for  the  exclusive 
benefit  of  the  students  in  this  school,  and  afford  opportunity  for  the  practical 
study  of  cases  in  every  department  of  medicine. 

The  students  in  this  school  have  clinical  instruction  in  the  followmg  hospitals: 
Cook  County,  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children,  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary,  Wesley  Hospital  and  the  Woman's  Hospital  of   Chicago. 

The  alumnae  of  this  school  now  number  about  three  hundred  and  fifty. 
The  majority  are  doing  excellent  work  in  their  profession,  and  a  fair  proportion 
are  holding  positions  of  honor  and  trust  in  various  public  institutions. 

The  Faculty  of   1893-94  consisted  of: 

Henry  Wade  Rogers,  LL.D.,  President  of  the  University. 

Chas.  Warrington  Earle,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Dean,  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
Children. 

Isaac  N.  Danforth,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Renal  Diseases. 

Daniel  R.  Brower,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System. 

Sarah  Hackett  Stevenson,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

David  W.  Graham,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

Wm.  T.  Montgomery,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology. 

E.  Fletcher  Ingals,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Chest  and 
Throat. 

Marie  J.  Mergler,  M.  D.,  Secretary,  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

Eugene  S.  Talbot,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Dental  Surgery. 

Jerome  H.  Salisbury,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

Mary  H.  Thompson,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Gynecology  at  Hospital 
for  Woman  and  Children. 

Eliza  H.  Root,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Medical  Jurisprudence  and 
Clinical  Obste cries. 

Frank  Cary,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Practice  of  Medicine. 

Joseph  Zeisler,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Dermatology. 

Mary  A.  Mixer,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology. 

John  Edwin  Rhodes,  A.  M.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physical  Diagnosis  and 
Clinical  Medicine. 

Edwin  M.  Smith,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Instructor  in  Surgery. 


264  WOMAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Henry  T.  Byford,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Gynecology  at  Woman's 
Hospital,  Chicago. 

James  B.  Herrick,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Practice  of  Medicine  and 
Therapeutics. 

Rachel  Hickey-Carr,  M.  D.,  Professor  of   Histology. 

Ludwig  Plektoen,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of   Pathology. 

Frederick  C.  Shaeffer,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

G.  F.  Butler,  M.  D.,  Professor  of    Materia  Medica  and  Practical  Pharmacy. 

Albert  I.  Bouffleur,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Practical  Anatomy, 


I 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


WILLIAM  HEATH  BYFORD,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  (DECEASED). 

Of  the  notable  members  of  the  profession  which  the  West  has  given  to 
the  country  and  to  the  world,  none  occupy  a  higher  plane  than  the  late 
William  H.  Byford.  The  annals  of  medicine  and  of  surgery  now  generally 
recognize  an  American  System  of  Gynecology,  of  which  such  lights  as  Sims, 
Kimball,  Peaslee  and  Byford  were  the  fathers.  By  his  skill  in  practice,  by 
his  sympathy  for  the  suffering,  by  his  wisdom  in  counsel  and  by  his  profes- 
sional writings,  which  are  standard  and  find  a  place  on  the  shelves  of  every 
complete  medical  library  in  the  world,  Dr.  Byford  has  done  as  much  toward 
the  founding  of  this  system  as  any  physician  in  America. 

Although  he  enjoyed  a  long  and  broad  experience,  was  brought  in  contact 
with  all  classes,  and  ultimately  earned  for  himself  unusual  success,  both 
professionally  and  financially,  he  retained  to  the  last  a  generous  spirit  of  helpful- 
ness toward  those  who  were  struggling  for  a  foothold,  was  modest  and  yet 
impressive  in  his  manner,  and  entirely  free  from  that  modern  cant  of  flippant 
cynicism  and  pessimism.  Young  men  found  ever  in  him  a  counselor  and  a 
friend,   and    in  his  death   the  women  of   the  West  suffered    an  irreparable  loss. 

As  one  of  his  co-laborers  and  friends  once  said,  so  it  may  be  repeated  by 
all  who  have  ever  known  him:  "I  found  in  him  that  education  which  all 
colleges  aim  to  give,  but  which  they  so  frequently  fail  to  confer,  namely, 
mental  and  moral  power  which  he  could  use  in  the  every-day  work  of  life. 
Not  only  do  his  books  and  his  lectures  show  the  strength  of  his  mental  power, 
but  when  any  of  us  took  him  a  knotty  problem  or  a  difficult  case  we  were 
surprised  at  the  light  he  threw  upon  it  and  the  readiness  with  which  he 
cleared  up  its  intricacies.  I  found  in  him  a  moral  power  that  was  a  constant 
delight.  He  could  be  depended  upon  in  emergencies  requiring  strength  of 
character  as  well  as  of  intellect.  There  was  a  largeness  in  his  spiritual  caliber 
that  made  him  above  petty  jealousies.  His  heart  rejoiced  in  the  success  of 
others,    and  it  always  gladdened   him   to  help  them." 

It  is  evident  that  his  character  was  of  that  substantial,  healthful  and 
health-giving  fiber  which  is  typical  of  Anglo-Saxon  stock.  Dr.  Byford's  family 
having  been  traced  to  Suffolk,  one  of  those  eastern  countries  of  England  which 
look    across    the     North    Sea    toward    Holland.      His    parents,    Henry     T.    and 

265 


266  WOMAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Hannah  Byford,  were  residents  of  the  village  of  Eaton,  Ohio,  where  he  was 
born,  on  March  20,  18 17.  Being  a  mechanic  of  limited  means,  his  father,  in 
order  to  better  his  condition,  removed  first  to  New  Albany,  Ind.  and  then 
to  Hindostan,  in  the  same  State,  living  but  a  few  years  in  each  village.  At 
the  latter  place  the  father  died,  leaving  a  widow  and  three  children,  William, 
the  eldest,  then  being  in  his  ninth  year.  Having  attended  district  school  for 
three  or  four  years,  the  boy  had  made  considerable  progress  in  his  studies,  but 
the  death  of  his  father  forced  him  from  school  into  the  world  of  work  at  this 
early  age.  For  the  succeeding  six  years  he  did  whatever  he  could  to  assist 
his  mother  in  the  support  of  the  family,  their  residence  being  a  portion  of  the 
time  at  Hindostan  and  later  on  his  grandfather's  farm  in  Crawford  County, 
111.  In  his  sixteenth  year  it  was  decided  that  the  manly  boy  should  do  as  he 
desired — learn  a  trade,  as  his  father  had  done  before  him.  Setting  out  on 
foot  for  the  village  of  Palestine,  a  few  miles  from  the  farm,  he  reached  his 
destination  and  attempted,  without  success,  to  apprentice  himself  to  several 
blacksmiths.  He  finally  relinquished  his  inclination  to  become  a  worker  in  iron, 
and  made  an  arrangement  with  a  tailor  by  which  he  was  to  be  received  into 
the  family  as  an  apprentice,  provided  he  could  produce  a  testimonial  from  a 
Methodist  minister  in  his  neighborhood  that  he  was  "a  moral  and  industrious 
boy."  This  secured,  he  entered  heartily  into  the  work  of  mastering  his  trade, 
remaining  with  his  first  employer  as  long  as  he  continued  in  the  village  and 
finishing  a  full  term  of  apprenticeship  with  a  Vincennes  tailor. 

But,  as  is  very  often  the  case,  the  way  in  which  a  young  man  spends  the 
spare  moments  outside  of  his  regular  training  determines  the  direction  of  his 
later  career.  So  when  young  Byford,  ostensibly  bound  for  life  to  his  needle, 
shears  and  goose,  .  took  up  his  education  where  he  had  left  it,  some  years  ago, 
and  thoroughly  grounded  himself  in  his  native  tongue,  in  natural  history, 
physiology  and  chemistry — besides  acquiring  a  smattering  of  Latin,  Greek  and 
French — he  was  unconsciously  shaping  himself  for  a  higher  plane  of  action 
than  a  tailor's  table.  In  fact,  more  than  a  year"  before  the  expiration  of  his 
apprenticeship  at  Vincennes  he  had  determined  to  adopt  the  medical  profession, 
and,  under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  Joseph  Maddox,  of  that  city,  made  such  prog- 
ress in  his  studies  that  soon  after  his  term  of  service  was  ended  he  passed 
an  examination  before  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Board,  and  in  August,  1838, 
was  admitted  to  practice.  Two  years  later  Dr.  Byford  removed  from  Owens- 
ville,  where  he  had  commenced  his  practice,  to  Mount  Vernon,  Ind.,  and 
associated  himself  with  Dr.  Hezekiah  Holland,  whose  daughter,  Mary  Anne,  he 
married  during  October  of  that  year  (1840).  His  residence  of  a  decade  in 
Mount  Vernon  was  a  busy  period  of  his  life,  for  besides  handling  a  large  and 
(^rowing  practice,  in  which  his  skill  as  a  surgeon  was  becoming  more  and  more 
prominent,   he    took    a    course    at    the    Ohio    Medical    College,    from    which    he 


Msgjiir..'  cr  ^--'■'' 


/^  v/Zk/^ 


^ 


WOMAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  269 

received  a  regular  diploma  in  1845.  Two  years  later  he  made  his  first  contri- 
bution to  medical  literature,  in  his  account  of  two  Ccesarean  sections  which  he 
performed  in  1847.  This  paper  was  followed  by  other  contributions  to  standard 
periodicals,  which  established  his  intellectual  and  scientific  reputation  on  a 
much  broader  basis  than  that  of  private  practice. 

In  October,  1850,  the  Evansville  Medical  College  called  him  to  the  chair 
of  Anatomy  and  subsequently  to  that  of  Theory  and  Practice.  The  term  of 
his  professorship  expired  only  when  the  college  ceased  to  exist  in  1855,  and  in 
addition  to  performing  his  duties  as  instructor  he  acted  as  editor  of  a  medical 
publication  whose  reputation  was  far  more  than  local. 

When  the  American  Medical  Association  assembled  at  Nashville  in  May, 
1857,  Dr.  Byford  had  reached  such  a  high  standard  in  the  estimation  of  his 
professional  brethren  that  although  comparatively  but  a  young  man  he  was 
chosen  its  ViceT-'resident.  During  the  following  Autumn  he  was  called  by  Rush 
Medical  College  to  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Chil- 
dren, thus  finally  locating  in  the  city  to  whose  best  growth  he  was  to  con- 
tribute so  much  for  the  succeeding  third  of  a  centur}-.  In  1859,  having,  with 
several  associates,  founded  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  he  severed  his  con- 
nection with  Rush  Medical  College  and  for  twenty  years  occupied  in  the  new 
institution   the  same  chair  which   he  had  vacated  in  the   old. 

But  although  the  average  man  may  easily  dismiss  a  record  of  two  decades 
in  a  few  lines,  with  Dr.  B3'ford  this  jieriod  was  crowded  with  events,  momentous 
both  from  a  personal  and  public  standpoint.  In  1864,  while  busy  with  a  large 
and  growing  private  practice  in  his  special  field  of  Gynecology,  as  well  as  with 
his  duties  in  connection  with  the  professorship  of  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  cares  which  devolved  upon  him  as  husband  and  father, 
he  had  the  keen  misfortune  to  lose  the  helpmate  who  had  shared  his  burdens 
and  triumj^hs  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century.  It  was  also  during  this 
eventful  year  that  Dr.  Byford  published  his  first  book  and  the  first  medical 
work  ever  issued  by  a  Chicago  author,  its  title  being  "Chronic  Inflammation 
and  Displacements  of  the  Unimpregnated  Uterus."  Two  years  later  appeared 
his  large  work  on  the  "Practice  of  Medicine  Applied  to  Diseases  and  Accidents 
of  Women;"  in  1869  a  small  volume  for  general  use,  entitled  "The  Philosophy 
of  Domestic  Life,"  and  in  187..'  his  first  text-book  on  "Obstetrics."  His  later  works 
have  passed  through  several  editions.  Dr.  Byford's  editorial  connection  for 
many  years  with  the  Chicago  Medical  founial,  later  the  Chicago  Medical 
/ounidl  and  Exai)iiiici\  tended  further  to  place  his  name  high  in  the  med- 
ical annals  of  the  West  and  the  country.  Speaking  also  of  the  measures 
in  practice  with  which  his  name  is  intimately  connected.  Dr.  E.  W.  Jenks,  his 
friend,  states  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society:  "His 
early  investigations  and  advocacy  of  the  use  of  ergot  in  the  treatment  of   uterine 


2 JO  irOJ/.LV'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

fibroids  made  him  an  authority  on  this  method.  It  was  made  the  subject  of 
his  address  as  President  of  tlie  section,  at  the  meeting  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  1872,  and  excited  marked  attention  throughout  the  country.  His 
name  is  also  closely  associated  with  other  procedures,  as  rectal  drainage  of 
pelvic  abscesses  which  have  already  opened  into  the  bowel  and  laparotomy 
for  ruptured  extra-uterine  fetation,  proposed  before  Tait's  time." 

During  his  active  practice  of  more  than  fifty  years  Dr.  Byford  devoted 
himself  for  half  that  long  period  to  the  work  of  alleviating  the  physical  suffer- 
ings of  women.  It  has  been  noted  how  he  has  left  enduring  memorials  of  his 
skill,  knowledge  and  wisdom  in  the  literature  of  the  day  and  in  the  wide- 
spread influence  of  his  sympathetic  personality.  Of  the  organizations  which 
bear  testimony  to  his  strong  mind  and  warm  heart  may  be  mentioned  the 
American  Gynecological  Society,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders,  being 
elected  one  of  the  first  Vice-Presidents  and  President  in  188  r.  But  the  people, 
and  especialh'  the  women  of  Chicago  and  of  the  West,  will  best  and  longest 
remember  him  tor  his  generous  and  effective  labor  in  the  founding  of  the 
Woman's  Medical  College  in  1870.  Of  this  great  and  beneficent  institution  he 
was  elected  President  both  of  its  facult)'  and  board  of  trustees — holding  this 
dual  position  up  to  the  day  of  his  death.  The  founding  of  the  Mary  Thomp- 
son Hospital,  about  one-third  of  whose  beds  are  free,  was  also  largel}'  due  to 
his  disinterested  efforts  and  material  assistance. 

As  stated,  he  held  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and 
Children  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College  for  twenty  years  from  the  date  of  its 
establishment,  when  (in  1879)  he  was  recalled  to  Rush  College  to  assume  the 
professorship  of  Gynecology,  which  had  been  especiall}-  created  for  him. 

But,  in  the  midst  of  this  life  of  broad  usefulness,  Dr.  Byford  was  at  length 
warned  that  he  was  mortal  and  must  prepare  for  the  inevitable.  F'or  several 
years  previous  to  the  end  he  had  recognized  in  himself  the  symptoms  of  heart 
disease  and  calmly  awaited  the  death  which  he  knew  might  come  upon  him 
like  a  "thief  in  the  night."  On  the  Saturday  preceding  his  illness  he  performed 
a  delicate  and  clifffcult  operation  and  on  the  succeeding  Wednesday  (May  20, 
[890),  having  faithfully  attended  to  his  professional  duties,  he  retired  at  night 
to  sleep  the  sleep  of  the  just.  In  the  early  morning  of  the  next  day,  however, 
he  breathed  his  last  under  an  attack  of  angina  pectoris,  which  he  had  long 
awaited. 

Thus,  at  the  age  of  seventy-three,  passed  away  one  of  the  noblest  men  of 
the  day — an  almost  ideal  physician  and  medical  counselor;  the  pioneer  of  medical 
education  for  women  in  the  West;  a  friend,  husband  and  father  who  could  be 
depended  upon  in  an}'  emergency,  and  a  modest,  strong  gentleman,  charitable 
to  all  and  loved  and  admired  by  thousands.  He  succumbed  to  no  lingering, 
disintegrating  disease,  but  met  death  with   mental  faculties  unimpaired  and  with 


JVOA/AN'S    MEDIC  AT.    SCHOOL.  271 

his  natural  strength  only  so  far  abated  as  must  result  from  a  life  of  unsparing 
and  protracted  labor  which   had  already  stretched  beyond  the    alloted  span. 

Dr.  Byford  left  a  widow,  three  daughters  and  a  son,  his  second  marriage 
being  to  Miss  Lina  Flersheim.  Their  only  child  died  in  infancy.  Of  the  four 
children  by  his  first  wife,  Dr.  Henry  T.  Byford,  a  physician  of  note  who  bids 
fair  to  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  his  father,  is  the  only  surviving  son.  The 
eldest  son,  who  was  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Minneapolis,  died 
in  1884.  His  daughters,  Mrs.  Anna  B.  Leonard,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Schuyler  and 
Mrs.  Maude  B.  Van  Schaack,   are  still  living. 

The  following  is  a  partial  list  of   his  contributions  to  medical  literature: 

"Caesarean   Section."    1847. 

"Treatment  of  Continued  or  Typhoid  Fever. "  .-:/;//^77Vc7//  fournal  of  Medi- 
cal   Sciences,   1851. 

"Milk  Sickness." 

Report  Committee  on  Scrofula.  Transactions  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion,  1855. 

"Physiology,  Pathology  and  Therapeutics  of  Muscular  Exercise.  '  Chicago, 
J.  Barnet,   1858. 

"A  Case  of  Pelvic  xA-bscess. "  Transactions  Illinois  State  Medical  Society, 
1859. 

"Successful   Ovariotomy."    Chicago  Medical  Exainiuer,    i860. 

"Ovarian  Tumors.      Is  Ovariotomy  a  Justifiable  Operation  ?"     Ibid,   1861. 

"Two  Successful   Cases  of  Ovariotomy. " //vc/,    1863. 

"Removal  of  Multilocular  Ovarian  Tumor  Weighing  Thirty  Pounds."  Ibid, 
1863. 

"A  Treatise  on  the  Chronic  Inflammation  and  Displacements  of  the  Un- 
impregnated  Uterus."  Philadelphia,    Lindsay  and  Blakiston,   1864. 

"The  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  Applied  to  the  Diseases  and  Ac- 
cidents  Incident  to  Women."  Philadelphia,    Lindsay  and  Blakiston,   1865. 

"The   Philosoph}'  of  Domestic  Life."  Boston,    Lee  and  Shepard,    1869. 

"A  Treatise  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics."  New  York,  Wm. 
Wood  &  Co.,   1870. 

An  address  introductory  to  the  course  of  instruction  in  the  Woman's  Hos- 
pital Medical  College;   Session  of   1870-71.      Chicago,    R.    Fergus'  Sons. 

The  address  on  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  Trans- 
actions American  Association,   1875. 

"Treatment  of  Uterine  Fibroids  by  Ergot. "  //-'/V,    1875. 

"The  Causes  and  Treatment  of  Non-Puerperal  Hemorrhages  of  the  Womb." 
Transactions  International  Medical   Congress,  Philadelphia,   1876. 

"The  Spontaneous  and  Artificial  Destruction  and  Expulsion  of  Fibrous 
Tumors  of  the  Uterus."  Transactions  American  Gynecological  Society,   1876. 


272  IVOMAN'S    MED/CAL    SCHOOL. 

"The  Second  Decade  of  Life.  "     Annual  address  before  the  Tri-State  Medi- 
cal  Society,   1877. 

"Dermoid  Ovarian  Tumors."   Transactions  American  Gynecological  Societ}', 
1879. 

"A  Case  of  Double  Operation  of  Ovariotomy  and  Hysterectomy,  with   Re- 
marks."   Aiiifi'icaii   Journal  ol  Obstetrics,   1879. 

"On  Puerperal  Vaginitis  and  Laceration  as  Causes  of    Vesico-Vaginal   Fis- 
tula."   ChicaQ'O  Medical  fonnial  and  Examiner,   1879. 

"Ergot  in  the  Treatment  of  Fibroid  Tumors  of   the   Uterus."  Ibid,   1879. 

"Chronic   Inversion  of    the    Uterus."    Transactions    American  Gynecological 
Society,   1879. 

"Fibrous  Tumors  of    the   Uterus."    American   Clinical  Lectures,  New  York, 
1879. 

"Displacements  of  the  Ovaries."  Jyoston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,    1880. 

"On  the  Diagnosis  of  Ovarian  Tumor."     Ibid,   1880. 

"The    Successful    Extirpation    of    an    Encephaloid    Kidney."     Transactions 
American  Gynecological  Society,   1880. 

"Pelvic  Abscess."  Peoria    Medical  Monthly,    1880-81. 

"The   History    of    Gynecology    in    Chicago."    Cliicago    Medical   Journal  and 
ExaiJiincr,    1881. 

Annual    address  of    the     President.    Transactions    American     Gynecological 
Societ}-,   1881. 

"Remarks  on   Chronic  Abscess  ot   the   Pelvis."  Ibid,    1883. 

"Remarks    on     Litra-Pelvic    Inflammation  in  the    Chronic    Form."     Journal 
American   Medical  Association,  Chicago,    1883. 

Doctorate  address,  delivered  at  the  Commencement  of  the  Woman's  Medi- 
cal   College.     Chicago  Medical    Journal  and  Examiner,    1884. 

"Remarks    on    the   Surgical  Treatment    of    the    Malignant  Diseases    of    the 
Uterus."    Journal  American  Medical  dissociation,   1884. 

"A   Case   of   Mural   Pregnancy."  American    Journal  of  Obstetrics,    1885. 

"Extra-Uterine    Pregnancy."    Reference     Handbook    of    Medical     Sciences, 
1885. 

"Carcinoma   or  Cancer  of  the  Uterus."  Pepper's  System  of  Practical  Medi- 
cine,   Philadelphia,    1886. 

"Fibrous  Tumors  of  the   Uterus."  Ibid. 

"Fatty  Tumors  of    the    Supra-Renal  Capsule."    Obstetrical  Gazette,    Cincin- 
ati,   1889. 

"Cysto-Fibro-Myoma  of  tJie   Uterus."  Ibid,   1889. 

"Ovarian  Pregnancy.  "  Ibid,   1889. 

"Inflammation    of    the    Ovaries."     I'irginia    Medical    Monthly,    Richmond, 
1889-90. 


-*v.<^ 


.sei!  iCc  l-!r!  lifJ 


WOMAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  275 

MARY    HARRIS   THOMPSON,   M.  D.    (DECEASED). 

When  Dr.  Mary  H.  Thompson  departed  this  hfe  on  the  first  of  May, 
1895,  woman's  cause  and  the  cause  of  womanhood  lost  a  great  advocate,  both 
by  precept  and  example.  The  progressive  women  of  the  West  especially 
mourned  for  her  as  children  for  a  mother  upon  whose  sound  judgment  and 
warm  heart  they  could  always  rely. 

Born  at  Fort  Ann,  Washington  County,  N.  Y. ,  her  father.  Col.  John  Harris 
Thompson,  and  her  mother,  Calista  Corbin,  were  also  natives  of  the  Empire 
State.  Her  education  was  both  thorough  and  liberal,  and  as  she  commenced 
to  teach  in  the  district  schools  when  only  fifteen  years  of  age,  she  became 
most  substantially  grounded  in  all  the  elementary  branches.  In  fact,  for  several 
years  she  both  taught  and  received  instruction  herself,  attending  the  Troy 
Conference  Academy  at  West  Poultney,  Vt.,  and  the  Fort  Edward  Collegiate 
Institute.  At  the  latter  institution  she  received  the  last  of  her  non-professional 
education.  Subsequently,  while  she  taught,  she  assiduously  gave  all  her  spare 
time  to  the  study  of  astronomy,  chemistry,  physiology  and  anatom)\  introducing 
the  last  two  branches  into  the  curriculum  of  the  school  which  she  had  in 
charge. 

This  innovation  aroused  an  interest  both  in  the  minds  of  the  pupils  and 
the  school  authorities,  and  determined,  perhaps,  the  life-work  of  Miss  Thompson. 
That  she  might  be  the  better  (jualified  to  teach  these  branches  she  became  a 
student  of  the  New  England  Female  Medical  College  of  Boston  ;  but  one 
investigating  step  led  to  another  and  she  soon  found  herself  pursuing  the  entire 
path  leading  to  a  course  of  medical  instruction.  The  two  courses  of  lectures 
which  she  there  attended  were  supplemented  by  a  year's  practical  work,  prin- 
cipally accomplished  at  the  New  York  Infirmary  for  Women  and  Children, 
under  the  supervision  of  Drs.  Elizabeth  and  Emily  Blackwell,  the  pioneer 
women  physicians  of  America  and  of  the  world.  In  this  wav  Dr.  Thompson 
obtained  a  broader  experience  in  all  branches  of  medicine  than  perhaps  any 
other  of  her  sex  excepting  the  brave  and  noble  women  with  whom  she  was 
associated  ;  and  in  addition  to  the  indoor  and  outdoor  work  of  the  infirmary 
which  fell  to  her,  she  availed  herself  of  the  clinical  privileges  of  Bellevue 
Hospital  and  De  Milt  Dispensary.  Thus  passed  a  year  during  1862-63,  and 
in  the  Spring  of  the  latter  she  returned  to  Boston  and  graduated  from  her 
Alma  Mater,  the  New  England  Medical  College. 

Although  urged  by  her  friends  in  the  East  to  settle  among  them,  she  cast 
her  lot  with  the  broad  and  growing  West,  arriving  in  Chicago  on  July  3,  1863. 
Soon  after  her  arrival  she  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  W.  G.  Dyas  and  his 
wife,  both  of  whom  were  active  sympathizers  with  Dr.  Thompson  and  the  cause 
she    represented,    as    well    as    patriotic  members  of    that  great  war  organization 


2  76  WOMAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

known  as  the  Sanitary  Commission.  Through  their  influence  and  persuasion 
Dr.  Thompson  undertook  the  work  of  reHeving  the  distress  of  those  who  applied 
to  the  commission  for  medical  and  surgical  aid.  Briefly,  this  was  the  initial 
movement  which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  Chicago  Hospital  for 
Women  and  Children,  in  May,  1865,  and  from  that  time  to  the  date  of  her 
death,  which  occurred  within  a  few  days  of  thirty  years  from  the  time  the 
hospital  was  first  opened,  she  was  at  the  head  of  its  medical  and  surgical 
staff — hers  was  the  guiding  hand  of  this  splendid  institution. 

The  hospital  was  virtuall}'  the  forefather  of  the  Woman's  College,  the 
school  holding  its  first  course  of  lectures  in  the  hospital  building.  Dr.  Thompson 
and  Dr.  Wm.  H.  By  ford,  the  founder  of  the  college,  worked  hand  in  hand  for 
many  years  in  the  advancement  of  medical  education  among  women,  the  former 
having  occupied  a  chair  in  the  institution  since  its  establishment,  for  many 
years  holding  that  of  G3'necology.  In  fact,  aside  from  her  record  as  an  emi- 
nent operator  in  abdominal  and  pelvic  surgery  and  her  broad,  womanly  char- 
acter. Dr.  Thompson  will  be  principally  known  because  of  the  invaluable 
services  which  she  rendered  to  these  institutions,  and  through  them  to  the  cause 
of  woman's  education  and  the  alleviation  of  her  sufferings.  And  when  this  has 
been  said,  what  greater  tribute  can  be   paid  to  her  character  and  her  memory? 

Yet  we  may  appropriately  add  the  words  of  her  life-long  friend  and  fellow- 
worker,  Dr.  Eliza  H.  Root  :  "While  the  Doctor  has  been  made  to  feel  an  exist- 
ing prejudice  against  women  as  physicians,  she  has  received  from  the  profession 
generally  only  kind  treatment  ;  and  has  never  asked  for  counsel  but  it  has  been 
cheerfully  accorded,  many  of  the  profession  having  nobly  aided  her  with  their 
advice  and  influence.  The  success  that  has  crowned  her  efforts  is  but  the 
reward  of  perseverance,  a  fixed  purpose  in  life  and  a  whole  heart  engaged  in 
her  work.  Many  live  to  bless  her  for  the  benefits  they  have  received  at  her 
hands  and  her  career  is  one  that  no  young  medical  student,  man  or  woman, 
need  be  ashamed  to  emulate — one  that  has  shed  luster  upon  the  name  of  Mary 
Harris  Thompson   and  has  established  a  prestige  for  women  m   medicine." 


MARIE    J.    MERGLER,    M.   D. 

Born  in  Mainstockheim,  Bavaria,  Dr.  Mergler  is  the  youngest  of  three 
children,  her  father.  Dr.  Francis  R.  Mergler,  being  a  graduate  in  medicine  of 
the  University  of  Wiirzburg  and  for  many  years  a  successful  practitioner  in 
Illinois.  Her  mother  is  descended  from  the  Von  Rittershausens,  an  old  German 
family  of  rank. 

Dr.  F.  R.  Mergler  came  to  America  with  his  family  and  located  in  Wheel- 
ing,   111.,   where  he  practiced  medicine  for  many  years. 


w 


WOMAN'S    LIEDICAL    SCHOOL.  279 

The  advantajj;es  of  the  district  school  at  that  time  were  very  hmitecl,  and 
he  supplemented  the  education  of  his  children  by  such  instruction  as  he  could 
give  himself  and  be  obtained  by  providing  tutors.  The  two  youngest  daughters 
were  sent  to  Cook  County  Normal  School,  from  which  they  graduated.  One 
year  later  Miss  M.  Mergler  attended  the  State  Normal  School  at  Oswego, 
N.    Y. ,    where  she  graduated  from   the  classical  course  in    1871. 

Thus  equipped  as  an  educator,  she  had  no  difficulty  in  securing  at  once  a 
lucrative  position  in  the  locality  where  she  had  become  so  well  known  as  an 
industrious  and  brilliant  pupil.  But  although  for  four  years  she  served  most 
acceptabl}'  as  first  assistant  in  the  Engiewood  High  School,  she  sought  a  wider 
field  for  her  activities  and  self-development.  This  she  found  in  the  domain  of 
medicine,  to  which  she  had  already  been  attracted  through  close  association 
with  her  father,  whom,  in  fact,  she  had  occasionally  assisted  in  his  professional 
work. 

In  1876  Dr.  Mergler  matriculated  at  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  of 
Chicago,  her  scholarship,  her  practical  al)i]ities  and  her  peculiar  qualifications 
for  the  profession  attracting  the  attenticMi  of  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Byford,  the  founder 
of  the  school  and  the  friend  of  all  such  earnest  and  promising  women.  Both 
didactically  and  clinically  he  assisted  her  in  every  way,  and  for  several  years 
she  assisted  him  at  his  surgical  operations.  Nor  was  Dr.  Byford's  deep  and  con- 
tinued interest  in  her  misplaced;  for  when  Dr.  Mergler  graduated  in  1879  it  was 
as  valedictorian  of  her  class.  She  was  also  elected  Lecturer  of  Materia  Medica 
by  the  faculty  of  her  Alma  Mater,  and,  upon  competitive  examination,  received 
the  appointment  of  interne  of  the  Cook  County  hospitals  at  Dunning — an  honor 
which  had  never  before  fallen  to  a  woman.  Dr.  Mergler  was  not  allowed  to 
fill  the  position,  however,  but  instead  went  abroad  for  one  3'ear's  experience 
and  study  at  Zurich,  giving  special  attention  to  Pathology  and  Clinical  Medicine. 

Returning  to  Chicago  in  1881,  she  at  first  sought  a  general  practice,  but 
finally  devoted  herself  exclusively  to  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  in  which 
specialties  she  had  already  received  so  thorough  a  training  under  Dr.  Byford, 
acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the  world's  authorities  on  these  subjects.  Dr. 
Mergler  herself  is  now  recognized  as  one  of  the  foremost  authorities  in  these 
fields,  whether  as  instructor,  practitioner  or  operator.  Upon  the  death  of  her 
former  friend  and  instructor,  she  was  apjxiinted  his  successor  upon  the  staff  of 
the  Woman's  Medical  College  as  Professor  of  Gynecology;  so  that  the  great 
work  of  Dr.  Byford  in  that  institution  may  be  said  to  have  devolved  upon 
her  strong  and  worthy  personality. 

Dr.  Mergler  is  also  one  of  the  attending  surgeons  at  the  Woman's  Hospital 
of  Chicago  and  Gynecologist  to  the  W'esley  Hospital,  adjoining  the  North- 
western University  Medical  School,  holding  the  same  position  at  the  Lincoln 
Street  Dispensary,    where  she  has  built  up  a  fine  clinic.      She  is  a  Professor  of 


28o  ■  UVAfAArs    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Gynecology  at  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School,  and  served  for  several  years 
on  the  attending  staff  of  Cook  County  Hospital.  When  elected  to  the  latter 
post  of  honor,    in    18S2,    but  one  woman  had  ever  before  held  the  position. 

Dr.  Mergler  has  made  some  contributions  to  medical  literature  in  the  form 
of  original  papers  and  reports  of  cases  to  the  medical  societies  of  which  she  is 
a  member.  She  is  also  the  author  of  a  text-book,  "A  Guide  to  the  Study  of 
Gynecology. " 

Since  1885  Dr.  Mergler  has  held  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the  College 
Faculty;  but  before  attaining  her  present  position,  as  one  of  the  pillars  of  the 
great  institution  which  has  been  the  pioneer  of  so  much  that  is  best  in  the 
professional  life  of  Western  women,  she  graduated  through  such  a  series  of 
minor  positions  as  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica,  Lecturer  on  Histology,  Lecturer 
on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  Clinical  Instructor  in  Gynecology  and 
Adjunct  Professor  of  Gynecolog)'. 

Closely  connected  with  the  \vc>rk  of  the  Woman's  College  is  the  Hospital 
for  Women  and  Children.  In  November,  [895,  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Mary 
Thompson,  its  founder,  Dr.  Mergler  was  elected  its  head  Physician  and 
Surgeon,  being  recommended  for  that  position  not  only  by  a  unanimous  vote 
of  the  Chicago  G)'necological  Society,  but  by  a  decided  majority  of  the  profes- 
sion  in   the  cit}',    irrespective  of  sex. 

As  facts  speak  for  themselves,  it  might  be  considered  almost  superfluous 
to  add  that  Dr.  Mergler  is  a  marked  character  by  the  foremost  of  her  profes- 
sion, whether  lecturing  before  her  classes  in  clear  scientific  fashion,  operating 
with  promptness  and  precision  in  the  field  of  abdominal  surgery,  both  as  a 
private  practitioner  or  clinical  demonstrator,  or  engaged  in  the  labors  of 
physical  diagnosis,  which,  considering  the  peculiarly  complex  nervous  organiza- 
tion of  her  sex,    requires  the  utmost  tact  as  well  as  the  rarest  judgment. 


WILLIAM    TEEL    MONTGOMERY,   M.  D. 

Of  Dr.  Montgomery  it  is  no  hollow  figure  of  speech  to  say  that  he  is  the 
architect  of  his  own  fortune.  As  an  orphan  he  was  thrown  at  a  very  early 
age  upon  the  care  of  relatives,  and,  as  he  says,  he  has  been  doing  a  man's 
work  since  he  was  a  boy  of  twelve.  Quite  naturally,  therefore,  as  a  man  of 
middle  age  he  is  brave  and  self-reliant,  honest  and  an  open  hater  of  insincerity, 
strong  in  his  likes  and  dislikes,  and  consequently  one  who  has  both  warm  friends 
and  bitter  enemies. 

Dr.  Montgomery  is  a  man  whose  personal  appearance  is  characteristic  of 
his  rugged  character.  He  is  about  six  feet  in  height,  has  black  hair  and  dark 
eyes,    and  even  now  he  does  not  belie  the  reputation    as  an  athlete    which    he 


^.r 


IVOAfAN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  '  283 

had  in  his  younger  days.  Despite  his  hard  and  successful  struggle  through 
life,  however,  one  of    his  noticeable  traits  is  modesty. 

Born  in  Gibson  County,  Ind.,  on  August  12,  1843,  Dr.  Montgomery  had  the 
misfortune,  at  ten  years  of  age,  to  lose  his  parents.  But  he  had  the  true  Irish 
pluck  and  the  faculty  of  adapting  himself  to  any  situation  in  which  he  was 
placed,  for  his  great-grandfather,  Thomas,  was  a  native  of  Northern  Ireland 
and  an  emigrant  to  Virginia,  while  his  grandfather,  Walter  C,  was  an  early 
settler  in  Southern  Indiana.  His  forefathers  had  been  adapting  themselves  to 
new  scenes  and  new  homes,  as  he  himself  was  called  upon  to  do  at  so  early  an 
age.  Thrown  thus  to  such  a  great  extent  upon  his  own  resources,  it  was  for- 
tunate that  he  was  naturally  studious  and  that  his  inclinations  were  never 
toward  the  vicious.  ?Iis  record  of  scholarship  was  therefore  high  from  the 
first,  whether  attending  the  public  schools,  the  high  school  at  Owensville,  Ind., 
or  in  his  manhood  pursuing  his  medical  studies  in   Chicago. 

At  the  death  of  his  parents  the  orphan  was  adopted  by  an  uncle,  with 
whom  he  lived  and  worked  upon  a  farm  in  Gibson  County  from  1855  to  i860. 
In  the  Fall  of  the  latter  year  his  foster  father  removed  to  Princeton,  Ind.,  and 
engaged  in  the  hotel  business,  employing  the  youth  as  his  oflice  clerk  and 
general  utility  man.  But  the  work  was  so  distasteful  to  him  that  upon  the 
first  opportunity  after  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age  he  enlisted  for  the  Civil 
War,  joining  Company  F,  Thirty-third  Regiment  Indiana  Volunteers,  an  Indian- 
apolis organization.  He  was  with  his  regiment  to  the  last,  and  during  the 
Atlanta  campaign  his  captain's  reports  twice  commended  him  for  bravery  while 
in  action. 

Having  saved  a  few  hundred  dollars  from  his  pay  as  a  private  soldier,  he 
decided  to  continue  his  education  as  long  as  possible.  He  attended  and  taught 
school,  therefore,  until  the  Fall  of  1868,  when  he  commenced  the  study  of  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  William  T.  Kirk,  of  Atlanta,  111.  Graduating  from  Rush 
Medical  College  in  1871,  with  the  first  prize  for  the  best  anatomical  prepa- 
ration. Dr.  Montgomery  was  appointed  interne  to  the  Cook  County  Hospital. 
As  his  service  covered  the  period  from  July,  1871,  to  March,  1873,  his  practice 
included  the  treatment  of  many  who  were  burned  and  otherwise  injured  during 
the  great  conflagration  of  the  former  year.  During  the  Fall  and  Winter  of 
1871  he  was  also  employed  in  out-door  relief  work,  visiting  the  sick  and 
poverty-stricken  and  assisting  in  the  work  of  vaccination  and  in  other  measures 
taken  to  stay  the  terrible  epidemic  which  raged  during  the  cold  weather.  Being 
Senior  Physician  during  the  Fall  and  Winter  of  1872,  he  had  immediate  charge 
of  the  several  hundred  cases  of  typhoid  fever  which  were  brought  to  the 
hospital.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  before  he  entered  the  field  of  private 
practice  Dr.  Montgomery  had  received  such  a  wide,  varied  and  practical  expe- 
rience as  few  in  his  profession  have  ever  enjoyed. 


284  1JVJ/AN\S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

In  March,  1873,  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Chicago,  it 
being  of  a  general  nature  until  1880,  from  which  time  it  has  been  confined  to 
Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear.  In  this  special  field  Dr.  Montgomery  has  also 
had  the  advantage  of  invaluable  practice  in  public  institutions,  where  a  physi- 
cian may  study  disease  from  so  many  points  of  advantage.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  Oculist  and  Aurist  to  Cook  County  Hospital,  in  1879  Professor  of 
Ophthalmology  and  Otology  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Chicago  and 
in    1880    Surgeon    to    the    Illinois  State  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary. 

In  the  course  of  his  later  medical  studies  he  has  traveled  extensively  in  this 
country  and  Europe,  having  visited  and  examined  the  more  important  hospitals 
of  both  the  New  World  and  the  Old.  In  1883,  during  his  European  tour,  he 
took  special  courses  in  London  and  Vienna,  and,  in  addition  to  being  a  suc- 
cessful practitioner  in  his  chosen  fi:ld,  is  a  clear  and  impressive  teacher.  He 
is  also  a  valued  contributor  to  current  medical   literature. 

Dr.  Montgomery  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the 
Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Medical  Society  and  the  Chicago 
Ophthalmological  Society. 

As  to  other  phases  of  his  character  which  do  not  relate  to  professional 
life,  it  may  be  added  that  he  is  by  nature  sociable,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Illinois  Club,  an  organization  of  high  standing.  In  national  politics  he  is 
a  stanch   Republican,  casting  his  first  vote  for  U.  S.  Grant. 

From  his  earliest  recollection  Dr.  Montgomery  has  venerated  Christianity 
and  true  Christians,  joining  the  Presbyterian  Church  many  years  ago.  He  is 
still  associated  with  the  more  liberal  element  of  that  denomination,  being  a 
member  of   the   Third  Presbyterian  Church   of   Chicago. 

Dr.  Montgomery  has  been  twice  married,  the  first  time  in  March,  1873, 
to  Miss  Nettie  McCague,  of  Springfield,  111.,  whose  death,  in  January,  1880, 
after  a  long  and  painful  illness,  was  one  of  the  greatest  sorrows  of  his  life.  In 
April,  1890,  he  was  again  married  to  Miss  Maud  ."Graham,  of  Oquawka,  111., 
whose  accomplishments  and  loveliness  of  character  give  charm  and  happiness  to  a 
comfortable  home. 


ELIZA   HANNAH    ROOT,   M.  D. 

Among  the  consistent  advocates  of  woman's  advancement  in  all  those 
walks  of  life  for  which  as  an  individual  she  is  best  fitted,  none  in  the  West 
are  more  esteemed,  both  for  force  of  precept  and  example,  than  Dr.  Eliza  H. 
Root. 

Born  in  De  Kalb  County,  near  Sycamore,  she  is  the  daughter  of  John 
Dick,  a  native  of  Linlithgow,  Scotland,  and  a  member  of  an  ancient  and  dis- 
tinguished family  which    traces  its  origin  to    the    early  portion  of   the  sixteenth 


'"'^sfs^lPah  CiChic 


i  ol  i4  .^  ^)-z)4- 


JVOA/AN'S    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  387 

century,  and  numbers  many  members  who  have  become  prominent  in  scientific, 
Hterary  and  professional  fields  of  work.  Her  mother,  Eliza  Meriam  Cord,  was 
born  at  Tunbridge  Wells,    England,    l:)eing  of  Norman  descent. 

As  a  child,  who  was  both  of  a  reflective  and  a  perceptive  disposition,  and 
influenced  as  she  was  by  her  rural  surroundings,  it  is  but  a  sequence  that  she 
should  early  display  a  love  for  nature  and  should  be  attracted  to  those  books 
which  treat  of  the  natural  sciences.  When  (piite  3'oung  she  became  familiar 
with  the  habits  of  birds  and  insects  through  observation.  Later  she  studied 
them  from  a  scientific  point  of  view,  and  from  a  consideration  of  their  structures 
she  logically  passed  to  that  of  the  more  complex  and  wonderful  anatomy  of 
the  human  system. 

In  early  life  Dr.  Root  was  married  to  Jerome  Root,  a  prominent  insurance 
man,  one  son,  John  Sherman  Root,  now  a  promising  young  lawyer,  being  born 
to  them.  This  union,  however,  did  not  prevent  the  wife  from  pursuing  the 
studies  which  she  had  learned  to  love.  Finally  entering  the  Women's  Medical 
College  of  Chicago  in  1879,  in  February,  1882,  some  years  after  her  marriage. 
Dr.    Root  graduated  therefrom  as  valedictorian  of  her  class. 

Since  her  graduation  she  has  been  continuously  connected  with  her  Alma 
Mater,  either  as  lecturer  or  professor.  In  the  Spring  of  1882,  soon  after  re- 
ceiving her  degree,  she  delivered  her  first  course  of  lectures  on  the  Lymphatic 
System.  In  18S5  she  was  chosen  Lecturer  on  Hygiene,  which  was  followed  by 
an  election  to  the  full  professorship.  Medical  Jurisprudence  being  subsequently 
added  to  the  chair.  In  1893  she  succeeded  to  the  chair  of  Obstetrics,  which 
position  she  still  holds.  She  is  also  Professor  of  Clinical  Obstetrics  at  the  Chi- 
cago Hospital  for  Women  and  Children,  now  known  as  the  Mary  Thompson 
Hospital,  and  teacher  of  Hygiene  and  Emergency  Obstetrics  in  the  Chicago 
Training  School  for  Home  and  Foreign  Missions,  her  connection  with  the  latter 
institution  dating  from   the  beginning. 

The  last  honor  bestowed  on  Dr.  Root  is  her  appointment  to  the  medical  staft 
of  Wesley  Hospital  as  Junior  Attending  Obstetrican.  She  has  a  membership 
in  the  Chicago  Medical  and  Pathological  societies,  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society,  the  Pan-American  Medical  Congress,  the  American  Public  Health  and 
the    American   Medical  associations. 

The  Doctor's  medical  education  is  not  confined  to  this  country,  being  pur- 
sued abroad  in  the  clinics  of  Vienna,  Dresden  and  other  European  cities.  Her 
work  in  professional  literature  is,  so  far,  confined  to  essays  and  reports  of  cases, 
read  before  local  and  State  societies,  while  her  love  of  so-called  polite  literature 
has  led  her  to  contribute  not  a  little  to  the  secular  press. 


Chicago  Homeopathic  College 

AND  Hospital 


History  of  m\i  Chicago  Homeopathic  College 


By  JOSEPH  S.  MITCHELL,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Prhsident. 


ORGANIZATION    IN    1876. 

The  Chicago  Homeopathic  Cohege  was  organized  m  June,  1876.  It  had 
its  origin  in  a  desire,  on  the  part  of  its  faculty,  to  secure  the  highest  degree 
of  independence  in  the  management  of  the  college  by  placing  in  their  hands 
alone  appointments  on   its    teaching  corj^js   and  the   entire   direction   of  its  afiairs. 

Its  history  has  demonstrated  the  wisdom  of  the  policy,  for  during  its 
whole  existence  there  have  been  no  di\isi()ns  among  the  faculty-;  in  the  main, 
complete   accord    has  existed  regarding   the  conduct  of  its  \-arie(I  interests. 

The  hrst  ofiicers  were:  J.  S.  Mitchell,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  President;  Charles 
Adams,  M.  D.,  Secretary;  W.  H.  Wooclyatt,  M.  D.,  Treasurer  and  A.  W.  Wood- 
ward, M.  D. ,  Business  Manager.  Commodious  (juarters  were  secured  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Van  Buren  Street  and  Michigan  A\enue  tor  college  ]~)ur]^()ses.  Its  early 
organization   was  as  follows: 

Board  of  Counselors:  Messrs:  Amos  T.  Hall,  Marvin  Hughitt,  J.  D. 
Harvey,  O.  W.  Potter,  William  D.  Bradley,  Henrv  Strong  and  Edson  Keith, 
Judge  Henry  Booth,  LL.  D.,  Samuel  Fallows,  D.  D.,  C.  C.  Bonney,  LL.  D., 
Hon.  J.  Russell  Jones,  Hon.  W.  C.  Goudy  and  Hon.  S.  Corning  Judd. 

The  P'aculty  and  Trustees  were: 

George  E.  Shipman,  A.  M.,  M.  M.,  Emeritus    Professor  of   Materia    Medica. 

H.  P.  Gatchell,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 

Rodney  Welch,  A.  M.,  M.  D..  Emeritus  Professor  of  Chemistry  and 
Toxicology. 

Leonard  Pratt,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Special  Patholog}'  and 
Diagnosis. 

J.  S.  Mitchell,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Institutes  and  Practice  of 
Medicine. 

Albert  G.  Beebe,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  and  Charles  Adams,  M.  D.,  Professors  of 
Principles   and    Practice   of  Surgery    and    Clinical   Surgery. 

Willis  Danforth,    Professor  of  Gynecological   Surgery. 

291 


292  CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE. 

John  W.    Stroeter,    M.    D.,  Professor  of   Diseases  of   Women    and    Children. 

R.  N.  Foster,  A.  M.,  M.  1).,  Professor  of  Obstetnes. 

W.  H.  Woodyatt,  M.  1).,  1^-ofessor  of  Ophthahnology  and  Otology. 

E.  M.  Hale,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Mediea  and  Therapeutics. 

A.  W.  Woodward,  M.  I).,  Professor  of  Ana]\'tical  and  Comparative  Materia 
Mediea. 

E.  H.  Pratt.  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

John  R.  Kippax,  LL.  B.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Dermatology  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence. 

R.  N.  Tooker,  M.  D.,  Professor  of   Physiology. 

N.  B.  Delamater,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Electro-Therapeutics  and  Specific 
Nervous  Diseases. 

L.  C.  (jros\-enor,  M.  D.,  Adjunct   Professor    of    Theory  and  Practice. 

A.   L.    MarcN',  M,  D.,  Lecturer  on  Chemistr\'  and  Toxicology. 

Fort}'-fi\e  students  attended  the  first  session,  fifteen  being  graduated.  The 
college  at  once  took"  high  rank  among  tlie  medical  schools  of  the  country  for 
its  thorougli  instruction,  its  ad\'anced  methods  of  tt^aching  and  the  determined 
position   it  took    to   raise   the   grade   of   medical   students  and   medical   education. 

Tlie  three  years'  course  was  adojitcd,  being  then  onh'  optional,  but  a  con- 
siderable proportion  ol  the  students  voluntarily  chose  it.  The  faculty  early 
recognized  the  trend  ot  medical  education  and  enlarged  its  curriculum,  adding 
to  its  teaching-  corps  as    occasion  required. 

A     COLLKCl';    EDIFICK. 

Under  these  auspices  the  gr(nvth  of  the  college  was  rapid,  and  in  i88i  the 
number  of  students  had  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  it  was  deemed  wise 
to  erect  a  college  edifice  of  ampk>  proportions.  A  site  corner  of  Wood  and 
York  streets  and  opposite  Cook  County  Hospital  was  secured,  and  the  largest 
and  finest  building  then  devoted  to  the  teaching  of  homeopathy  in  the  W(nid 
was  erected  and    made  ready   for    occupanc)^   in    the-  Fall  of    that    year. 

GROW  III    OF    TIIE    COLLEGE. 

More  than  one  hundred  students  were  matriculated  and  from  that  time  there 
has  been  no  interruption  to  the  continued  success  of  the  college.  Its  classes 
have  grown  until  during  the  last  few  ^'ears  they  have  averaged  nearly  two 
hundred  students  annualK-.  The  graduating  class  this  year  numbered  sixty- 
seven,  the  largest  in  its  history.  More  than  one  thousand  alumni  now  own 
allegiance  to  this  institution,  and  their  devotion  to  their  Alma  Mater  testifies  to 
their  appreciation  of  the  service  it  has  rendered  them,  in  furnishing  practical 
education  that  fits  them  for  thorough  medical  and  surgical  work,  and  gives 
them  a  fair  guarantee  of  future  success. 


CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE. 


293 


INDIVIDUAL    MKNTIDN. 

It  would  take  many  pages  to  give  anything  like  a  complete  resume  of  the 
individual  work  done  by  each  member  of  the  facults'.  But  as  special  features 
contributing  prominently  to  the  reputation  of  the  college  may  be  mentioned  the 
remarkable  Junior  courses  of  instruction  given  by  E.  H.  Pratt,  M.  D.,  in  Anatomy, 
Clifford  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  on  Chemistry  and  W.  F.  Knoll,  M.  D.,  in  Physiology. 
The  college  has  been  particularly  fortunate  in  securing  for  its  practical  chairs 
men  of    the  widest    renown    in    homeopathy    in   the    respective    departments,    so 


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CHICAGO    HOMEOPATHIC    COLLEGE. 


that  a  marked  feature  of  the  college  has  been  the  yearly  growth  of  the  Senior 
class  by  accretion  from  other  colleges.  Students  have  come  to  it  to  finish  their 
medical  education,  attracted  by  the  high  reputation  as  teachers  and  clinicians  of 
its  leading  representatives. 

Illustrative  of  the  favor  m  which  the  college  is  held  may  be  mentioned  the 
fact  that  one  of  its  }H"esent  classes,  that  of  i8q8,  is  composed  exclusivelv  of 
i\.  B.'s  and  B.  S.'s.  This  can  be  said  of  no  other  medical  college  in  the 
United  States  at  present. 

Among  the  brilliant  men  connected  with  the  college,  whose  loss  by  death 
we    have    been    called    upon    to    mourn,     are    Willis    Danforth,    M.    D. ,    W.    H. 


2  94  CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC  COLLEGE. 

Woodyatt,  M.  D.,  W.  F.  Knoll,  M.  D..  H.  N.  Hobart,  M.  D.,  F.  H.Newman, 
M.  D.,  and  Gordon  Rockwell,  M.  D. 

During  one  year  of  its  existence  the  college  was  very  ably  presided  over 
by  R.  N.  Foster,  M.  D.  With  the  exception  of  that  year  J.  S.  Mitchell,  M.  D., 
has  been  its  President  since  the  establishment  of  the  college  and  he  has  been 
efficiently  assisted  in  his  work  by  A.  W.  Woodward,  M.  D.,  Vice-President. 

To  J.  R.  Kippax,  M.  D.,  the  indefatigable  Secretary,  the  college  is  under  a 
lasting  debt  of  gratitude.  He  has  labored  more  patiently  and  efficiently  than 
any  one  connected  with  it  and  has  earned  a  reputation  among  colleges  and 
State  officials  for  his  wide  knowledge  of  every  detail  of  college  management. 

As  the  financial  rock  is  the  one  on  which  many  institutions  split,  too  much 
credit  cannot  be  given  N.  B.  Delamater,  M.  D.,  and  J.  W.  Buff'um,  M.  D.,  who 
have  earned  reputations  for  their  wise  conduct  of  the  business  affairs  of  the 
college,  with  L.  C.  Grosvenor,  M.  D.,  the  honored  Treasurc>r.  A  career  of  much 
greater  success  is  undoubtedly  yet  open  to  this  already  flourishing  institution. 

HOMEOPATH V    RFXOGNIZED    IN    COOK    COUNTY    (1881). 

It  was  through  the  instrumrntality  of  the  faculty  of  this  college  that  homeopathy 
gained  a  footing  in  Cook  County  Hospital  in  1881.  Since  then  a  large  share 
of  the  appointments  on  its  medical  and  surgical  staff  apportioned  to  homeopathy 
have  been  ably  occupied  by  professors  connected  with  the  college.  Its  graduates 
have  secured  also  the  major  portion  of  the  interneships  selected  by  competitive 
examination  for  that  part  of  the  hosj^iital   which  is    under  homeopathic  treatment. 

CENTRAL    HOMEOPATHIC    FREE    DISPENSARY. 

The  Central  Homeopathic  Free  Dispensary  was  organized  in  1876  to  furnish 
Homeopathic  treatment  to  those  worthy  people  in  Chicago  who  were  unable  to 
pay  for  the  services  ot  a  physician.  During  that  year  there  was  much  depression 
in  business  and  many  were  compelled  to  ask  gratuitous  treatment  who  had  never 
done  so  before.     Its  organization  was  therefore  opportune. 

Its  medical  affairs  were  under  the  control  of  the  Chicago  Homeopathic 
College  and  it  was  managed  by  an  auxiliary  board  of  influential  and  active  ladies, 
whose  officers  were  as  follows: 

Mrs.  W.  L.  Brown,  President,  Mrs.  Gen.  A.  L.  Chetlam,  Mrs.  Edson  Keith 
and  Mrs.  G.  W.  Woodward,  Vice-Presidents,  Mrs.  C.  C.  Bonney,  Treasurer,  and 
Miss  Julia  Adams,  Secretary. 

In  addition  to  the  direct  work  of  the  dispensary,  under  these  auspices,  there 
were  maintained  in  the  college  building  twelve  beds  for  such  cases  as  presented 
at  the  clinics  of  the  college  for  operation.  When  the  new  building  was  erected 
gorner  of  Wood  and  York  streets  the  number  of  beds  was  increased  to  thirty. 


I^,>«C3- — 


xe'^oi 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC  COLLEGE.  297 

Dr.  Julia  Holmes  Smith,  a  graduate  of  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College 
and  a  prominent  member  of  the  auxiliary  board,  devised  and  executed  the 
first  successful  performance  of  the  Butterfly's  Ball,  at  McVicker's  Theater,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  dispensary. 

It  was  one  of  the  most  notable  triumphs  in  the  way  of  a  public  entertain- 
ment for  charity  that  had  l)een  known  in  Chicago  and  establish(>d  the  reputation 
of  the  board  for  successful  manatjement,  which  it  has  maintained  through 
subsequent  renderings  of  the  Butterfly's  Ball,  Kirmiss  and  other  entertainments. 


riiE   iiosprrAL. 


A  part  of  the  proceeds  from  these  entertainments  and  the  collections  made 
by  Mrs.  A.  H.  Dainty  (one  of  the  members  of  the  board)  enabled  the  ladies  to 
buy  fifty  feet  south  of  the  college. 

The  $10,000  bequest  of  Mrs.  Eunice  McDuff^y,  recently  available,  made  it 
possible  to  erect  a  fine  hospital  on  this  ground,  which  was  completed  in  December, 
1894.  The  collections  made  by  J.  H.  Buffum,  M.  D.,  and  the  proceeds  from  the 
South  Side  Charity  Ball,  under  the  management  of  Mrs.  J.  S.  Mitchell,  procured 
the  furnishing  of  the  hospital,  except  the  three  rooms  generously  furnished  by 
Mr.  E.  Buckingham,  Miss  Kate  Buckingham  and  Mrs.  J.  R.  Kippax.  It  has 
accommodations  for  sixty  patients  and  is  furnished  in  the  most  attractive  style 
consistent  with  sanitary  regulations.  Its  medical  and  surgical  service  is  under 
the  charge  of  the  Hospital  Committee  of  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College 
and  its  general  management  is  ably  conducted  by  the  ladies'  auxiliary  board, 
which  is  at  present  composed  of  Mrs.  J.  F.  Forsyth,  President,  Mrs.  J.  S.  Mitchell, 
Vice-President,  Mrs.    E.    Eggleston,  Treasurer,    and    Miss   W.   White,    Secretary. 

The  J.  S.  Mitchell  Training  School  was  established  in  1894  '^"d  its  first 
class  of  trained  nurses  was  graduated  in  May,   1896. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


JOSEPH   SIDNEY  MITCHELL,   A.  M.,   M.  D. 

Dr.  Mitchell  comes  of  an  old  Massachusetts  family,  whose  members  for 
many  generations  have  enjoyed  marked  prominence  in  the  scientific,  pro- 
fessional and  educational  annals  of  both  the  Eastern  and  Western  states. 
William  Mitchell  was  one  of  the  early  overseers  of  Harvard  College  and  a  man 
of  great  scientific  and  scholarly  attainments.  Rev.  Arthur  Mitchell,  D.  D.,  was 
long  Secretary  of  the  American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  and  Dr.  Mitchell's 
father,  Hon.  Joseph  Mitchell,  was  a  stanch  Republican  of  the  Old  Bay  State 
and  stood  high  in  the  councils  of  the  party.  His  mother  was  of  the  Eolger 
family,  the  maternal  branch  of  the  Benjamin  Franklin  tree,  her  ancestors 
emigrating  from  England  and  settling  in  Massachusetts  in  1660.  It  may  here 
be  stated  that  Dr.  Mitchell  owns  a  summer  residence  in  Nantucket  which  has 
been  in  the  possession  of  that  family  for  nearly  one  hundred  and  ninety  years. 

Of  a  family  of  six  children.  Dr.  Mitchell  and  his  two  sisters  only  are 
living.  Annie  Mitchell  is  well  known  as  the  stenographer  of  the  United  States 
Circuit  Court,  and  Ellen  Mitchell  as  an  author,  a  lady  of  high  literary  stand- 
ing, a  charitable  worker  and  the  first  woman  to  serve  upon  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Education.  Several  years  before  coming  to  Chicago  Mrs.  Mitchell  married 
the  brother  of  the  late  Marie  Mitchell,  the  latter  being  not  only  one  of  the  most 
eminent  astronomers  of  her  times,  but  from  her  long  connection  with  Vassar 
College  one  of    the  most  prominent  of  American  educators. 

All  of  which  goes  to  show,  in  some  measure,  the  truth  of  the  statement 
first  made — that  Dr.  Mitchell  comes  of  a  family  whose  members  have  for  gen- 
erations been  identified  with  the  higher  life  of  both  East  and  West.  He  him- 
self was  born  at  Nantucket,  on  the  ninth  of  December,  1839,  passing  his  early 
days  amid  scenes  which  were  familiar  to  several  generations  of  Mitchells  and 
Folgers.  It  was  at  Nantucket  that  Professor  Marie  Mitchell  and  her  father 
pursued  their  crude  but  earnest  studies  and  experiments  in  astronomy,  and  here 
Dr.  Mitchell  acquired  such  an  education  as  enabled  him  later  to  enter  the 
English  High  School,  Boston.  Afterward  he  became  a  student  at  Williams 
College  in  1859.  The  succeeding  steps  in  his  educational  career  were  to  grad- 
uate   from   Williams'    College    in    1863    and    from    Bellevue    Medical    College    in 

1865. 

298 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COIIEGE.  299 

The  latter  year  marks  the  coming  of  Dr.  Mitchell  to  Chicago  and  before 
the  end  of  the  next  twelve  months  Hahnemann  Medical  College  had  appointed 
him  Lecturer  of  Surgical  and  Pathological  Anatomy.  In  1867  he  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Physiology  in  the  same  institution  and  in  1870  accepted  the  important 
chair  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine — one  of  the  youngest  men  who 
ever  occupied  that  position   in  a  college  of  assured  standing  and  broad  influence. 

In  1876,  realizing  that  there  was  room  in  the  homeopathic  field  of  the 
West  for  another  educational  institute,  Dr.  Mitchell  severed  his  connection  with 
the  Hahnemann  College  and  headed  the  movement  which  resulted  in  the 
founding  of  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College.  In  June  of  that  3'ear  it  was 
incorporated  under  State  laws  and  the  first  session  commenced  in  October, 
with  Dr.  Mitchell  as  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Diseases  of  the  Throat 
and  Chest.  For  man\'  )'ears  he  has  been  President  of  that  flourishing  msti- 
tution  and  if  anyone  is  to  be  considered  its  father  he  is  certainly  the  one  to 
whom  all  would  instinctively  turn.  Dr.  Mitchell  is  also  Physician  in  Charge  of 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  Hospital  and  late 
Attending  Physician  to  Cook  County  Hospital.  He  has  long  been  an  active 
member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy  and  has  been  President  and 
Secretary  of  the  Illinois  State  Association.  He  occupied  the  latter  position  for 
seven  years  and  during  that  period  the  active  membership  doubled.  He  is 
also  an  honorary  member  of  the  Massachusetts,  Indiana  and  Kentucky  State 
medical  associations  and  in  1881  served  as  an  American  delegate  to  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress. 

One  of  the  most  marked  tributes,  however,  to  Dr.  Mitchell's  standing  as  a 
broad-minded  and  successful  member  of  his  profession  was  his  selection  as 
President  of  the  World's  Congress  of  Homeopathic  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
held  under  the  auspices  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  from  May  29  to 
June  3,  1893.  Either  b}^  letter  or  in  person  delegates  were  present  from  Ger- 
many, England,  France,  Austria,  Russia,  Denmark,  Italy,  Switzerland,  India, 
Australia,  Argentine  Republic,  Chile,  Canada  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Dr. 
Mitchells  share  in  the  successful  outcome  of  the  Congress  is  thus  described  by 
Hon.  C.  C.  Bonney,  President  of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary,  who  intro- 
duced him:  "With  a  patience,  skill,  energy  and  devotion  to  duty  worthy  of 
the  highest  praise.  Dr.  J.  S.  Mitchell,  Chairman  of  the  General  Committee  of 
Organization  of  this  Congress,  has  pursued  the  labor  of  organizing  it  during  the 
past  three  years." 

Dr.  Mitchell's  inaugural  address  was  replete  with  information  as  to  the  his- 
toric growth  and  present  standing  of  homeopath}',  being  charged,  moreover,  with 
an  earnestness  and  an  eloquence  which  made  its  delivery  one  of  the  events  of 
the  Congress.  "The  early  progress  of  homeopathy,"  he  said,  "was  slow.  Like 
all    great    reforms    it    had    to    encounter    opposition,  ridicule    and    derision.      Its 


300  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE. 

inherent  strength  enabled  it  to  survive  all  these  and  its  growth  was  steady 
during  the  first  years  of  its  existence.  A  great  reform  is  like  a  sea.  It  may 
be  calm  at  any  time,  but  at  others  its  force  is  irresistible.  A  successful  reform 
must  recognize  the  evils  of  its  day  with  perfect  clearness  and  seek  their  remedy 
with  determination.  It  must  stimulate  thought  and  action  upon  the  part  of 
intelligent  supporters.  It  must  appeal  to  reason  and  invoke  the  aid  of  logic. 
Our  reform  in  medicine  has  fulfilled  all  these   conditions.      *     *     *     * 

"Since  its  firm  establishment  in  America  its  progress  has  been  in  an  ever 
increasing  ratio.  In  1876  the  first  World's  Convention  was  held  at  Philadelphia 
at  the  time  of  the  Centennial  Exposition.  In  his  inaugural  address  the  presi- 
dent stated  that  there  were  then  five  thousand  physicians  in  the  United  States. 
Less  than  two  decades  after,  at  this  assembling,  we  are  able  to  assert  that 
there  are  twelve  thousand  in  this  country.  This  makes  an  army  whose  pres- 
ence is  not  to  be  despised.  In  many  other  countries  the  growth  of  homeopathy 
has  been  remarkable,  but  it  should  be  noted  that  in  this  land,  where  freedom 
of  thought  and  political  action  is  most  pronounced,  its  adherents  are  most 
numerous.  It  sometimes  looks  as  though  this  country  would  profoundly 
influence  the  spread  of  homeopathy  throughout  the  world.  Even  now  the  isles 
of  the  seas  contain  our  physicians  educated  in  this  country.  The  papers  to  be 
read  at  this  Congress  from  Australia  and  the  Sandwich  Islands  are  by  gradu- 
ates of  American  colleges.  We  do  not  undervalue  the  labors  of  our  colleagues 
in  other  lands  than  our  own,  but  the  existence  of  our  twenty  colleges  gives  us 
a  mighty  power.  *  *  "^'  ^"  Homeopathy  stands  comparison  with  the  more 
intricate  development  in  other  departments.  Music  has  grown  much  more 
complicated;  it  has  taught  us  to  resolve  discords  into  harmony,  it  has  evolved 
coloring.  Everything  tends  to  be  more  subtle.  Hence  we  must  have  more 
artists  in  medicine;  men  who  can  grasp  fine  points.  We  do  not  always  get 
perfection,  even  in  artists.  They  sometimes  treat  us  to  a  faulty  pose.  We 
need  not  only  artists,  but  artists  of  genius.  Hahnemann  was  the  first  and 
greatest  artist  medicine  has  yet  seen.  He  recognized  the  eternal  fitness  of 
everything  human.  In  his  abstraction  from  the  crude  and  coarse  he  was  far 
in  advance  of  his  age;  hence  medicine  must  yet  come  to  him  for  inspiration. 
*  *  "^'  *  Homeopathy  stands  preeminently  fitted  to  adapt  itself  to  the  finer 
adjustments  that  are  coming  in  all  directions.  It  will  blend  with  all  valuable 
developments  that  the   medicine  of   the  future  evolves,   for  its  basis  is  truth." 

The  above  extracts,  taken  at  random,  give  but  an  imperfect  idea  of  Dr. 
Mitchell's  breadth  of  thought  and  none  whatever  of  his  polished,  earnest  deliv- 
ery, which  has  brought  him  into  well  merited  prominence  as  a  teacher  and  a 
lecturer.  His  practice  has  been  of  a  general  nature,  although  his  medical 
treatment  of  cancer  has  attracted  wide  attention  and  gained  many  converts 
over  the    more   common    processes  of    surgery.       It  may    be  added  that  he  has 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE.  301 

contributed  much  to  medical  literature  esteemed  by  his  profession  as  of  a  per- 
manent value;  and  that  he  is  connected  with  various  social  and  literary  societies, 
whose  members  know  him  and  esteem  him  for  his  genial  and  intellectual 
qualities  evinced  outside  of    his  professional  life. 

Dr.  Mitchell  was  married  in  1864  to  Miss  Helen  S.  Leeds,  daughter  of 
Joseph  and  Arethusa  Leeds  and  niece  of  Rev.  Dr.  George  Leeds,  the  last 
named  being  rector  of  Grace  Church,  Baltimore.  Joseph  Leeds  has  gained  a 
national  reputation  in  his  able  efforts  to  preserve  to  posterity  that  historic  relic 
known  as  Old  South  Church.  Three  children  have  been  born  to  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Mitchell,  one  daughter  and  two  sons.  Helen,  the  eldest,  is  a  vocalist  of  rare 
promise  and  a  leader  in  society.  The  boys,  Sidney  and  Leeds,  are  attending 
strictly  to  their  studies,  although  the  former  is  cjuite  an  athlete  and  the  latter 
a  talented  musician. 


ALLEN   C.   COWPERTHWAITE,    M.  D.,    Pii.  D.,    LL.  D. 

Allen  Corson  Cowperthwaite  was  born  on  May  3,  1849,  the  son  of  Joseph  C. 
and  Deborah  Cowperthwaite  of  Philadelphia.  The  father  was  by  profession  a 
dentist  and  a  gentleman  of  liberal  culture,  being  a  graduate  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  especially  noted  for  his  attainments  as  a  mathema- 
tician,   having  been  the  author  of  a  work  on  Calculus. 

When  Allen  was  but  a  few  months  old  his  parents  moved  to  Toulon,  111., 
where  his  boyhood  days  were  spent  amid  the  surroundings  of  a  new  and  un- 
developed country.  In  addition  to  a  primary  education  secured  in  the  common 
schools  of  the  day,  he  only  enjoyed  such  advantages  as  were  afforded  by  a 
course  of  instruction  at  Toulon  Seminary.  As  a  boy  young  Cowperthwaite  was 
active  and  ambitious,  and  before  arriving  at  the  age  of  twelve  he  had  made 
considerable  progress  in  mastering  the  printer's  trade,  and  subsequently  also 
varied  his  studious  hours  by  acting  as  fire  insurance  and  book  agent.  His  suc- 
cess in  the  sale  of  "Parson  Brownlow's  Book,"  added  to  the  fact  th.at  his 
literary  tastes  early  culminated  in  authorship,  induced  him,  after  completing 
his  seminary  course,  to  enter  the  book  business  at  Kewanee,  111.  After  being 
thus  pleasantly  and  profitably  employed  for  four  years,  he  commenced  the 
study  of  medicine,  his  first  preceptor  being  Dr.  T.  Bacmeister,  of  Toulon. 
Afterward,  however,  he  spent  some  time  under  the  tutorage  of  the  celebrated 
Dr.    Constantine  Hering,    of  Philadelphia. 

Graduating  from  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia,  on 
March  3,  1869,  before  having  attained  the  required  age.  Dr.  Cowperthwaite 
soon  after  received  his  diploma  and  located  for  practice  at  Galva,  111.,  in 
Henry  County.  Here  he  remained  four  years  and  then  removed  to  Nebraska 
City,    Neb. 


302  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE. 

While  there  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in  founding  the  Nebraska  State 
Homeopathic  Medical  Association,  which  has  since  become  a  very  flourishing 
organization.  Meanwhile  he  began  writing  on  various  medical  subjects  and  be- 
came a  recognized  authority  on  many  subjects. 

In  1876  his  first  complete  medical  work  was  published,  entitled  "Insanity 
in  its  Medico-Legal  Relations, "  and  in  the  same  year  he  lectured  before  the 
faculty  and  students  of  the  Central  University  of  Iowa  in  so  masterly  a  manner 
that  the  institution  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 
In  the  following  year,  1877,  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Mental  and  Nervous 
Diseases  in  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia  and  was  about 
to  accept,  when  he  was  tendered  the  position  of  Dean  and  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica  in  the  newly  organized  homeopathic  medical  department  of  the  State 
University  of  Iowa.  This  position  he  accepted  and  held  with  honor  for  fifteen 
years,    until  his  removal  to  Chicago  in    1892. 

Dr.  Cowperthwaite  is  the  author  of  several  valuable  medical  works,  all  of 
which  have  been  in  large  demand.  In  1880  the  first  edition  of  his  "Materia 
Medica"  appeared  and  the  book  has  since  passed  through  seven  editions,  being 
one  of  the  most  extensively  used  text-books  upon  this  important  subject  ever 
published.  In  1888  his  first  text-book  on  "Gynecology"  was  published  and 
was  well  received  by  the  profession.  In  18^5  his  fine  scientific  and  literary 
attainments  were  recognized- by  Snurtleft'  College,  at  Alton,  111.,  which  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws,  and  in  1887  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Science,    Literature  and  Arts,    of  London,    England. 

As  a  further  indication  of  the  broad  reputation  made  by  Dr.  Cowperthwaite 
it  may  be  stated  that  since  1883  he  has  been  six  times  tendered  a  chair  in 
the  University  of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor.  In  1884  he  accepted  the  professor- 
ship of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  homeopathic  college  of  the 
above  university  and  was  chosen  Dean  of  the  Faculty.  He  still  held  his  posi- 
tion in  the  University  of  Iowa,  but  by  traveling  back  and  forth  he  success- 
fully did  the  work  required  in  both  institutions  for  one  year.  At  the  end  of 
that  time,  such  were  the  wearing  demands  made  upon  him,  that  he  resigned 
the  Michigan  appointment,  devoting  his  energies  to  the  work  in  Iowa.  'Though 
since  offered  the  chair  formerly  occupied  by  him  in  the  Michigan  University 
he  has  felt  obliged  to  decline. 

In  August,  1892,  Dr.  Cowperthwaite  came  to  Chicago  for-  a  wider  field 
and  greater  opportunities,  and  was  at  once  elected  Professor  of  Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics  in  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  which  position 
he  still  holds.  His  services  since  coming  to  this  city  have  been  in  such  de- 
mand that  in  February,  1893,  he  was  elected  superintendent  of  the  Chicago 
Baptist  Hospital,  and  in  January,  1894,  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  the 
then    recently    organized    Homeopathic    Post-Graduate    Medical    College    in    this 


-  ^v^^'^'-^iss**;^ 


Men,;  altt  Tl  c'l.t.l.l.-ii'iiii.i  ::•!  ■■Yiij 


■» 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE.  305 

city,  both  of   which    positions  he    has   since  occupied  with  increasing  satisfaction 
to    ah    concerned. 

The  Doctor  has  always  been  prominent  in  the  activities  of  the  State 
and  national  medical  societies  and  is  an  honorary  member  of  several  State 
associations.  He  has  been  president  of  the  State  societies  of  both  Iowa  and 
Nebraska.  In  1875  he  became  a  member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeop- 
athy, having  attended  every  meeting  since  and  been  closely  identified  with 
its  work.  In  1884  he  was  chosen  to  the  vice-presidency  and  in  1887  was 
elected  President  of  the  latter  body.  He  is  also  a  member  of  several  of  the 
local   medical    societies    of    the    city. 

Since  1886,  when  he  was  initiated  into  the  order  at  Kewanee,  111.,  Dr. 
Cowperthwaite  has  been  a  prominent  member  of  the  I.  O.  O.  F. ,  having 
taken  all  the  degrees  and  at  various  times  filled  all  the  subordinate  offices. 
He  has  been  a  member  of  the  grand  lodges  of  Illinois,  Iowa  and  Nebraska 
and    has    occupied    the    highest    State    offices    in    the    grand    encampments. 

In  his  religious  affiliations  the  Doctor  is  and  long  has  been  a  Baptist, 
having  united  with  the  church  in  1866  at  Kewanee,  111.,  having  since  been, 
prominent  in  the  work  of  that  denomination  and  faithful  in  the  practice  of 
its  teachings.  Since  coming  to  Chicago  he  has  been  united  with  the  Fourth 
Baptist  Church,  in  which  he  is  an  active  member  and  one  of  its  trustees. 
Politically,  he  is  a  stanch  Republican,  or  to  put  it  in  his  own  way:  "I  was 
born  a  Republican  and  I  have  never  changed." 

On  June  2,  1870,  Dr.  Cowperthwaite  was  married  to  Miss  Ida  E.  Erving 
of  Oskaloosa,  Iowa,  daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  Joel  F.  Erving.  A  promising 
son,  Joseph  Erving,  now  aged  twenty-one,  and  an  accomplished  daughter, 
Florence  Elfleda,  aged  eighteen,  have  been  born  to  them.  The  home  circle  is  a 
bright  and  happy  one,  to  which  he  delights  to  retire  from  professional  and 
business  cares  as  to  a  sanctuary  and  where,  with  his  estimable  wife,  he  ex- 
tends a    hospitable  welcome  to    his   chosen    friends,    of  whom    he    has    a    host. 


EDWIN    M.    HALE,    M.    D. 

One  of  the  fathers  of  homeopathy  in  Chicago  and  indeed  one  of  the  most 
prominent  leaders  of  the  profession  in  the  West,  Dr.  Hale  was  born  in  the 
village  of  Newport,  N.  H.,  in  1829.  His  earliest  American  ancestor  came  to 
this  country  from  Hertfordshire,  England,  and  about  the  year  1637  settled 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.  David  Hale,  the  founder  of  one  branch  of  the  family, 
moved  to  New  Hampshire  and  located  at  Alstead.  One  of  his  sons,  the  Hon. 
Selma  Hale,  of  Keen,  N.  H.,  served  as  United  States  Senator  from  that  State. 
The  sixth  son,  Syene,  the  father  of  Dr.  Edwin  M.  Hale,  himself  studied  medi- 
cine and  took  his  degree  from  the   medical    department  of    Dartmouth   College. 


3o6  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC  CO  I  LEGE. 

Dr.  E.  M.  Hale  commenced  the  study  of  homeopathic  medicine  in  1848, 
and  for  two  years  was  a  pupil  of  the  late  Dr.  A.  O.  Blair,  of  Newark,  Ohio. 
In  1850  he  entered  the  Cleveland  Homeopathic  Medical  College,  where  he  soon 
distinguished  himself  among  his  fellow  students.  At  the  end  of  the  session 
he  located  in  the  little  village  of  Jonesville,  Mich.  At  that  time  there  were 
not  more  than  a  dozen  homeopathic  physicians  in  the  State  and  Dr.  Hale  was 
among  the  most  energetic  of  those  who,  by  their  able  eftorts,  finally  succeeded 
in  having  a  department  of  homeopathy  added  to  the  University  of  Michigan. 
He  declined,  however,  the  proffered  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics, 
as  he  had  been  called  to  the  same  professorship  in  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College  at  Chicago,  in  which  institution  he  afterward  lectured  for  eighteen  years. 

Dr.  Hale  early  began  to  write  on  subjects  connected  with  his  profession, 
at  a  time  when  the  literature  of  his  school  was  scant  indeed.  In  i860  he  pub- 
lished "A  Monograph  on  Gelsemium  Sempervirens, "  a  drug  then  little  known, 
but  now  extensively  used.  About  this  time  he  accepted  a  position  on  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  North  Ajiicricaii  fo2inial  of  HonicopatJiy  (N.  Y. ).  A  few  years 
later  appeared  his  popular  and  standard  work,  "The  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics  of  New  Remedies."  It  treated  almost  entirely  of  indigenous  plants 
used  in  medicine.  When,  in  i86r,  Dr.  Hale  accepted  the  chair  in  the  Hahne- 
mann College  and  came  to  Chicago,  he  entered  into  partnership  with  Professor 
A.  E.  Small.  Five  years  later  this  connection  was  severed  and  he  entered  into 
practice  with  his  brother.  Dr.  Parker  H.  Hale,  who  had  followed  him  to 
Chicago. 

During  his  connection  with  the  college  Dr.  Hale  continued  his  successful 
labors  as  a  writer  and  an  author,  two  notable  works  being  issued — "Diseases  of 
Women  Causing  Sterility"  and  "Lectures  on  Diseases  of  the  Heart."  For  many 
years  he  has  especially  devoted  much  attention  to  the  latter  subject  and  is 
considered  an  eminent  authority  on  the  subject.  Consequently  this  volume  has 
passed  through  four  editions  and  is  the  text-book  on  that  subject  used  in  homeo- 
pathic colleges.  These  works  have  both  been  translated  into  French,  German 
and  Spanish.  From  1858  to  1884  Dr.  Hale  was  the  author  of  fifty-six  books 
and  pamphlets,  and  from  1884  to  the  present  time  he  has  added  at  least 
a  dozen  publications  to  the  number.  He  also  wrote  a  popular  treatise, 
"The  Heart  and  How  to  Take  Care  of  It."  In  1876  he  visited  Europe,  where 
his  writings  were  well  known,  meeting  everywhere  with  a  cordial  reception.  On 
his  return,  having  severed  his  connection  with  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  newly  organized 
Chicago  Homeopathic  College.  This  he  held  for  five  years,  and  when  he  re- 
tired from  this  position  he  was  made  Emeritus  Professor. 

His  Winter  vacations  he  now  passes  on  the  orange  grove  which  he  owns 
on  the  beautiful    Lake    Monroe,    at    Enterprise,    Fla.      For    more    than  a   quar- 


'i?i'//; ,  =  >-'  /K'.s'i?'-/' W''*''^ 


S^/^^^-j^  hc^/z^^,  >u^r7 


I 


f- 

I 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLIEGE.  309 

ter  of  a  century  Dr.  Hale  has  lived  on  the  corner  of  Twenty-second  Street  and 
Prairie  Avenue,  now  one  of  the  most  elegant  neighborhoods  of  the  city;  but 
when  he  first  built  there  it  was  the  outskirts  of  the  straggling  town. 

Dr.  Hale  is  an  honorary  member  of  many  home  and  foreign  associations 
and  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Science  and  the  American  Institute 
of  Homeopathy.  He  is  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Calumet  and  the  Chi- 
cago Literary  clubs. 

But  the  crowning  work  of  Dr.  Hale's  life  is  yet  to  be  mentioned — his  "Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,"  a  scholarly,  broad,  practical  and  popular  treatise.  It  was 
written  in  1893-94,  at  the  earnest  desire  of  a  majority  of  the  homeopathic 
school.  In  response  to  a  general  request  and  prompted  by  his  own  convictions 
as  to  what  was  required,  he  incorporated  in  it  his  large  experience  with  indig- 
enous medicines,  making  it  liberal  in  its  tendencies,  and  in  its  etiology  and 
pathology  fully  abreast  of  the  most  recent  medical  discoveries.  The  result  is 
an  epoch  in  the  history  of  homeopathy  and  as  large  a  sale  as  has  greeted  the 
appearance  of  any   medical  work  for  the  past  quarter  of  a  century. 


LEMUEL  CONANT  GROSVENOR,  M.  D.    ' 

There  are  few  professional  men  who  seem  so  irresistibly  to  have  been  led 
into  and  along  their  career  by  fate  or  Providence,  or  whatever  else  one 
chooses  to  call  it,  as  Dr.  Grosvenor.  At  times  the  path  has  been  rugged  and 
final  success  has  come  only  through  an  inflexible  will  and  ceaseless  exertions, 
but  throughout  the  entire  long  and  honorable  journey  there  has  been  no  halting, 
and  as  one  looks  back  over  it  all  he  cannot  see  that  the  result  could  have  been 
otherwise  than  it  is.  There  are,  most  assuredly,  calls  to  the  medical  profession 
as  there  are  to  the  ministry — calls  determined  by  inclination,  fitness  and  the 
logic  of  events  ;  and  if  any  human  being  ever  had  a  plain  call,  in  this  sense 
of  the  word,  it  was  the  subject  of    this  sketch. 

Born  at  Paxton,  Mass.,  on  the  twenty -second  of  March,  1833,  Lemuel 
Conant  Grosvenor  is  the  eldest  son  of  Deacon  Silas  N.  and  Mary  A.  (Conant) 
Grosvenor.  His  father  was  a  leading  business  man  of  the  community,  but,  as 
is  often  the  case,  his  mother  it  was  who  was  most  influential  in  giving  his  mind 
its  intellectual  and  professional  cast.  She  was  a  woman  of  rare  strength  of 
character,  taking  an  active  part  in  the  education  of  her  children,  and  her 
main  desire  was  that  her  son  Lemuel  should  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  his 
grandfather.  This  gentleman  was  the  Rev.  Gains  Conant,  who  for  a  quarter 
of  a  century  was  the  pastor  of  the  Paxton  Congregational  Church,  and  beloved 
and  revered  as  only  a  New  England  clergyman  is  who  spends  his  life  in 
spiritual   ministrations,  kindly   thought  and  high   living  in  a  small  community. 


3 to  CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC  COLLEGE. 

A  sound  education  was  the  first  step  in  the  career  which,  during  his 
youthful  years,  seemed  to  be  the  boy's  destiny.  Before  his  thirteenth  year, 
therefore,  he  had  attended  the  Wilhston  Seminary,  at  East  Hampshire,  Mass., 
being  under  the  care  of  his  elder  sister.  At  this  period  in  his  life  his  grand- 
father proved  a  great  intellectual  stimulus  to  -him.  A  graduate  of  Brown 
University  himself  and  a  man  of  sound  learning  as  well  as  piety,  it  was 
chiefly  through  his  persuasions,  perhaps,  that  his  grandchildren  were  placed  at 
the  institution  named,  which  was  no  unimportant  feeder  of  Amherst  College. 
Upon  the  removal  of  the  family  to  Worcester,  however,  where  the  educational 
advantages  were  good,  Lemuel  entered  the  high  school  and  pursued  a  full  course 
extending  over  a  period  of  four  years.  Even  at  that  early  age  he  evinced 
literary  talents  of  no  mean  order  and  was  a  graceful  public  speaker.  When, 
therefore,  at  the  age  of  seventeen  his  parents  removed  to  Sauk  County,  Wis., 
the  youth  was  a  Latin  and  Greek  scholar,  well  grounded  in  the  sciences  and 
higher  mathematics  and  prepared  in  many  respects  to  face  the  world  alone. 
His  talents  soon  found  favor  in  the  eyes  of  the  district  board  of  a  neighboring 
county,  and  he  was  selected  to  take  charge  of  a  school  at  West  Point, 
Columbia  County.  As  it  happens,  even  at  the  age  of  seventeen  Dr.  Grosvenor 
was  making-  history,  for  the  school  which  was  under  his  rule  during  the  four 
months  covering  the  Winter  and  a  portion  of  the  Spring  of  1850-51  was  the 
first  Winter  school  ever  taught  in  West  Point.  Lnagine  the  exultation  of  the 
youth  when  he  received,  as  a  result  of  his  work,  $60  in  gold  !  As  he  had 
followed  the  usual  custom  of  "boarding  around"  with  the  families  of  his 
pupils,  this  sum  was  clear  and  above  board.  His  younger  brother  now  joined 
him  and  together  they  started  for  their  old  Worcester  home,  Lemuel's  object 
being  to  take  a  post-graduate  course  in  higher  mathematics  and  surveying  and 
return  to  the  West  for  the  purpose  of  practicing  the  latter  profession.  To 
reach  their  destination  the  two  walked  to  Milwaukee,  then  took  boat  to  Chicago 
and  St.  Joe,  the  railroad  system  to  Buffalo  commencing  at  the  last  named  point. 
The  Erie  canal  bore  them  to  Albany,  from  which  place  to  Worcester  was  by 
comparatively  rapid  transit.  But  the  program  of  becoming  a  surveyor 
and  returning  to  the  West  was  not  to  be  carried  out.  He  pursued  his  course 
in  higher  mathematics,  but  as  he  was  obliged  to  support  himself  by  teaching 
he  soon  found  that  more  and  more  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the  calling  in 
which  he  had  already  enjoyed  a  not  unpleasant  experience.  Li  short,  from  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  devoted  an  entire  decade  to  the  profession  which  he  had 
not  intended  to  follow,  and  at  length  became  so  wrapped  in  it  and  the  minds 
which   he  was  forming  that  for  some  years  he  had  no  inclination  to  abandon  it. 

In  succession  the  district  school  at  Scituate,  the  select  school  at  Rutland, 
the  Union  high  school  at  Scituate  Harbor  and  the  South  Hingham  grammar  school 
came    under    his    tutelage,    and    after    an    experience  of  between  two  and  three 


i 


I 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE.  313 

years  with  these  institutions  he  received  the  appointment  of  head-master  of 
the  Mather  school,  Dorchester.  This  is  the  oldest  free  school  in  America, 
founded  in  1639  (about  the  time  that  Harvard  University  came  into  existence) 
and  named  in  honor  of  Cotton   Mather. 

Dr.  Grosvenor  remained  in  charge  of  the  Mather  school  about  seven  years, 
and  it  was  during  the  latter  portion  of  that  period  that  events  were  trans- 
piring and  conspiring  to  lead  him  into  the  walk  of  life  for  which  he  was 
manifestly  destined.  Of  the  substantial  and  esteemed  families  who  had  lived 
for  generations  at  various  localities  around  Boston  Harbor-  none  were  more 
favorably  known  than  the  Proutys.  David  A.,  a  native  of  Scituate,  had  invented 
the  pot-metal  plow  and,  despite  the  objection  of  his  neighbors  that  the  material 
was  too  brittle  for  any  practical  use,  had  proved  its  temper  in  the  rocky  streets 
of  his  native  town,  and  finally,  in  partnership  with  John  Mears,  his  brother-in- 
law  and  his  son,  Lorenzo  Prouty,  had  established  a  large  manufactory  in  South 
Boston.  From  their  joint  efforts  afterward  came  the  ce  ter-draft  plow,  which 
was  awarded  first  premium  at  the  World's  Fair,  London.  The  business  at 
length  passed  into  the  able  hands  of  Lorenzo  Prouty,  who  extended  it  so  as 
to  embrace  not  only  the  manufacture  of  plows,  but  that  of  stoves,  furnaces, 
etc.  And  Mr.  Prouty  became  not  only  a  wealthy  man,  but  a  cultured  one  as 
well.  Among  other  indications  of  his  intellectual  thrift  was  a  large  library 
which,  for  those  days,  was  especially  rich  in  scientific  works. 

Now,  the  young  master  of  Mather  school  had  a  commendable  idea  that 
one  of  the  most  important  subjects  to  teach  his  scholars  was  the  science  of 
keeping  well.  If  he  had  any  hobbies  they  were  Personal  and  School  Hygiene, 
and  in  the  preparation  of  his  frequent  and  interesting  talks  on  anatomy, 
physiology,  hygiene,  etc.,  he  frequently  consulted  the  books  in  Mr.  Prouty 's 
library.  One  day  while  thus  engaged  in  the  presence  of  his  friend,  and,  to 
some  extent,  patron,  Mr.  Prouty  looked  up  from  his  reading  with  the  questicn, 
"Lemuel,  why  don't  you  study  medicine?"  In  brief,  the  young  man  was  then 
told  that  he  was  just  the  person  for  the  profession.  It  set  him  to  thinking  so 
seriously  that  although  he  was  a  member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Instruc- 
tion, had  acted  for  three  years  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Teacher's  Associati(jn  and  had  been  remarkably  successful,  both  financially  and 
as  to  professional  standing,  concluded  that  his  lines  of  greatest  expansion 
tended  toward  medicine  rather  than  pedagogy. 

After  spending  some  time  in  a  private  office,  Dr.  Grosvenor  returned  to 
the  West  and  pursued  a  regular  course  at  Cleveland  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  the  Spring  of  1864.  While  in  Chicago  a  friend 
had  informed  him  that  the  prospects  were  good  for  a  physician  at  Peoria,  111. 
Dr.  Grosvenor's  experience  there  proved  his  friend  to  be  in  the  right,  since, 
within  three  years,   he  established  a  most  lucrative  practice  among  the  wealthy 


314  CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE. 

and  cultured  people  of  that  city,  his  energy  and  previous  training  making  such 
a  result  almost  inevitable.  In  the  midst  of  such  bright  prospects  he  felt  justi- 
fied in  returning  to  the  East,  to  Dorchester  and  to  Miss  Ellen  M.  Prouty, 
daughter  of  that  Lorenzo  who  had  done  him  and  society  so  good  a  turn  when 
he  put  the  question,  "Lemuel,  why  don't  you  study  medicine?"  At  this  point 
the  inference  may  be  drawn  that  there  was  another  attraction  besides  books 
which  had  induced  Dr.  Grosvenor  to  call  so  frequently  at  the  home-like  resi- 
dence of  Lorenzo  Prouty.  The  marriage  occurred  at  the  home  of  the  bride 
in  1867,  and  upon  his  return  to  the  West  Dr.  Grosvenor  settled  in  Galesburg, 
111.  It  was  not  long  before  he  had  secured  the  practice  of  the  most  prominent 
and  wealthy  families  of  the  place.  But  notwithstanding  his  prospects  he 
decided,  after  a  residence  in  Galesburg  of  three  years'  standing,  upon  removing 
to  Chicago,  where  the  growth  of  his  practice  and  reputation  would  be  unre- 
stricted by  territory  or  other  exterior  considerations. 

In  1870,  therefore,  Dr.  Grosvenor  removed  to  this  city  and  inaugurated 
his  career  here  of  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century's  duration,  which  has 
literally  made  his  name  a  household  word  in  thousands  of  families.  By  the 
time  the  great  fire  came  sweeping  over  the  North  Side  he  had  established 
himself  as  one  of  Chicago's  foremost  physicians  and  surgeons.  Singular  to 
relate,  that  wholesale  calamity  passed  him  by,  leaving  his  house  standing  and 
he  himself  the  only  physician  on  the  North  Side  who  had  a  settled  habitation. 
To  the  sufferers,  however,  he  threw  open  his  residence,  organized  an  impromptu 
hospital,  and  crowded  his  family  into  the  smallest  possible  compass.  To  this 
his  landlord  objected  and  threatened  to  eject  him,  but  Rev.  Robert  Collyer 
and  other  prominent  citizens  came  to  his  defense,  and  the  Chicago  Relief  and 
Aid  Society  subsequently  showed  their  apprecia:tion  of  his  services  in  a  sub- 
stantial manner,  although  wholly  out  of  proportion  to  the  extent  and  value  of 
his  work  during  the  long  season  of  suffering  which   followed  the  fire. 

It  was  about  this  time  that  the  Illinois  State  Beard  of  Health,  in  accord- 
ance with  recently  enacted  legislation,  directed  that  lectures  be  delivered  before 
the  leading  colleges  on  matters  connected  with  sanitary  science.  The  Chicago 
Homeopathic  College  had  been  organized  and  Dr.  Grosvenor  appointed  a  lecturer 
on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine.  Knowing  of  his  close  and  long  study 
of  all  hygienic  matters  and  his  intense  interest  in  such  subjects,  appreciating 
also  his  powers  as  an  instructive  and  entertaining  public  speaker,  when  the 
new  law  was  put  into  operation  the  faculty  instinctively  turned  to  him  as  the 
one  best  fitted  for  the  work.  Not  only  did  the  college  thus  honor  him,  but  it 
created  a  chair  of  Sanitary  Science  for  him — the  first  full  professorship  of  the 
kind  founded  in  America  or  the  world.  Thus  did  Dr.  Grosvenor  continue  his 
labors  on  a  vastly  extended  plane,  begun  so  many  years  ago  for  the  benefit  of 
his  young    pupils  in  the  old    Mather  school.      Since    he    thus  became  Professor 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE.  315 

of    Sanitary  Science    his    lectures    on    the    hyojiene    of    the    home,    especially  as 
relates  to  women  and  children,    have  given  him    a    world-wide    fame. 

As  may  be  inferred,  his  specialties  have  been  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology, 
and  there  is,  perhaps,  no  physician  in  Chicago  whose  practice  is  larger  in  this 
line,  the  lying-in  cases  which  come  under  his  care  now  averaging  fully  two 
hundred  annually.  And  his  care  of  the  mother  neither  commences  nor  ends 
with  the  birth  of  a  new  life,  for  not  only  does  he  lecture  before  the  students 
of  his  college  on  such  subjects  as  Gestation,  Nursing,  Lactation,  etc.,  but  gives 
private  bedside  talks  and  instructions  to  expectant  and  actual  mothers.  A  bare 
mention  of  the  titles  of  some  of  these  lectures  will  indicate  their  purpose  and 
the  nature  of  these  unassuming  but  invaluable  bedside  talks:  "Care  of  the 
Mother  During  Gestation;"  "How  Shall  We  Dress  Our  Babies?"  "Regular 
Nursing  and  the  Reason  Why;"  "The  Bird's  Bath;"  "Care  of  the  Baby's 
Mother  With  Reference  to  Milk  Making;"  "Sleep — What  It  Means  to  the  Baby 
and  How  to  Secure  It."  In  this  connection  should  be  mentioned  the  so-called 
Gertrude  Suit — an  invention  which  takes  the  place  of  the  old-fashioned  band- 
ages and  swaddling  clothes,  with  their  tendencies  to  restrict  the  free  play  of 
the  vital  organs  and  their  endless  pinnings.  The  Gertrude  Suit  consists  of 
three  garments,  which  thoroughly  cover  the  body,  hang  from  the  shoulders  and 
give  perfect  freedom  to  all  the  organs.  Norman  Bridge  once  remarked  that  if 
Dr.  Grosvenor  had  done  nothing  more  than  invent  the  Gertrude  Suit  he  still 
ought  to  be  canonized,  and  countless  mothers  will  strongly  uphold  the  remark. 
The  invention  has  been  warmly  welcomed  not  onl)-  in  this  countr)',  but  in 
England,  Australia,  India    and  South   Africa. 

His  interest  in  the  young  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  guiding  forces  in  Dr. 
Grosvenor's  life.  It  now  antedates  the  cradle,  follows  faithfully  the  steps  of 
mother  and  babe  and  continues  with  the  bo3's  and  girls,  students  in  school  and 
college  and  struggling  practitioners.  This  human,  practical  and  unflagging 
interest,  combined  with  his  energy  and  knowledge,  his  graceful  manner  and 
fluent  yet  simple  style  of  speaking,  are  the  qualities  that  have  given  Dr. 
Grosvenor  such  high  standing  as  a  lecturer  and  parlor  conversationalist. 
Among  his  most  popular  lectures  on  more  general  subjects  than  those  men- 
tioned are:  "Our  Boys;"  "Value  of  a  Purpose;"  "Stimulants  and  Narcotics;" 
"Our  Girls,"  and    "Roses  Without   Cosmetics." 

In  the  record  of  his  own  domestic  life  is  also  found  one  explanation  of 
this  continued  interest  in  the  young,  since,  altogether,  eight  children  have  been 
born  to  him.  His  first  wife  died  in  1874,  leaving  two  sons  and  a  daughter- 
one  daughter  having  died  in  infancy.  Of  the  former,  Lorenzo  N.  was  born  in 
Galesburg  in  1868,  received  his  education  in  Chicago  and  at  Oberlin  College, 
graduated  at  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College  in  1889,  took  a  post-graduate 
course  in    1892  and  is  now  practicing  at  Edgewater,  near  Chicago. 


3i6  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COILEGE. 

Wallace  F.  Grosvenor  was  also  born  at  Galesburg,  in  1870,  graduated  from 
Oberlin  College  in  1892  and  from  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College  in  1895, 
took  a  post-graduate  course  in  medicine  and  is  now  assisting  his  father  in  his 
large  and  still  increasing  practice. 

In  1877  Dr.  Grosvenor  was  married  to  Miss  Naomi  Josephine  Bassett,  of 
Taunton,  Mass.  Of  their  four  children,  David  and  Lucy  are  living,  the  former 
in  his  fifteenth  and  the  latter  in  her  thirteenth  year.  Mrs.  Grosvenor  is  an 
educated  lady  of  literary  tastes  and  has  been  of  great  assistance  to  her  hus- 
band in  his  professional  labors.  It  was  she,  also,  who  worked  out  the  details 
of  the  now  famous  Gertrude  Suit,  named  after  a  daughter  who  died  in  infancy. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  stated,  as  indicating  the  range  of  Dr.  Grosvenor's 
■activities,  that  besides  practicing  and  lecturing,  in  addition  to  devoting  much 
time  and  strength  to  his  duties  as  Professor  of  Sanitary  Science  and  Clinical 
Professor  of  Obstetrics  in  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  he  has  been  three 
years  President  of  the  American  Paedological  Society,  for  twenty-one  years  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (three  times  its 
President)  and  for  many  years  connected  with  the  American  Institute  of 
Homeopathy. 

Dr.  Grosvenor  has  long  been  a  member  of  the  Lincoln  Park  Congrega- 
tional Church  and  several  years  President  of  its  Board  of  Trustees. 


JOHN  WILLIAMS  STREETER,  M.  D. 

Born  in  Austinburg,  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  on  the  seventeenth  of  Septem- 
ber, 1841,  Dr.  Streeter  is  the  son  of  Rev.  Sereno  W.  Streeter,  long  an  honored 
clergyman  of  the  Congregational  Church  and  a  member  of  one  of  the  sub- 
stantial families  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  Mary  (Williams)  Streeter,  who  traces 
her  ancient  lineage  to  Wales  and  her  more  recent  descent  from  Roger  Williams. 
Both  of  Dr.  Streeter's  parents  were  graduates  of  Oberlin  College,  his  mother 
being  a  lady  of  remarkable  culture  and  strength  of  mind.  The  father  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  abolitionists,  bringing  himself  into  disfavor  on  account  of 
his  pronounced  views  even  as  early  as  1837,  when  he  was  a  student  at  Lane 
Theological  Seminary,  Cincinnati.  Ten  years  later,  having  been  called  to  the 
pastorate  of  a  church  near  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Mr.  Streeter  removed  his  family 
thither  from  Ohio,  his  son  John  being  then  about  six  years  of  age.  Here  the 
boy  commenced  his  education,  continuing  it  at  various  points  in  Ohio  up  to  his 
seventeenth  year.  Wishing  to  give  his  children  the  best  education  within  his 
means,  the  father  now  accepted  a  professorship  at  Otterbien  University,  but  with 
a  self-reliance  beyond  his  years  the  son  John  determined  to  mark  out  a  course 
for  himself    and  cease  to  be    a  draft  upon    the  family  exchequer.      So    for    four 


t 


'ferfiiaz.;;^-  or ins-rsn:  .6''!=f'''"' 


M 


CHIC  A  GO   HOMEOPA  THIC   COLLEGE.  3 1 9 

years,  from  1858  to  1862,  he  taught  and  worked  upon  a  farm  in  Northern 
Indiana,  after  which  he  visited  his  parents  at  Union  City,  Micli.,  where  liis 
father  was  now  settled  over  a  large  and  flourishing  church. 

At  this  time  the  war  fever  was  high  and  the  State  was  organizing  its  first 
regiment  of  light  artillery.  The  temptation  to  become  a  part  of  the  great 
movement  toward  the  front  was  too  strong  for  the  young  man  to  resist.  He 
was  now  nearing  his  majority,  was  strong  and  ambitious  and  his  father  was 
heart  and  soul  (as  he  had  been  for  the  past  quarter  of  a  century)  with  the 
cause  of  the  North.  So  in  July,  1861,  about  a  month  before  his  twenty-first 
birthday,  he  joined  the  First  Regiment  of  Michigan  Light  Artillery,  and  for 
the  succeeding  three  years  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, never  being  oft  duty  for  a  day  during  the  entire  period.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Second  Lieutenant  for  bravery  during  the  first  day's  battle  at 
Chicamauga,  the  piece  of  artillery  of  which  he  had  charge  being  the  only  one 
which  did  not  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  emeny.  He  also  participated  in  the 
engagements  at  Nashville  and  Franklin,  being  mustered  out  ot  the  service  in 
the  Fall  of   1865   with  the  rank  of  First   Lieutenant. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  Dr.  Streeter  commenced  his  professional 
studies  at  the  Michigan  State  Universitv,  continuing  them  in  the  office  of  Dr. 
D.  C.  Powers,  of  Coldwater,  Mich.,  the  latter  being  not  onh'  an  old  family 
friend  but  the  surgeon  of  the  battery  with  which  Dr.  Streeter  had  remained 
despite  quite  tempting  offers  ol  preferment  in  other  directions.  Subsequently 
he  pursued  a  course  of  reading  under  Dr.  Goocbvin,  an  ex-naval  surgeon  of 
Toledo,  O.,  but  finally  came  to  Chicago,  entered  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College  and  graduated  therefrom   in    i868. 

Dr.  Streeter's  worldly  condition  was  still  far  from  secure,  but  in  order  to 
obtain  what  he  considered  a  most  necessary  experience,  as  physician  in  charge 
of  the  college  dispensary  he  devoted  fully  two  years  to  charity  practice.  At 
the  end  of  that  time  he  had  a  fund  of  practical  information  possessed  by  few 
physicians  of  his  age,  which  was  of  untold  value  to  him  in  his  after  practice. 
During  the  early  portion  of  his  career,  also,  he  enjoyed  the  firm  and  helpful 
friendship  of  A.  J.  Willard,  an  intimate  friend  of  his  father  for  many  years.  Dr. 
Streeter  now  remembers  with  amusement  that  the  gross  receipts  of  his  first 
year's  practice  amounted  to  $415,  and  his  net  income  was  slightly  in  excess  of 
$100.  Under  the  circumstances,  the  practical  friendship  of  such  a  man  as  Mr. 
Willard  was  most  gratifying,  and  to  him  Dr.  Streeter  owes  much.  B}-  the 
year  1877,  however.  Dr.  Streeter  had  acquired  so  substantial  a  position  as  to 
be  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  founding  of  the  Chicago  Homeopathic 
College,  which  has  since  become  one  of  the  leading  medical  institutions  in 
the  West  and  of  which  he  has  continuously  been  Professor  of  the  Diseases 
of  Women.      During  all  this  time  he  has  also  been  Gynecologist  to  the  college 


320  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE. 

hospital  and  dispensary,  and  for  twelve  years  Attending  Gynecologist  at  Cook 
County  Hospital.  In  1888  he  founded  the  magnificent  private  hospital  of 
which  he  is  the  head  and  which  is  elsewhere  described.  Dr.  Streeter  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy  and  of  the  Illinois  State 
and   Chicago  societies. 

In  common  with  thousands  of  other  old  soldiers,  Dr.  Streeter  has  remained 
in  touch  with  his  former  comrades  and  assisted  in  the  promotion  of  a  martial, 
manly  spirit  among  the  rising  generation  by  identifying  himself  with  various 
military  organizations.  From  the  first  he  has  been  interested  in  the  growth 
of  the  National  Guard  system,  having  served  as  surgeon  both  of  the  First 
Brigade  and  the  First  Regiment.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion 
of  Illinois  since  its  organization,  and  besides  this  association  with  military 
organizations  has  been  identified  with  several  sportsmen's  and  athletic  clubs. 
In  fact,  from  boyhood  up.  Dr.  Streeter's  theory  and  practice  have  been  along 
the  lines  of  an  harmonious  training  of  body  and  mind,  and  he  himself  is  a 
striking  instance  of  the  wisdom  of  this  course. 


EDWIN    HARTLEY    PRATT,   A.  M.,    M.  D.,    LL.  D. 

A  native  of  Towanda,  Pa.,  and  born  on  November  6,  1849,  Dr.  Pratt  is  the 
son  of  Leonard  Pratt,  M.  D.,  and  Betsey  (Belding)  Pratt,  both  of  whom  are  of 
English  descent.  The  father,  now  a  leading  resident  of  San  Jose,  Cal.,  was 
formerly  connected  with  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Chicago,  and  for 
many  years  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  physicians  in  the  Northwest. 
The  maternal  ancestors  were  noted  for  their  longevity,  and  Dr.  Pratt's 
mother  partakes  of    their  energetic,    fearless  and  persevering  characteristics. 

Dr.  Pratt  inherits  his  physical  organization  from  his  mother,  being  six  feet 
in  height,  finely  proportioned  and  weighing  two  hundred  and  fifty  pounds.  He 
has  the  mental  elasticity  of  his  father  and  the  indomitable  energy,  courage 
and  perseverance  of  his  mother.  His  only  living  sister,  Nettie  L.  Pratt,  is  a 
young  lady  of  San  Jose,  Cal.,  noted  for  her  unusual  musical  attainments. 

Prior  to  his  fifteenth  year  Edwin  attended  the  common  schools  and  spent 
a  year  at  Mt.  Carroll  (111.)  Seminary.  In  order  to  give  him  the  advantage  of 
a  collegiate  education,  his  father  removed  to  Wheaton,  111.,  where  the  boy  took 
one  year  in  the  preparatory  course  of  the  college  located  at  that  point.  He 
completed  his  courses,  however,  both  preparatory  and  collegiate,  at  the  University 
of    Chicago,  where  he  remained  six  years. 

In  college  he  developed  a  marked  aptitude  for  geometry,  logic,  metaphysics, 
grammar  and  rhetoric,  and  was  especially  fond  of  the  "Odes  of  Horace"  and 
"Ars   Poetica,"  by  reason  of  their  help  to  him  in  writing  and  speaking.      In  the 


^mencmBiuaiPuU&Chicacii 


I 


CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE.  323 

literary  society  to  which  he  belonged,  the  "  Tri  Kappa,"  he  was  a  leader  in 
debate,  and  was,  withal,  a  great  favorite  among  his  fellow  students.  He  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  "Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  "  fraternity,  and  his  musical 
tastes  and  talents  were  unusual. 

Graduating  from  the  classical  course  in  1871,  with  the  degree  of  A.  B., 
his  design  was  to  fit  himself  for  the  practice  of  law,  but  yielding  to  his 
father's  wishes,  in  October,  1871,  he  entered  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College, 
and  was  graduated  in  the  Spring  of  1873,  with  the  degree  of  M.  D.  During 
his  medical  course  he  acted  as  quizmaster  in  connection  with  his  father's 
chair,  that  of  Special  Pathology  and  Diagnosis,  and  also  during  his  last  year 
filled  the  position  of  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy.  After  listening  to  his  vale- 
dictory address,  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  college  at  once  invited  him  to 
become  Demonstrator  and  Adjunct  Professor  of  Anatomy.  In  order  to  better 
qualify  himself  for  the  place,  he  visited  Philadelphia  and  spent  the  Spring  term 
in  Professor  Keen's  School  of  Anatom}',    and  in  Jefferson   Medical  College. 

In  the  Fall  of  1873  he  entered  upon  his  career  as  a  teacher  in  Hahne- 
mann Medical  College,  lecturing  twice  each  week,  and  in  the  absence  of  the 
Professor  of  Anatomy  assuming  the  responsibilities  of  that  position,  and  it  may 
be  added  that  they  mainly  devolved  upon  Dr.  Pratt.  As  a  result  of  his  able 
and  faithful  work,  he  was  tendered  the  professorship  of  Anatom}',  but  feeling 
that  he  could  not  afford  to  spend  the  time  required  for  a  conscientious  per-, 
formance  of  the  duties  connected  with  the  chair,  he  declined  the  offer.  As  a 
tribute  to  the  value  of  his  services,  however,  a  fair  salary  was  attached  to  the 
position.  Under  this  arrangement  Dr.  Pratt  accepted  it  and  filled  the  chair 
until  the  Spring  of   1876. 

Sympathizing  with  the  movement  which  resulted  at  this  time  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  Dr.  Pratt  severed  his  connection 
with  Hahnemann  and  accepted  in  the  new  institution  the  professorship  of  the 
same  chair  he  had  so  acceptably  filled  in  the  old.  This  position  he  occupied 
for  seven  years,  during  which  time  the  homeopathists  were  admitted  to  the 
wards  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital.  Thereupon  Dr.  Pratt  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  hospital  staff,  and  occupied  a  position  first  in  the  Theory  and 
Practice  department,  later  in  the  Gynecological  department,  being  afterward 
elected  Attending  Surgeon  of    the  hospital. 

In  1883  d'-  Pratt  retired  from  the  chair  of  Anatomy  and  accepted  that 
of  Surgery.  This  epoch  in  his  life  has  been  thus  described:  "It  was  here, 
while  handling  the  complicated  and  obscure  cases  at  the  college  clinic,  that  he  dis- 
covered what  has  at  once  marked  an  era  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  diseases. 
Inspired  by  the  thought  of  his  new  discovery,  he  was  about  to  announce  it  to 
his  class,  but  a  second  thought  prompted  him  to  dismiss  them  with  the  announce- 
ment that  his  next  lecture  would  be    'Chronic  Diseases  from  a  Surgical  Stand- 


324  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE. 

point.'  He  had  promised  an  article  for  a  medical  journal,  and  being  pressed 
for  time  he  employed  a  stenographer  to  report  this  lecture  in  fulfillment  of  that 
promise. 

"His  juu'pose  of  presenting  something  new  had  been  noised  about,  and 
when  he  entered  the  lecture-room  he  found  it  crowded  to  its  fullest  capacity, 
among  the  audience  being  many  visitors  from  other  colleges.  It  was  a  moment 
of  supreme  importance  to  him,  and  as  he  advanced  in  his  lecture  the  heavy, 
tired  and  restrained  feeling  which  he  had  experienced  at  the  opening  passed 
away,  there  came  from  him  a  flood  of  light  and  he  spoke  as  under  the  power 
of  inspiration,  holding  his  auditors  spellbound  to  the  close,  when  their  breath- 
less silence  was  broken  by  loud  and  long  applause.  Such  was  the  effect  of  the 
lecture  that,  although  it  was  within  three  weeks  of  the  close  of  the  term,  and 
the  students  were  busy  with  examinations  and  tired  from  their  Winter's 
work,  sixteen  members  of  the  class  presented  themselves  for  treatment  under 
the  new  discovery,  which   its  author  had  named  the  Orificial   Philosophy. 

"The  result  of  the  treatment  upon  these  cases  was  so  satisfactory,  and  so 
many  were  cured,  that  the  new  philosophv  was  at  once  pronounced  a  marvel- 
ous success.  From  that  time  the  surgical  clinic  of  the  college  was  conducted 
on  the  oriticial  principle,  and  for  a  year  was  visited  by  physicians  of  all  schools 
throughout  the  United  States,  who  came  to  witness  the  workings  of  the  new 
philosoph}'.  The  spread  of  the  new  idea  brought  so  many  inquirers  that  Dr. 
Pratt  found  the  demands  upon  his  time  and  strength  more  than  he  could  endure 
and  keep  up  his  private  practice,  and  this  led  him  to  receive  and  instruct  his  pro- 
fessional brethren  in  Orificial  Surgery  in  classes  instead  of  singly,  as  was  at 
first  his  custom.  He  now  holds  these  classes  semi-annually  for  a  week,  and 
during  that  time  he  devotes  the  time  to  the  lectures  and  clinical  work,  allowing 
members  of  the  class  to  bring  their  most  difffcult  cases,  upon  which  he  publicly 
operates. 

"After  the  second  class  of  this  kind,  those  present  organized  the  National 
x\ssociation  of  Orificial  Surgeons,  electing  Dr.  Pratt'as  honorary  member  and 
providing  in  their  constitution  that  there  never  should  be  but  one.  This  asso- 
ciation has  had  a  wonderful  growth  and  promises  to  be  one  of  the  largest 
medical  societies  in  the  United  States.  Such  has  been  the  effect  of  the  new 
method  for  treating  chronic  cases  that  four-fifths  of  those  apparently  incurable 
are  speedily  restored  to  health.  In  recognition  of  his  services,  the  Chicago 
Homeopathic  College  established  a  chair  of  Orificial  Surgery,  to  be  filled  by 
Dr.    Pratt." 

In  1886  Dr.  Pratt  was  honored  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  of  his  Alma 
Mater.  He  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Missouri  Medical,  the  Ohio  Medical 
and  the  Kentucky  Medical  societies,  and  the  Southern  Association  of  Physicians, 
and    an    active    meiTjber  of   the  Illinois  State  Medical  Association,   the  Chicago 


CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE.  327 

Academy  of  Medicine  and  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy.  He  has  a 
very  large  and  lucrative  practice,  is  a  hard  student,  and  has  an  elegant  library 
filled  with  several  thousand  of  the  choicest  books.  Dr.  Pratt  contributes  largely 
to  current  literature,  besides  being  the  author  of  a  beautifully  illustrated  work 
on  "  Orificial  Surgery."  He  is  also  editor-in-chief  of  the  /onnial  of  Orificial 
Surgery,  the  able  exponent  of  his  philosophy  which  has  made  such  rapid  progress 
in  the  medical  and  surgical  world. 

The  Lincoln  Park,  subsequently  the  Pratt  Sanitarium,  has  been  established 
by  Dr.  Pratt  for  the  many  patients  who  come  to  be  treated  by  the  new  system, 
and  for  the  increasing  throng  of  doctors  who  seek  to  master  the  principles  and 
practice  of  Orificial  Surgery.  The  patronage  of  the  place  is  not  only  extensive 
but  of  a  high  grade.  Dr.  Pratt  being  assisted  by  an  able  corps  of  physicians 
and  surgeons.  Connected  with  the  sanitarium  is  a  large  and  well-organized 
training  school  for  nurses. 

Dr.  Pratt  was  married  June  26,  1877,  ^o  Miss  Ida  M.  Bailey,  of  Jersey- 
Heights,  N.  J.,  his  wife  being  a  lady  of  unusual  attainments.  Both  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Pratt  are  members  of  the  Apollo  Club,  of  which  the  Doctor  was  one  of 
the  founders  and  is  now  a  director.  Their  marriage  has  been  blessed  by  two 
children. 


JAY  J.   THOMPSON,    M.  D. 

The  subject  of  this  biography  is  the  son  of  Judson  and  Lydia  M.  (Berry) 
Thompson  and  was  born  near  Rochester,  Minn.,  on  January  21,  1857.  On  his 
maternal  side  he  traces. his  ancestry  back  to  the  Pilgrims,  his  father's  ancestors 
being  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  Vermont. 

His  father  came  West  from  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  to  Wisconsin  at  the 
age  of  sixteen  and  settled  at  Neenah.  After  his  marriage  he  moved  to  Min- 
nesota, where  Jay  J.  was  born.  The  serious  Indian  troubles  of  that  period 
caused  his  father  to  move  back  to  Wisconsin  when  the  boy  was  two  years  old 
and  where  the  elder  Thompson  has  resided  ever  since. 

Young  Thompson's  early  education  was  such  as  the  best  local  schools  afiorded, 
but  later  he  entered  Lawrence  University  at  Appleton,  Wis.,  leaving,  however, 
at  the  age  of  twenty-one  to  accept  a  position  as  teacher  in  the  public  schools. 
He  filled  the  position  of  principal  in  various  public  schools  throughout  the 
State  and  became  well  and  favorably  known  as  an    educator. 

In  1882  Mr.  Thompson  was  called  back  to  Appleton  to  take  charge  of  one 
of  the  public  schools  of  that  city  as  principal.  While  serving  in  that  capacity- 
he  devoted  his  spare  time  to  the  study  of  medicine,  during  his  last  year  of 
teaching  being  under  the  tutelage  of  Dr.  Reiley,  a  physician  of  the  regular 
school. 


338  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC  COLLEGE. 

About  nine  years  ago  he  came  to  Chicago,  where  he  continued  his  medical 
studies  at  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  graduating  therefrom  with 
the  honors  of  his  class  in  i8S8.  After  his  graduation  Dr.  Thompson  was 
for  three  years  associated  with  Dr.  E.  H.  Pratt  in  the  founding  and  manage- 
ment of  the  Lincoln  Park  Sanitarium.  Not  being  altogether  in  harmony  with 
his  associates,  he  sold  his  interests  therein  during  the  Fall  of  1891  and  spent 
six  months  in  travel  in  Europe,  returning   home    in    1892. 

Resuming  his  practice,  he  made  a  specialty  of  gynecological,  rectal  and 
genito-urinary  surgery,  in  which  branches  he  has  achieved  a  high  reputation. 
In  the  Fall  of  1892  Dr.  Thompson  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Orificial  and 
Plastic  Surgery  in  the  National  Homeopathic  Medical  College  and  also  as 
Gynecologist  and   Rectal   Surgeon  to  the  Baptist  Hospital  of  this  city. 

He  is  also  President  of  the  Cook  County  Homeopathic  Medical  Society,  a 
member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy  and  Vice-President  of  the 
Illinois  State  Homeopathic  Medical  Association,  being  Chairman  of  the  Bureau 
of  Surgery  in  the  organization  last  named.  The  Doctor  is  a  contributor  to 
standard  medical  literature,  being  himself  the  author  of  several  monographs 
which  have  been  widel}'  circulated.  Among  others  may  be  mentioned  "Medi- 
cine and  Morals;"  "Use  and  Abuse  of  Orificial  Surgery;"  "Hemorrhoids,  Their 
Cause  and  Cure;'  "Circumcision — History,  Necessity  and  Beneficial  Effects," 
and    "Rectal    Irritation  as  a  Source  of   Disease." 

In  politics  Dr.  Thompson  is  independent,  though,  as  touching  economic 
affairs  in  the  nation,  a  Protectionist  in  principle.  Religiously  he  was  reared  as 
a  Baptist,  but  is  now  a  regular  attendant  of  the  Fullerton  Avenue  Presbyterian 
Church. 

He  was  married  at  the  age  of  twenty-four  to  Miss  Mary  D.  Hull,  of 
Neenah,  Wis.,  the  result  of  the  happy  union  being  one  child,  now  twelve  years 
old,  named  Roy  Arthur  Thompson. 


FREDERICK  EVERETT,  M.  D. 

Frederick  Everett  was  born  at  Ogden  City,  Utah,  on  October  16,  i860, 
being  the  son  of  John  Godlieb  and  Helen  Everett.  His  father  was  a  native 
of  Eisenberg,  Germany,  coming  of  an  old  and  distinguished  family  named 
Ewert,  but  since  coming  to  this  country  known  as  Everett. 

One  of  his  ancestors  was  prominent  as  a  follower  of  Martin  Luther  and 
another  at  a  later  day  was  a  judicial  officer  of  the  Crown,  being  assassinated 
by  one  against  whom  he  had  rendered  a   decision. 

Frederick's  mother  was  a  native  of  Rugby,  England,  of  Puritan  stock  and 
a  woman  of  strong  character  and  refinement.      The  earlier  portion  of  his  father's 


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CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC   COLLEGE.  331 

life  was  of  a  roving  nature,  bringing  him  to  America  in  1847.  Subsequently 
he  located  in  Utah,  still  at  an  early  day,  where  he  was  both  farmer  and  car- 
penter. 

The  boyhood  days  of  Dr.  Everett  were  spent  upon  the  farm  and  in 
attendance  on  the  public  schools,  where  he  developed  a  special  aptitude  for 
study,  showing  a  tendency  toward  medicine  at  a  comparatively  early  age. 
Although  his  means  were  limited  he  entered  the  Salt  Lake  Academy,  an  insti- 
tution of  high  grade  in  that  region,  and  worked  his  way  successfully  through, 
taking  a  full  course.  During  much  of  the  day  he  turned  his  hand  to  anything 
which  was  honest  and  profitable,  giving  his  nights  to  study  in  order  to  keep 
abreast  of    his  classes. 

How  well  he  succeeded  will  appear  when  it  is  stated  that  he  maintained 
throughout  a  very  high  rank  in  the  school,  being  especially  proficient  in  mathe- 
matics, the  languages,  literature  and  the  physical  sciences.  He  uniformly  car- 
ried off  the  prizes  in  several  branches  of  study,  being  often  the  prize  winner 
in  the  contests  for  oratory.  This  continuous  hard  work  was  a  serious  strain 
on  the  strength  of  the  young  man,  but  he  persisted  with  unflagging  industry 
and  graduated  with  highest  honors. 

Not  satisfied  with  his  attainments,  young  Everett  determined  to  take  a 
special  course  at  Oberlin  College,  Ohio.  In  order  to  get  means  for  this 
purpose  he  worked  hard  during  the  Summer  of  1885  and  in  September  of  that 
year  went  thither  with  his  small  means  and  large  determination.  Here,  as 
before  at  Salt  Lake,  he  sought  and  found  work  at  the  college,  which,  with  the 
savings  of  his  Summer's  work,  enabled  him  to  pay  his  way.  For  a  year  he 
diligently  pursued  his  studies  in  special  branches,  making  rapid  progress  and 
privately  devoting  all  the  time  possible  to  medical    studies. 

In  the  Fall  of  1886  he  decided  to  try  his  fortunes  in  Chicago  and  came 
hither  in  November,  having  no  capital  but  brains  and  an  invincible  determ- 
ination to  succeed.  Here  he  entered  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College  as 
a  student  and  so  well  did  he  employ  his  time  and  opportunities  that  he 
graduated  with  credit  to  himself  and  the  institution  in    the  Spring  of   1888. 

The  late  Dr.  H.  M.  Hobart,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  college, 
had  taken  much  interest  in  the  prospects  of  the  young  man  and  at  the  com- 
pletion of  his  course  offered  him  the  opportunity  of  a  partnership  in  his  already 
established  practice  on  the  North  Side.  Here  his  talents,  joined  to  close 
application,  soon  made  way  for  him,  and  under  the  kind  patronage  of  Dr. 
Hobart  he  speedily  built  up  an  extensive  and  lucrative    practice. 

Upon  the  death  of  his  eminent  and  always  helpful  friend,  in  the  Fall  of 
1893,  Dr.  Everett  naturally  succeeded  to  a  large  share  of  the  practice  of  that 
gentleman,  which,  in  connection  with  his  own,  then  already  becoming  large,  has 
made    his  work    broad   in    its    field    and    profitable    in    its  results.      He  has  also 


332  CHICAGO   HOMEOPATHIC  COLLEGE. 

shown  such  forethought  in  the  investments  of  his  large  surplus  earnings  that  at 
the  present  rate  of  increase  of  his  business  projects  the  Doctor  will,  in  a  few 
years,  become  a  very  wealthy  gentleman. 

Dr.  Everett  is  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Homeopathic  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, of  the  Cook  County  Homeopathic  Medical  Association,  of  the  Homeo- 
pathic Medical  Society  of  Chicago  and  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeop- 
athy; also  Attending  Physician  of  the  Chicago  Nursery  and  Half-Orphan 
Asylum  and  of  the  Chicago  Baptist  Hospital,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics  in  the  National  Homeopathic  Medical  College  and  Consulting 
Physician  of  the   International   Free   Dispensary. 

He  has  been  often  importuned  to  become  a  member  of  various  social  and 
literary  clubs,  but  so  far  has  not  found  the  necessary  time  to  give  to  these 
outside  organizations,   however  desirable. 

In  politics  Dr.  Everett  is  a  stanch  Republican  on  all  national  issues,  but 
as  a  good  citizen  is  not  governed  by  party  in  municipal  elections,  voting  for 
the  nominees  solely  on  the  ground  of  personal  fitness.  Religiously  Dr.  Everett 
is  a  Congregationalist  and  a  member  of  the  Lincoln  Park  Congregational  Church. 

In  personal  appearance  he  is  a  gentleman  of  fine  figure  and  exceedingly 
good  address,  possessing  that  natural  geniality  of  temperament  and  affability  of 
deportment  that,  united  to  a  heart  full  of  sympathy  and  kindness,  make  him 
an  easy  winner  of  friends  and  welcome  to   the  best  social  circles. 

Whatever  firmness  of  purpose,  untiring  industry,  conscientious  endeavor  and 
a  well-disciplined  mental  endowment  can  accomplish  may  confidently  be 
expected  in  Dr.  Frederick  Everett's  future  career. 


FRANCIS  DAY  HOLBROOK,  M.  D. 

Of  the  younger  generation  of  Chicago  physicians,  who  in  the  order  of 
nature  are  to  displace  the  older,  few  there  are  who  have  achieved  more,  or 
who  have  more  brilliant  prospects,    than  Dr.    Holbrook. 

Descended  from  substantial  English  and  Dutch  stock,  he  is  a  native  of 
Brooklyn,  his  father,  Francis  W. ,  being  a  prominent  business  man  of  this  city. 
Barbara  E.  Lansing,  the  mother,  comes  of  good  Dutch  ancestry,  representing 
that  element  in  the  Empire  State  which  has  done  so  much  to  make  it  the 
foremost  commonwealth  in  the  country. 

Francis  received  his  grammer  and  high  school  training  in  New  York  and 
in  Chicago,  besides  a  business  education  at  the  hands  of  his  father,  so  that 
before  commencing  his  medical  studies,  in  intellectual  stature  and  practical 
experience,  although  young  in  years,  he  was  quite  a  man  of  the  world. 
Having    once    adopted    a  professional    career,    however,    he    put  all  his  strength 


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CHICAGO    HOMEOPATHIC  COLLEGE.  335 

into  the  preliminary  work,  and  with  such  success  that  he  graduated  from  the 
Chicago  Homeopathic  College  in  1888,  taking  a  second  degree  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and   Surgeons  during  the  succeeding  year. 

Dr.  Holbrook  afterward  served  in  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital  under  Dr. 
Austin,  and  in  1891  became  associated  with  Dr.  E.  H.  Pratt  at  the  Lincoln 
Park  Sanitarium,  subsequently  the  Pratt  Sanitarium.  Here  chronic  diseases, 
especially  those  peculiar  to  women,  are  treated  on  the  Orificial  principle,  and 
at  this  elegant  retreat  he  is  assistant  surgeon,  being  also  called  to  all  parts  of 
the  country  to  perform  the  most  difficult  operations. 

As  Surgeon  in  Chief  to  the  Cohen  Private  Sanitarium,  at  La  Crosse,  Wis., 
and  to  the  Emelie  Siegmund  Sanitarium,  of  Chicago,  and  Assistant  Professor 
of  Orificial  Surgery  at  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  Dr.  Holbrook's 
abilities  in  his  chosen  field  of  surgery  have  been  brought  into  prominent 
notice.  lie  has  also  become  one  of  the  most  widely  known  authorities  in  the 
country  on  the  subject  of  Orificial  Surgery,  through  his  editorial  connection 
with  the  journal  devoted  to  that  philosophy,  which  has  almost  become  a 
school.  He  is  at  present,  in  fact,  Vice-President  of  the  American  Association 
of  Orificial  Surgeons,  being  a  member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeop- 
athy, Homeopathic  Medical  Society  of  Chicago,  Illinois  State  Homeopathic 
Medical  Association,  Missouri  State  Medical  Society  and  Miami  Valley  Medical 
Society. 

EMELIE  K.  SIEGMUND,  M.  D. 

This  prominent  female  physician  and  proprietor  of  the  well-known  sani- 
tarium on  North  Clark  Street  was  born  in  Bavaria,  in  March,  1855.  Her 
father,  Joseph  Demling,  was  a  leading  seed  merchant  and  landscape  gardener, 
one  of  his  specialties  being  the  furnishing  of  the  most  adaptable  varieties  of 
trees,  shrubs  and  grape  vines  to  owners  of  large  estates  and  vineyards,  and  he 
was  a  recognized  expert  in  their  care  and  culture.  As  stated,  his  business  also 
included  the  artistic  laying  out  of  the  grounds,  as  well  as  the  raising  and  care  of 
all  ornamental  vegetation.  Not  only  was  he  prominent  in  all  these  lines,  but 
there  were  few  men  in  his  section  of  the  country  more  marked  than  he  as 
enthusiastic  supporters  of  all  such  organizations  as  the  Turners,  the  Sharp- 
shooters and  the  singing  societies.  Mr.  Demling  was,  in  a  word,  a  typical,  true 
German,  and  his  wife  was  his  helpmate  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word.  To 
this  substantial,  industrious  couple  were  born  nine  sons  and  onl}-  one  daughter. 

Emelie  Demling,  from  a  very  early  age,  showed  a  particularly  bright  and 
independent  disposition.  She  was  forward  at  school,  and  yet  was  foremost  in 
all  exercises  and  sports  which  called  for  agility,  energy  and  courage.  In  this 
latter  regard,  in  fact,  she  was  "one  of  the  boys,"  being  a  comrade  of  her 
brothers    and    their    playmates,    rather    than    of    those    of    her    own   sex. 


336  •        CHICAGO   HOMEOPARHIC  CO  LIEGE. 


After  the  daughter  Emehe  had  reached  the  age  of  fourteen  and  had  re- 
ceived a  good  primary  education,  the  parents  removed  to  Chicago,  where  she 
received  a  thorough  training  in  a  convent,  for  three  years  continuing  her  course 
of  study  earnestly  and  faithfully.  As  her  curriculum  included  not  only  the 
modern  languages,  but  drawing,  painting  and  ornamental  needlework,  at  the 
conclusion  of  her  course,  in  March,  1869,  she  was  not  only  highly  educated 
intellectually,  but  was  mistress  of  those  accomplishments  which  go  to  make 
the  truly  cultured  lady. 

About  one  year  after  her  graduation  she  was  married  to  Bernhardt 
Siegmund,  who  is  now  general  manager  of  the  Des  Moines  Life  Insurance 
Company  for  the   State  of  Illinois.      Four  children  have  been  born  to  them. 

Although  Mrs.  Siegmund  was  naturally  domestic  in  her  tastes  she  was 
ambitious  as  well,  as  one  naturally  would  be,  so  equipped  as  she  with  many 
accomplishments  and  a  line  education.  Some  years  after  her  marriage  she 
began  to  seriously  consider  the  medical  profession  as  one  calculated  to  meet 
her  longings  for  a  broader  field  of  usefulness  than  that  in  which  she  had 
labored.  Her  determination  to  adopt  it  meant  prompt  action,  and  in  1876  she 
entered  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  from  which  she  graduated  in  1881, 
being  obliged  to  lose  one  year  on  account  of  sickness.  As  an  M.  D.  she  at 
once  commenced  a  general  practice  on  the  North  Side. 

In  1887  Dr.  Siegmund  took  a  trip  to  Europe,  both  as  a  means  of  recreation 
and  to  pursue  certain  lines  of  study  under  the  masters  of  the  old  world.  She 
attended  all  the  clinics  in  Vienna,  formed  the  acquaintance  of  many  learned 
men  in  Germany,  and  after  returning  to  Chicago  established  her  sanitarium 
for  the  treatment  of  surgical  cases,  especially  for  those  of  a  gynecological 
nature.  Although  with  the  help  of  trained  nurses  she  personally  treats  her 
patients  and  assists  in  all  the  operations,  she  has  as  attending  surgeons  Drs. 
Pratt  and  Holbrook,  who  are  among  the  foremost  specialists  in  this  line  in  the 
city.  With  the  duties  of  her  large  office  practice  and  her  sanitarium,  or 
hospital.  Dr.  Siegmund  is  profitably  employed  night  and  day,  and  is  perhaps 
as  well  known,  especially  among  the  cultured  German  element,  as  any  female 
physician  on  the  North  Side.  Coming,  as  she  does,  however,  from  lowly  but 
hardy  and  substantial  parentage,  and  educated  as  she  has  been,  she  is  enabled 
to  make  her  influence  felt  among  all  classes;  so  that  neither  her  practice  nor 
her  standing  is  limited  to  any  one  element  of  the  community. 

Dr.  Siegmund  has  been  so  busy  in  the  practical  work  of  overcoming 
obstacles  and  earning  substantial  success  that  she  has  had  little  time  or  inclina- 
tion to  become  associated  with  outside  organizations.  In  fact,  with  few  even 
of  a  professional  nature  has  she  become  connected,  those  few,  of  course,  em- 
bracing not  only  prominent  homeopathic  societies,  but  the  local  organization  of 
Orificial  Surgery. 


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College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 


History  of  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 


By    DANIEL    A.    K.    STEELE,    M.  D.,    PRESIDENT  OF  THE    BOARD   OF   DIRECTORS 

AND  I 

WILLIAM  E.  QUINE,  M.  D.,  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  Faculty. 


PRELIMINARY   STEPS. 

The  phenomenal  growth  of  Chicago,  the  aggressive  enterprise  and  enthusi- 
asm of  its  citizens,  its  already  immense  and  yet  increasing  commercial  impor- 
tance, its  location  in  the  center  of  a  fertile  and  populous  territory  and  the  high 
average  grade  of  its  professional  men  served  to  convince  enlightened  members 
of  the  medical  profession  that,  under  the  maturing  influence  of  time,  it  was  cer- 
tain to  become  a  great  center  of  medical  education,  unless  the  public  spirit  of 
its  physicians  fell  far  behind  that  of  its  merchants. 

To  the  late  Drs.  Charles  Warrington  Earle  and  A.  Reeves  Jackson  belongs 
the  credit  of  originating  the  movement  which  eventuated  m  the  establishment 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  Under  their  leadership  a  prelimi- 
nary meeting  of  interested  gentlemen  was  held  in  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel, 
Chicago,  on  May  4,  1881,  and  it  was  there  and  then  decided  to  goon  with  the 
work.  There  were  present  at  the  meeting,  in  addition  to  the  gentlemen  men- 
tioned, Drs.  D.  A.  K.  Steele,  S.  A.  McWilliams,  E.  P.  Murdock  and  several 
physicians  who  were  not  subsequently  identified  with  the  enterprise.  Dr.  Jack- 
son was  chosen  Chairman  and  Dr.  Steele,  Secretary.  Committees  were  appointed 
to  procure  licenses  to  incorporate  and  a  certificate  of  incorporation  under  the 
laws,  to  purchase  the  necessary  real  estate,  to  arrange  a  curriculum  and  to 
organize  a  faculty.  The  certificate  of  incorporation  was  fixed  at  $30,000,  the 
entire  amount  of  which  was  subscribed  by  the  incorporators,  who  constituted  its 
board  of  directors.  Dr.  Jackson  was  duly  elected  President  of  the  Board,  Dr. 
Steele,  Secretary  and  Dr.  St.  John,  Treasurer. 

On  July  14  of  the  same  year  the  present  site  of  the  college,  a  lot  ninety- 
seven  by  one  hundred  feet,  on  the  corner  of  Harrison  and  Honore  streets, 
directly  across  the  street  from  the  main  entrance  of  the  great  Cook  County 
Hospital,  was  purchased  for  the  sum  of  $5,000  in  cash. 

341 


342  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

THE    ORIGINAL    FACULTY. 

On  December  29  a  curriculum  was  finally  approved,  rules  of  government  and 
administration  were  adopted  and  the  nucleus  of  a  faculty,  consisting  of  eight 
professors,  was  duly  established.  Of  these  gentlemen  Dr.  A.  Reeves  Jackson 
was  chosen  Professor  of  Surgical  Diseases  of  Women  and  Clinical  Gynecology  ; 
Di.  Samuel  A.  McWilliams,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  Diseases  of  the  Chest 
and  Physical  Diagnosis  ;  Dr.  D.  A.  K.  Steele,  Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  ; 
Dr.  Leonard  St.  John,  Professor  of  Demonstrations  of  Surgery,  Surgical  Appli- 
ances and  Minor  Surgery  ;  Dr.  Charles  Warrington  Earle,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  ; 
Dr.  Henry  Palmer,  Professor  of  Operative  Surgery,  Clinical  Surgery  and  Surgical 
Pathology  ;  Dr.  R.  L.  Rea,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  and 
Clinical  Surgery,  and  Dr.  Frank  E.    Waxham,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children. 

From  this  time  progress  was  rapidly  made  in  the  development  of  the  new 
school  and  the  completion  of  a  provisional  faculty.  Dr.  John  E.  Harper  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  and  Clinical  Diseases  of  the  Eye  ;  Dr. 
A.  M.  Carpenter,  Professor  of  Practice  of  Medicine  ;  Dr.  J.  J.  M.  Angear,  Pro- 
fessor of  Principles  of  Medicine  ;  Dr.  A.  W.  Harlan,  Professor  of  Dental  Surgery; 
Dr.  W.  A.  Yohn,  Professor  of  Inorganic  Chemistry  ;  Dr.  Albert  E.  Hoadley, 
Professor  of  Descriptive  Anatomy  ;  Dr.  Pinckney  French,  Professor  of  Surgical 
Anatomy  ;  Dr.  F.  B.  Eisen-Bockius,  Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  ;  Dr. 
D.  A.  Keeton,  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases  ;  Dr.  C.  C.  P.  Silva,  Pro- 
fessor of  Therapeutics  ;  Dr.  Oscar  A.  King,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind 
and  Nervous  System,  and  Dr.  Romaine  J.  Curtiss,  Professor  of  State  Medi- 
cine and  Hygiene. 

This  list  constitutes  the  original  faculty  of  the  college,  and  in  the  prelimi- 
nary announcement  the  following  declaration  appeared:  "The  faculty  beg  to 
state  that  this  college  has  been  organized  in  the  interest  of  a  more  thorough  and 
practical  education  than  is  usually  furnished  by  the  medical  schools  of  this 
country.  They  believe  that  the  medical  practitioners  who  have  been  long 
engaged  in  performing  the  duties  of  their  calling,  and  who  realize  the  difficulties 
under  which  many  of.  them  have  labored,  desire  that  those  who  succeed  them 
may  receive  more  and  better  facilities  during  their  pupilage  than  were  obtained 
by  others  for  becoming  qualified  for  their  work.  In  all  other  departments  of 
learning  it  is  deemed  necessary  to  so  classify  and  grade  different  studies  that 
the  pupil  is  systematically  led  from  those  of  an  elementary  and  fundamental 
character  to  the  more  advanced  branches.  In  medicine,  however,  a  science  in 
which  accuracy  and  completeness  of  attainment  on  the  part  of  its  votaries  involved 
more  important  interests  than  any  other,  this  reasonable  and  philosophical 
system  is,  for  the  most  part,  wholly  ignored.  The  faculty  believe  the  time  has 
come  when    medicine    should  no  longer  occupy  this  exceptional    position,  and  in 


COLLEGE   OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS.  345 

deference  to  the  demands  of  the  profession  generally  for  a  more  systematic  plan 
of  college  instruction  than  is  usually  offered  have  adopted  a  system  of  instruction 
extending  over  three  years  and  including  two  or  more  graded  Winter  sessions  of 
six  months  each." 

FIRST    REGULAR    SESSION    (  1 882-83). 

The  first  regular  session  of  the  college  commenced  Tuesday  evening,  Sep- 
tember 26,  1882.  The  introductory  address  was  delivered  by  Professor  A.  Reeves 
Jackson.  At  this  time  the  new  college  building  had  been  completed  under  the 
direction  of  George  H.  Edbrooke,  the  architect,  and  Dr.  McWilliams,  chairman 
of  the  building  committee  representing  the  stockholders,  and  it  is  confidently 
asserted  that  the  edifice  is  hardly  surpassed  by  any  medical  college  building  in 
the  country  in  respect  to  beauty  of  design,  excellence  of  construction  or  adapta- 
tion to  its  purposes. 

Dr.  McWilliams  organized  the  West  Side  Free  Dispensary,  which  occupies 
the  first  floor  of  the  college  building  and  is  directly  under  the  control  of  the 
faculty,  and  for  a  number  of  years  he  served  with  great  efficiency  and  fidelity 
as  its  superintendent. 

The  dispensary  work  was  divided  into  various  departments,  as  follows,  each 
department  under  the  charge  of  a  chief  :  Gynecological,  Professor  Jackson; 
Medical,  Professor  McWilliams;  Obstetrical,  Professor  Earle;  Surgical,  Professor 
Rae;  Ophthalmological,  Professor  Harper;  Pediatrical,  Professor  Waxham; 
Neurological,  Professor  King,   and  Dental,  Professor  Harlan, 

On  July  18,  1882,  at  a  meeting  called  for  the  purpose,  the  capital  stock 
of  the  corporation  was  increased  to  $60,000. 

When  the  first  session  opened  on  September  26,  1882,  tiiere  were  present 
a  class  of  one  hundred  students,  which  gradually  increased  during  the  month 
until  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  names  were  enrolled  on  the  register.  Fifty-two 
of  this  number  were  graduated  at  the  close  of  the  session. 

PERMANENT    FACULTY. 

On  March  17,  1883,  the  board  of  directors  met  to  elect  a  permanent  faculty, 
the  basis  of  the  election  requiring  that  the  following  questions  be  answered  in 
the  affirmative  in  relation  to  every  candidate: 

1.  Is  he  a  systematic  and  capable  teacher? 

2.  Has  he  a  moral  character  and  habits  such  as  will  reflect  credit  upon 
an  educational  institution? 

3.  Is  he  honorable  and  trustworthy  in  his  treatment  of,  and  dealings  with 
his  colleagues? 

4.  Is  he  in  accord  with  the  general  policy  of  the  school,  especially  in  its 
requirements  for  admission  and  graduation  of  students  and  its  graded  system  of 
instruction  ? 


346  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSLCLANS  AND    SURGEONS. 

The  deliberations  of  the  board  eventuated  in  the  re-election  of  the  majority 
of  the  provisional  teachers.  Professors  Carpenter  and  French  withdrew  and 
additions  were  made  to  the  teaching  body  as  follows:  Dr.  E.  E.  Holroyd, 
Professor  of  Physiology;  Dr.  W.  K.  Plarrison,  Professor  of  Medical  Chemistry; 
Dr.  William  E.  Quine,  Professor  of  Practice  of  Medicine;  Dr.  James  T.  Jelks, 
Professor  of  Surgical  Diseases  of  the   Genito -Urinary  System. 

IIISroRV    FROM     1882-90. 

A  Spring  course  of  instruction  was  now  organized,  the  teachers  in  which 
were  Drs.  E.  P.  Murdock,  H.  P.  Newman,  Boerne  Bettman,  James  H.  Letcher, 
G.  Frank  Lydston,  C.  B.  Gibson  and  James  G.  Reid. 

In  1883  a  Practitioner's  course  was  inaugurated,  beginning  on  April  17  and 
continuing  four  weeks,  special  lectures  being  given  by  Professors  Jackson, 
McWilliams,  St.  Jt)hn,  Steele,  Earle,  Palmer,  Rea,  Waxham,  Harper  and  other 
members  of  the  faculty. 

In  the  third  annual  announcement  the  name  of  Dr.  Frank  O.  Stockton 
appears  as  Professor  of  Laryngology  and  Dr.  Henry  J.  Reynolds  as  Professor 
of  Dermatology. 

The  requirements  tor  graduation  at  this  time  were  announced  as:  (i)  A  good 
moral  character.  (2)  Attainment  of  twenty-one  years  of  age.  (3)  Three  years 
of  study  under  the  direction  of  a  physician  in  regular  standing.  (4)  Attendance 
upon  two  or  more  Winter  lectures,  the  last  of  which  must  have  been  at  this 
college.  (5)  Dissection  of  each  part  of  the  cadaver.  (6)  Attendance  upon  two 
terms  of  clinical  and  hospital  instruction.  (7)  Satisfactory  examinations.  (8) 
Deposit  of  hnal  examination  fee  with  the  treasurer  on  or  before  the  first  of 
February.  No  honorary  degrees  would  be  conferred.  During  this  session  167 
students  matriculated,  52  of  whom  were  graduated,  and  during  the  year  7,504 
patients  were  examined  and  prescribed  for  in  the  college,  most  of  them  before 
small   sections  of  the  class  in  the  different  clinic  rooms  on  the  dispensary  floor. 

The  fourth  annual  announcement  contains  several  notable  additions  to  the 
faculty,  S.  K.  Crawford  having  been  elected  Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy, 
N.  Senn,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery 
and  Christian  Fenger,    Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery. 

A  college  hospital  was  also  fitted  up  during  the  year,  two  wards,  one  for 
males  and  one  for  females,  having  been  opened  since  the  close  of  the  last 
session,  thus  making  possible  the  performance  of  all  the  major  operations  in 
surgery  and  gynecology  in  the  presence  of    the  class. 

In  the  sixth  annual  announcement  the  name  of  Dr.  John  A.  Benson  appears 
as  Professor  of  Physiology.  The  fees  of  the  college  at  this  time  were:  Matric- 
ulation, $5;  general  ticket,  admitting  to  all  lectures,  $60;  dissecting  ticket,  $10; 
chemical  and  laboratory  ticket,    $5,    and  a  final  examination  fee  of  $30. 


COLLEGE    OE  PHYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS. 


347 


Several  faculty  changes  were  noticed  during  the  session  of  1888-89  i^^  the 
seventh  annual  announcement,  Dr.  D.  A.  K.  Steele  appearing  as  Professor  of 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery,  Dr.  Frank  E.  Waxham 
as  Professor  of  Otology,  Khinology  and  Laryngology,  Dr.  Albert  E.  lioadley  as 
Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery,  Dr.  J.  T.  Jelks  as  Professor  of  Surgical  Dis- 
eases of  the  Genito-Urinary  System,  Dr.  Henry  P.  Newman  as  Professor  of 
Diseases  of  Children,  Dr.  Clarendon  Rutherford  as  Professor  of  Descriptive 
Anatomy  and  Dr.   C.    E.    Caldwell  as  Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy.      The  fees 


SURGICAL   CLINIC. 


remained  the  same  as  the  previous  year.      One  hundred  and  sixty-two  students 
attended  this  session,  forty-six  of    whom  graduated. 

The  next  year  Dr.  W.  C.  Caldwell  was  elected  Professor  of  Materia  Medica 
and  Dr.  Robert  W.  Jones,  Professor  of  Therapeutics,  Dr.  Silva  being  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  Diseases  of  Children. 

THE    REORGANIZATION    OF     1 89O. 

In  1890  a  thorough  reorganization  of  the  college  took  place,  Drs.  McWil- 
liams,    St.    John,    Harper,    Silva,    Curtiss  and  Jelks  retiring. 

The  secular  affairs  of  the  institution  and  its  educational  work  were  hence- 
forth to  be  managed  by  separate  bodies  —  the  board  of  directors  and  the  facultv. 
Ultimate  decision  in  relation  to  all  questions  of  finance  and  in  relation  to  the 
making  and  filling  of  vacancies  in  the  faculty  still  resides  in    the   directors,   but 


348  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

the  practical  operation  of  the  college  is  governed  by  the  faculty,  subject  to  the 
financial  restraints  imposed  by  the  legal  representatives  of  the  owners  of  the 
property,  the  board  of  directors.  Under  the  new  arrangement  Dr.  William  E, 
Quine  was  unanimously  elected  President  of  the  Faculty  and  Dr.  Bayard  Holmes 
the  Corresponding  Secretary.  The  reorganized  faculty,  the  list  appearing  in 
the  tenth  annual  announcement  for   1891-92,   consisted  of  : 

A.  Reeves  Jackson,  President  of  the  Board  of  Directors  and  Professor  of 
Gynecology. 

D.  A.  K.  Steele,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  and 
Clinical  Surgery. 

Charles  Warrington  Earle,    Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

Henry  Palmer,  Professor  of  Operative  Surgery,  Clinical  Surgery  and  Path- 
ology. 

Frank  E.  Waxham,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children,  Rhinology  and  Laryn- 
gology. 

A.   W.    Harlan,    Professor  of  Dental  Surgery. 

A.  E.  Hoadley,  Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery,  Diseases  of  Joints  and 
Clinical   Surgery. 

Oscar  A.    King,    Professor  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases. 

Romaine  J.    Curtiss,    Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Bacteriology. 

William  E.  Quine,  President  of  the  Faculty  and  Professor  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of   Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine. 

Christian  Fenger,    Professor  of  Principles  of    Surgery  and  Clinical    Surgery. 

John  A.    Benson,    Professor  of  Physiology. 

Henr)^  P.  Newman,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Adjunct  Professor  of  Gyne- 
cology. 

Clarendon  Rutherford,    Professor  of  Descriptive  Anatomy, 

W.   C.   Caldwell,    Professor  of  Materia  Medica. 

Charles  M.    Burrows,    Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

The  following  new  Professors  were  added  to  the  "list  at  the  time  of  reorgan- 
ization : 

James  A.    Lydston,    Professor  of  Inorganic  and  Medical  Chemistry. 

Bayard  Holmes  and  Weller  Van  Hook,  Professors  of  Surgical  Pathology 
and  Bacteriology. 

J.  H.    Curtiss,    Professor  of  Therapeutics. 

G.  Frank  Lydston,  Professor  of  Surgical  Diseases  of  the  Genito-Urinary 
System. 

Elmer  E.   Babcock,    Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy. 

Robert  H.  Babcock,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  Diseases  of  the  Chest 
and  Physical  Diagnosis. 

T.   M.   Hardie,    Professor  of  Histology  and  Microscopy. 


COLLEGE   OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS.  349 

Boerne  Bettman,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear  and  Clinical 
Ophthalmology, 

J.  M.  G.    Carter,    Professor  of  Pathology. 

Fifty  thousand  dollars  were  expended  this  year  for  the  erection  and  equipment 
of  six  new  laboratories  adjoining  and  connected  with  the  college  building.  For 
this  important  addition  and  for  the  elaboration  of  all  the  details  connected  with 
it  credit  is  largely  due  to  the  exertions  and  influence  of  Professor  Bayard 
Holmes.  Attendance  upon  three  full  Winter  courses  was  made  obligatory.  The 
curriculum  was  extended,  much  more  attention  being  given  to  demonstrative 
and  laboratory  teaching  than  formerly.  From  this  time  on  the  progress  of  the 
school  was  rapid,  indeed  phenomenal,  as  it  was  the  first  among  Western  medical 
colleges  to  inaugurate  laboratory  teaching.  The  total  number  of  matriculants 
was  two  hundred  and  forty-eight,  forty-two  of  whom  were  graduated,  being  a 
ratio  of  graduates  to  resident  matriculants  of  nineteen  per  cent. 

The  eleventh  annual  announcement  added  the  names  of  Dr.  Ludvig 
Hektoen,  Professor  of  Pathological  Anatomy  and  Adjunct  Professor  of  the 
Practice  of  Medicine,  K.  P.  Ohlmacher,  Professor  of  Embryology  and  Demonstrator 
of  Biology,  and  S.  B.  Buckmaster,  Professor  of  Medical  and  Surgical  Electricity. 

INCREASED    REQUIREMENTS    FOR    ADMISSION. 

Professor  Bayard  Holmes,  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  conducted  an 
energetic  correspondence  with  prospective  medical  students.  The  requirements 
for  admission  were  increased,  so  that  every  candidate  for  admission  to  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  is  required  to  present  the  following  credentials: 
(i)  A  certificate  of  good  moral  character  from  a  reputable  physician.  (2)  A 
diploma  or  certificate  from  a  recognized  college,  school  of  science,  academy, 
normal  school,  or  high  school,  or  other  evidence  equivalent  to  the  foregoing,  of 
satisfactory  preliminary  education.  Students  unable  to  meet  these  requirements 
are  admitted  on  passing  a  satisfactory  examination  in  the  following  subjects: 
(a)  English.  The  writing  of  an  essay  of  at  least  two  hundred  words  upon  some 
well-known  person  or  important  recent  event,  the  subject  to  be  announced  at 
the  time  of  the  examination,  (b)  Physics.  The  examination  will  cover  elements 
of  Physics  as  presented  in  Balfour  Stewart's  work.  (c)  Mathematics.  The 
examination  will  cover  compound  principles  and  percentage  in  arithmetic  and 
fractions  and  equations  of  the  first  degree  in  algebra.  (d)  Latin.  The 
examination  will  cover  the  rudiments  of  grammar,  translation  of  easy  Latin 
prose  into  English  and  of  English  into  Latin.  "The  Commentaries  of  Caesar"  will 
furnish  the  basis  of  both. 

The  plan  of  instruction  was  arranged  in  four  separate  and  distinct  annual 
courses.  Each  year  consisted  of  a  Winter  term  *  of  seven  months  and  a 
Spring  term  of  two  months. 


350 


COLLEGE    OF   PLIYSICL-INS  AND    SURGEONS. 


THE    LABORATORY    BUILDINGS. 

The  new  laboratory  buildings,  27  x  100  feet,  were  completed  during  the 
Summer,  and  a  large  supply  of  equipment  of  material  had  been  ordered  from 
Europe.  The  basement  of  the  laboratory  wings  contains  living  rooms  for  curator, 
store-rooms,  laundry  and  boiler-room. 

The  first  fioor  contains  a  reading-room,  quiz-rooms,  coat-room  and  hall. 
The  second  lioor  the  Histological  Laboratory,  with  desks  and  lockers.  This 
laboratory  is  connected  and  continuous  with  the  Microscopical   Laboratory  of  the 


BACTERIOLOGICAL    LABORATORY. 


main  building  and  constitutes  a  single  room  of  25  x  156  feet  and  communicates 
with  store-rooms  and  with  special  preparation  rooms. 

The  third  floor  is  divided  into  a  Pathological  Laboratory  and  four  connecting 
preparation  rooms.  It  is  complete  in  all  its  appointments.  The  fourth  floor 
has  a  Chemical  Laboratory.  It  is  provided  with  desks  of  special  design  and 
construction  which  are  secured  with  Yale  locks. 

The  fifth  floor  is  occupied  by  the  Biological  Laboratory,  25  x  156  feet.  The 
general  arrangements  of  this  room  are  like  those  of  the  Microscopical  Laboratory. 
It  contains  aquaria,  cages  for  small  animals  and  other  necessities  for  biological 
study.  In  this  room  studies  are  carried  on  in  experimental  physiology  and 
experimental  surgery. 


COLLEGE    OE  PHYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS. 


351 


The  sixth  floor  is  occupied  by  the  Anatomical  Department.  Each  laboratory 
is  thoroughly  equipped  and  perfectly  lighted,  heated  and  ventilated.  It  is  con- 
fidently asserted  that  in  no  other  medical  college  on  the  continent  do  students 
receive  an  equal  amount  of  laboratory  instruction. 

DEATH    OF    PRESIDENT    JACKSON    (1893). 

In  October,  1893,  the  college  met  with  a  very  great  loss  in  the  death  of  its 
first  President,  Dr.  A.  Reeves  Jackson,    Professor  of    Gynecology,  who  had  been 


CHEMICAL    LABORATORY. 


one  of  the  guiding  spirits  of  the  institution  up  to  this  time.  Professor  Charles 
Warrington  Earle  was  elected  President  in  his  stead. 

The  twelfth  annual  announcement  contains  several  notal:)le  additions  to  the 
faculty,  namely  :  W.  S.  Christopher  appearing  as  Professor  of  Pediatrics,  John 
B.  Murphy,  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery,  Henry  T.  Byford,  Professor  of  Gyne- 
cology, Wm.  Allen  Pusey,  Professor  of  Dermatology,  Moreau  R.  Brown,  Pro- 
fessor of  Rhinology  and  Laryngology,  Dudley  C.  Trott,  Professor  of  Anatomy, 
W.  M.  Tanquary,  Professor  of  Anatomy,  T.  A.  Davis,  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Surgery  and    Clinical    Surgery    and  John    A.    Wesener,    Professor   of    Chemistry. 

The  Death  of  Dr.  Jackson,  the  removal  of  Dr.  Waxham  from  the  city,  and 
the  resignation  of  Drs.  Fenger  and  Rutherford  left  several  vacancies  which  were 
thus  filled. 


352  COLLEGE   OF  PILYSICLANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

DEATH    OF    PRESIDENT    EARLE    (1894). 

The  next  year,  early  in  the  session  of  1894-95,  the  college  sustained  an 
almost  irreparable  loss  in  the  death  of  Dr.  Charles  Warrington  Earle,  who  had 
served  efficiently  as  President  of  the  Board  of  Directors  a  little  more  than  one 
year.  Dr.  D.  A.  K.  Steele  was  elected  President  in  his  stead  and  Dr.  Frank  B. 
Earle  elected  as  Professor  of  Obstetrics.  Dr.  George  F.  Butler  was  elected 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Clinical  Medicine,  Dr.  G.  W.  Post,  Adjunct 
Professor  of  Practice  of  Medicine,  Dr.  Edward  C.  Seufert,  Demonstrator  of 
Biology,   and  Dr.  W.  F.  Eckley,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

In  1895  the  college  adopted  an  obligatory  four  years'  course,  the  plan  of 
instruction  being  arranged  in  four  separate  and  distinct  annual  courses. 

THE    PRESENT    CURRICULUM. FIRST    YEAR's    COURSE. 


Biology  and  Embryology.      Laboratory  work,  four  hours  a  week. 


2.  Human  Anatomy.      Lectures  and  recitations,  five  hours  a  week. 

3.  Histology.      Laboratory  work,  six  hours  a  week. 

4.  Materia  Medica.      Lectures  and  recitations,  four  hours  a  week. 

5.  General    Chemistry.       Lectures    two   hours  a  week.       Laboratory    work, 
four  hours  a  week. 

6.  Physiology.     Lectures,  five  hours  a  week. 

THE    SECOND    YEAR's    COURSE. 

1.  Human  Anatomy.      Lectures,  four  hours  a  week;  dissections. 

2.  General    Pathology  and    Pathological    Anatomy.      Lectures,  two  hours  a 
week.      Laboratory  work,  four  hours  a  week. 

3.  Bacteriology.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week.      Laboratory  work,  four  hours 
a  week. 

4.  Surgical  Pathology.      Laboratory    work,    two    hours    a   week.      Lectures, 
one  hour  a  week. 

5.  General  Therapeutics.      Lectures,  three  hours  a  week. 

6.  Organic    Chemistry    and    Toxicology.       Lectures,    two    hours    a    week. 
Laboratory  work,  four  hours  a  week. 

THE    THIRD    YEAR's    COURSE. 

1.  Orthopedic  Surgery.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

2.  Physical    Diagnosis.     Lectures  and  personal    training  in  divided  classes, 
two  hours  a  week. 

3.  Practice  of  Medicine,      Recitations,  four  hours  a  week. 

4.  Practice  of    Surgery.       Recitations,  two  hours  a  week, 

5.  Surgical  Anatomy.      Lectures  and  demonstrations,  two  hours  a  week. 

6.  Dental  Surgery.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 


.1 

I 


9 

lO, 

1 1 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSLCLANS  AND   SURGEONS.  353 

Medical  Jurisprudence.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

Gynecology.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

Obstetrics.      Recitations,  two  hours  a  week. 

Dermatology.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

Hospital  and  Dispensary   Clinics.      Dispensary  clinics,  four  hours  a  week, 


in  small  classes.      Hospital  and  college  clinics,  fourteen  hours  a  week. 

THE  FOURTH  YEAR's  COURSE. 


I 

2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 

week. 

8 

9 
10 
1 1 
12 

13 
in  small  classes. 


14 

15 
16 

17 
18 

19 
20 
2  I 

22 


Practice  of  Medicine.      Lectures,  four  hours  a  week. 

Practice  of  Surgery.      Lectures,  five  hours  a  week. 

Operative  Surgery.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

Obstetrics.      Lectures,  three  hours  a  week. 

Diseases  of  the  Chest.     Lectures,  two  hours  a  week. 

Gynecology.      Lectures,  two  hours  a  week. 

Genito-Urinary    Surgery    and    Venereal    Diseases.      Lectures,  one  hour  a 

Ophthalmology,      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

Otology.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

Laryngology  and  Rhinology.      Lectures,  one  hour  a  week. 

Diseases  of  Children.      Lectures,  two  hours  a  week. 

Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System.      Lectures,  two  hours  a  week. 

Hospital  and  Dispensary  Clinics.      Dispensary  clinics,  four  hours  a  week, 


Medical  Clinic.     Cook  County  Hospital,  two  hours  a  week. 

Medical  Clinic.      College,   one  hour  a  week. 

Surgical  Clinic.      College,  five  hours  a  week. 

Surgical  Clinic.     Cook  County  Hospital,   two  and  a  half  hours  a  week. 

Surgical  Clinic.      College,  two  hours  a  week. 

Surgical  Clinic.      Cook  County  Hospital,  one  hour  a  week. 

Gynecological  Clinic.      College,  two  hours  a  week. 

Eye  Clinic.      College,  one  hour  a  week. 

Nerve  Clinic.      College,  one  hour  a  week. 


PURCHASE    OF    POST-GRADUATE    BUILDING    (1896). 

In  February,  1896,  the  members  of  the  faculty  purchased  the  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital  for  fifty  thousand  dollars,  in  order  to 
secure  additional  clinical  advantages  for  the  college.  It  will  be  connected  with 
the  present  college  clinical  amphitheater  by  a  covered   bridge. 

Students  will  be  appointed  in  classes  as  surgical  dressers.  College  fees  at 
present  are:  Matriculation  fee,  $5;  general  ticket,  $100;  laboratory  expense  ticket, 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


CHARLES  WARRINGTON  EARLE,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  (DECEASED). 

The  paternal  ancestor  of  this  sketch  was  Ralph  Earle,  an  Englishman,  who, 
with  his  wife,  Joan,  came  from  Exeter  in  1634  and  founded  a  family  which  is 
to-day  conspicuous  in  mercantile  and  professional  life  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Sprung  from  this  stock,  and  of  it  a  worthy  branch,  was  Charles  Warring- 
ton Earle,  born  in  VVestford,  Vt.,  on  April  2,  1845.  When  he  was  nine  years 
old  his  father,  Moses  L.  Earle,  removed  from  Vermont  to  Lake  County,  111. 
Mr.  Earle  was  an  ambitious  farmer,  and  his  son  experienced  all  the  advantages, 
as  well  as  the  disadvantages,  of  being  a  "farmer's  boy."  His  early  education  was 
much  retarded  and  interrupted  by  the  demands  of  farm  work,  yet  the  strength 
and  endurance  gained  in  the  fields  more  than  compensated  him  for  these  apparent 
drawbacks.  For  seven  years  he  thus  labored,  dividing  his  time  between  the 
farm  and  the  schoolroom. 

When  the  first  call  for  volunteers  came  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  though 
but  sixteen  years  old,  Charles  pursuaded  his  father  to  allow  him  to  enlist  in  the 
Fifteenth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  which  was  mustered  into  service  in  the  Sum- 
mer of  1861.  This  regiment  was  enlisted  for  "three  months'  service,"  but  when 
the  recruits  reached  Freeport,  111.,  they  were  informed  that  enough  Three- 
Months'  men  had  already  been  sent  on,  and  that  they  could  either  return  to  their 
homes  or  join  the  service  for  three  years.  It  did  not  take  them  long  to  decide  upon 
their  course,  and  soon  they  were  attached  to  Gen.  Fremont's  corps,  then  oper- 
ating in  Missouri.  In  the  Fall  of  1861  young  Earle  was  disabled,  sent  home 
and  entered  the  academy  at  Burlington,  Wis. 

In  the  following  Spring,  however,  unable  to  resist  the  call  of  President 
Lincoln  for  more  men  he  enlisted  in  the  Ninetv-si-xth  Regiment  Illinois  Vol- 
unteers Infantry.  This  regiment  was  in  command  of  Gen.  Gordon  Granger, 
and  began  active  service  in  Tennessee  under  Gen.  Rosecrans.  At  Franklin, 
Tenn.,  Earle,  who  was  Orderly  Sergeant,  was  promoted  to  Second  Lieutenant  of 
his  company,  and  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  he  commanded  it.  In  that 
battle  the  loss  of  the  company  was  thirty-five  out  of  forty-five  men.  Lieutenant 
Earle  was  slightly  wounded  and  in  the  report  of  his  regimental  commander 
was  especially  commended  for  brave  conduct. 

354 


COLLEGE   OF  PHYSLCIANS  AND   SURGEONS.  3  57 

Years  afterward,  Colonel  Hicks,  in  an  address,  speaking  of  the  Ninety- 
sixth  regiment  at  Chickamauga,  said:  "I  found  that  I  now  had  but  a  very  few 
men  with  me,  and  I  should  have  thought  that  I  had  wholly  strayed  from  my 
regiment  were  it  not  that  I  had  with  me  the  regimental  colors,  together  with 
the  commander  of  the  color  company,  the  intrepid  boy  lieutenant,  lion-hearted, 
fearless,  unflinching  Charles  Earle,  whose  name  must  be  inscribed  high  among 
the  highest  on  the  roll  of  Chickamauga  heroes." 

On  the  day  following  the  battle,  Lieutenant  Earle's  company  was  assigned 
to  picket  duty  on  Missionary  Ridge,  below  which  the  Union  forces  were  gather- 
ing for  the  battle  of  Chattanooga.  Through  the  cowardice  of  a  stafl-officer  it 
was  left  unsupported  and  captured  by  the  Confederates.  On  the  night  of 
October  i,  1863,  Lieutenant  Earle  was  consigned  to  Libby  Prison,  where  he 
remained  until  the  wonderful  escape  through  the  tunnel  on  February  9,  1864. 
The  story  has  often  been  told  of  the  six  awful  days  of  wading  through  swamps, 
the  fugitives  terrorized  by  men  and  hunted  by  dogs,  until  with  indescribable 
emotions   they  came  in  sight  of  Union  friends. 

Returning  soon  after  his  escape  to  his  regiment.  Lieutenant  Earle  was 
rapidly  advanced  through  various  grades  to  the  rank  of  Aid-De-Camp  and 
Acting  Assistant  Inspector-General  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  W.  C.  Whittaker,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  war  was  breveted  Captain  of  United  States  Volunteers 
"for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  the  battles  of  Chickamauga,  I^esaca, 
Ivenesaw  Mountain,    F'ranklin  and  Nashville." 

In  1865  Dr.  Earle  recommenced  his  studies  at  Beloit  College,  Wis. 
After  a  studious  sojourn  there  of  three  years  he  entered  the  Chicago  Medical 
College,  graduating  in  1870,  one  of  the  two  honor  men  of  his  class,  soon  after 
commencing  practice  in  the  office  of  Dr.  William  H.  Byford,  of  whose  friend- 
ship he  was  a  favored  recipient.  In  1870  the  Woman's  Medical  College  was 
organized,  and  Dr.  Earle  was  made  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Diseases  of 
Children,  and  Treasurer  of  the  same  institution,  and  upon  the  death  of  Dr. 
Byford  became  its  President.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  on  Nov.  19,  1893,  ^^as 
President  of  the  Faculty  and  Professor  of  Obstetrics.  He  was  also  Professor 
of  Operative  Obstetrics  in  the  Post-Graduate   College  and  Hospital  of  this  city. 

Dr.  Earle  was  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical,  the  Pediatric,  the 
Chicago  Medical  and  the  British  Medical  societies,  as  well  as  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  He  was  also  an  honored  member  of  the  G.  A.  R.,  and 
of  the  Loyal  Legion. 

Notwithstanding  the  enormous  demands  of  his  practice.  Dr.  Earle  was  the 
author  of  many  articles  of  wide  range  on  medical  subjects  which  have  attracted 
attention  in  this  country  and  Europe,  a  course  of  study  in  the  hospitals  of 
Florence,  Vienna,    Berlin,    Paris  and  London  resulting  in  an  especially  valuable 


3  58  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS. 

series  of  essays  on  obstetrical  subjects.  Owing  to  his  occupancy  of  the  chair 
of  Diseases  of  Children  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  Professor  Earle  was 
enabled  to  publish  many  important  papers  on  pediatrics.  He  contributed  to  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society  a  paper  entitled  "Diphtheria  and  its  Municipal  Control," 
after  reading  which  he  offered  a  resolution,  which  was  passed,  recommending  that 
the  city  board  of  health  placard  all  houses  infected  with  diphtheria. 

For  eighteen  years  Dr.  Earle  was  Chief  Physician  in  the  Washingtonian 
Home,  where  he  made  a  close  study  of  inebriety  and  arrived  at  important 
conclusions  concerning  its  treatment,  which  were  embodied  in  some  of  the  most 
practical  publications  ever  issued  on  that  subject. 

Politically,  Dr.  Earle  was  a  republican  and  a  member  of  the  Lincoln 
Club,  though  not  active  in  politics,  being  thoroughly  devoted  to  his  profession. 
For  many  years  he  was  an  esteemed  member  of  the  Union  Park  Congregational 
Church. 

The  personal  characteristics  of  Professor  Earle  when  living  are  thus  described 
by  an  eminent  brother  physician  of  this  city:  "Great,  honest-hearted,  noble 
man,  his  blufl  exterior  hides  one  of  the  tenderest  hearts  that  ever  beat. 
Gentle  as  a  child,  perfectly  honest  and  disinterested  in  his  practice  he  could 
not  be  hired  to  do  a  dishonest  thing.  He  is  a  man  of  brains  and  ability,  and 
thinks  down  deep  into  his  cases." 

In  1 87 1  Dr.  Earle  was  married  to  Miss  Fanny  Bundy,  a  sister  of  the  late 
J.  M.  Bundy,  who  was  for  many  years  a  distinguished  member  of  the  metro- 
politan press.  An  accomplished  musician,  and  a  woman  of  fine  literary  tastes, 
Mrs.  Earle  always  took  a  deep  interest  in  everything  pertaining  to  her  husband's 
professional  life.  Two  children  were  born  to  them,  viz. :  Carrie  and  William 
Byford  Earle. 


ABRAHAM    REEVES   JACKSON,   M.  D.   (DECEASED). 

Abraham  Reeves  Jackson,  son  of  Washington  and  Deborah  (Lee)  Jackson, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia  on  June  17,  1827,  and  died  in  Chicago,  on  November  12, 
1S92.  Graduating  from  the  Central  High  School  of  Philadelphia,  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Wiltbank,  subsequently  entered  the 
medical  department  of  the  Pennsylvania  College  and  in  1848  received  from 
that  institution  the  degree  of  M.  D.  After  practicing  for  a  year  in  Kresgeville, 
Monroe  County,  Pa.,  and  for  eight  months  in  Columbia,  Warren  County,  N.  J., 
he  established  himself  in  Stroudsburg,    Pa.,  where  he  remained  until   1870. 

In  the  Summer  of  1862  Dr.  Jackson  was  appointed  Contract  Surgeon  of 
the  United  States  Army  and  was  made  Assistant  Medical  Director  of  the  Army 
of  Virginia.  An  attack  of  typhoid  fever  compelled  him  to  return  home.  In 
1867  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  ship    "Quaker  City,"  and  in  this  capacity 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS.  359 

served  on  the  trip  made  historic  in  Mark  Twain's  "Innocents  Abroad."  He 
was  the  original    "My  friend,  the  Doctor"  in  that  famous    pubhcation. 

Removing  to  Chicago  in  the  Spring  of  1870,  he  made  a  specialty  of  sur- 
gical diseases  of  women.  Soon  after  entering  upon  practice  in  that  city,  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  establishing  a  hospital  to  be  devoted  exclusively  to  the 
treatment  of  diseases  of  this  class.  Enlisting  the  support  of  many  prominent 
men  and  women,  he  worked  energetically  to  attain  the  desired  end,  and  on 
September  i,  1871,  a  charter  was  granted  incorporating  the  Woman's  Hospital 
of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Of  this  institution,  immediately  upon  its  opening,  he 
was  appointed  Surgeon-in-Chief. 

In  the  Winter  of  1872  Dr.  Jackson  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Gynecology 
in  Rush  Medical  College.  In  1882  he  became  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Chicago,  of  which  he  was  President  up 
to  the  time  of    his  death. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Society  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Medico-Historical  Society  and  the  Illinois 
State  Microscopical  Society,  corresponding  member  of  the  Boston  Gyneco- 
logical Society  and  Fellow  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.  At  the  time 
of    his    death    he    was  President  of    the  American  Association  of  Gynecologists. 

In  May,  1874,  Dr.  Jackson  was  elected  editor  of  the  Chicago  Medical 
Register,  published  by  the  Medico-Historical  Society,  and  in  this,  as  also  in 
leading  professional  periodicals,  and  in  the  transactions  of  the  several  societies 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  he  published  numerous  important  papers  and 
reports.  Of  these  may  be  mentioned  :  "Successful  Removal  of  Both  Ovaries;" 
''Uterine  Fibroid  of  Posterior  Wall  Successfully  Removed;"  "Non-Ovarian 
Menstruation  ;"  Vesico-Vaginal  Fistula,  with  Cases  ;"  "Fibrous  Tumor  of  Bladder 
Successfully  Removed  ;"  "Retroversion  of  the  Unimpregnated  Womb;"  "Un- 
successful Attempt  to  Remove  Fibrous  Tumor  of  Anterior  Wall  of  Uterus  ;  "  "On 
the  Treatment  of  Fibrous  Tumors  of  the  Uterus  by  Hypodermic  Injections  of 
Ergotin  ;  "  "The  Ovulation  Theory  of  Menstruation — Will  it  Stand  ?"  These, 
and  many  other  able  contributions  during  the  last  twenty-five  years  have 
served  to  make  his  professional  career  prominent  and  familiar  to  all  readers  of 
medical  literature. 

Dr.  Jackson  was  one  of  the  most  highly  esteemed  and  best  beloved 
members  of  the  medical  profession  in  Chicago.  He  stood  with  the  few  on  the 
top  rung  of  the  ladder  in  his  specialty,  becomingly  accepted  the  honors  so  freely 
bestowed  upon  him  by  his  fellows,  and  in  his  departure  they,  as  well  as  the 
laity,  sustain  the  irreparable  loss  of  a  progressive  leader.  The  immediate  cause 
of  his  death  was  apoplexy,  which  is  believed  to  have  been  the  sequence  to  a 
poisoning  of  the  system  by  an  infected  wound,  received  while  performing  an 
operation  some  fifteen  years  previously. 


36o  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSLCLANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

D.   A.   K.   STEELE,   M.   D. 

Daniel  Atkinson  King  Steele  is  of  good  old  Scotch-Irish  blood,  his  father, 
Rev.  Daniel  Steele,  being  born  in  Cookstown,  County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  in  the 
ancient  country  seat  known  as  "Steele's  Rock,"  where  his  ancestors  had  lived 
for  over  a  hundred  years.  Daniel  Steele,  the  elder,  was  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
and  after  some  years  of  missionary  work  in  Western  Ireland  he,  with  his  young 
wife,  Mary  Leatham  Anderson,  came  to  America  and  settled  in  Eden,  Dela- 
ware County,  Ohio.  In  that  place,  on  the  twenty-ninth  of  March,  1S52,  was 
born  the  subject  of  our  sketch. 

When  young  Steele  was  two  years  old  his  parents  removed  to  a  farm 
near  Pinckneyville,  Perry  County,  111.  His  education  began  in  the  old  log 
schoolhouse  on  Grand  Cote  Prairie.  Besides  his  school  duties  he  assisted  his 
father  on  the  farm,  losing,  perhaps,  a  little  time  from  study,  but  gaining  the 
inestimable  advantage  of  health  and  strength  derived  from  such  outdoor  life. 
Whatever  his  drawbacks,  at  fifteen  he  was  ready  to  enter  the  academy  at 
Oakdale,  and,  on  the  removal  of  his  parents  to  Rantoul,  did  excellent  work  as 
a  teacher. 

In  i86q  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  D.  P.  McClure,  of 
Rantoul,  at  the  same  time  acting  as  clerk  in  a  drug  store.  Coming  to  Chicago 
in  1870  he  took  a  three  years'  course  at  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  gradu- 
ating in  1873.  During  liis  senior  year  he  was  Prosector  of  Anatomy  in  the 
college,  and  immediately  after  graduating  was  made  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
at  the  Chicago  School  of  Anatomy.  Especially  desirous  of  rapid  advancement 
in  surgery,  he  took  a  competitive  examination  for  the  position  of  Interne  in  the 
Cook  County  Hospital  and  won,  as  the  result,  the  position  of  House  Surgeon. 
In  this  capacity  he  continued  for  two  years  and  then  began  general  practice, 
at  the  same  time  acting  as  Clinical  Assistant  to  the  celebrated  Dr.  Moses  Gunn 
of  Rush  Medical  College.  In  1875  he  was  made  'Attending  Surgeon  at  the 
South  Side  Dispensary  and  in  1876  Lecturer  on  Surgery  at  the  Chicago  Med- 
ical College.  Leaving  this  institution  in  1882,  he,  in  company  with  several 
other  prominent  physicians,  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  Chicago  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  has  since  proven  itself  so  potent  in  the 
progress  of  medical  education  in  Chicago.  In  this  institution  he  acted  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Orthopedic  Surgery  until  1886.  At  that  time  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Nicholas  Senn,  formerly  of  Milwaukee,  left  vacant  the  chair  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery.  Dr.  Steele,  though  younger  by  ten 
years  than  those  who  usually  occupy  this  chair,  was  called  to  fill  it,  and  this  he 
has  done  most  acceptably.  As  evidence  of  the  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  by  his 
colleagues  in  the  above  college  we  may  add  that,    upon  the  death  of  Professor 


:^ 


COLLEGE    OF  PHVSICLANS  AND   SURGEONS.  363 

Charles  Warrington  Earle,    in  the  Fall  of    1893,  who  was  then  President  of  the 
college,  Dr.    Steele  was  unanimously  elected  to  the  vacant  position. 

Dr.  Steele  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Chicago  Biological  Society, 
now  the  Pathological  Society,  and  is  a  charter  member  of  the  Chicago  Medi- 
ical  Club,  a  very  select  organization,  whose  objects  are  social  as  well  as  pro- 
fessional. He  was  the  first  President  of  the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society, 
served  two  terms,  during  1887  and  1890,  as  President  of  the  Medical  Board  of 
Cook  County  Hospital,  where  for  eight  years  he  was  Attending  Surgeon.  In 
1866  he  became  President  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  and  in  the  State 
and  national  associations   stands  in  the  foremost  ranks. 

In  1888  Dr.  Steele  was  sent  by  the  American  Medical  Association  as  a 
delegate  to  the  British  Medical  Association,  at  its  annual  convention  in  Glas- 
gow, Scotland.  He  visited  the  medical  institutions  of  France,  Germany,  Eng- 
land and  Switzerland,  making  many  important  investigations  for  the  benefit  of 
science.  Much  of  the  information  he  has  since  embodied  in  a  paper  entitled, 
"A  Chicago  Physician's  Impressions  and  Observations  of  European  Surgery." 
His  researches  were  much  furthered  by  the  acquaintance  of  such  men  as  Lister, 
McCormick  and  Heath  of  London,  Martin  of  Berlin,  and  McEwan  of  Glas- 
gow. Apropos  of  a  little  matter  which  came  up  during  his  visit.  Dr.  Steele 
afterward  discussed  with  a  prominent  physician  the  subject  of  Medical  Etiquette, 
their  correspondence  attracting  much  attention  at  home  and  abroad.  Shortly 
thereafter  Dr.  Steele  again  visited  Europe,  this  time  as  a  delegate  to  the  Ninth 
International  Medical  Congress,  held  at  Berlin.  A  pleasure  excursion,  as  well 
as  a  professional  obligation,  this  trip  embraced  Vienna,  Rome,  the  galleries  of 
Florence,  Munich  and  all  the  principal  points  of  interest  on  the  continent. 

So  well  is  Dr.  Steele  known  as  a  writer  that  it  is  needless  to  say  more 
than  that  his  contributions  to  medical  literature  are  as  valuable  as  they  are 
numerous.  In  politics  the  Doctor  inclines  to  the  Republican  party,  and  in  re- 
ligion he  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  As  to  his  personal  charac- 
ter, that  can  be  best  judged  from  the  words  of  one  of  the  foremost  physicians 
of  the  city:  "Dr.  Steele  is  an  extremely  busy  and  successful  practitioner,  con- 
stantly overburdened  by  demands  for  his  services,  both  professionally  and  socially. 
He  is  a  man  of  the  highest  and  purest  character,  an  industrious  and  ambitious 
student  and  a  gifted  teacher  in  surgery.  Genial  in  disposition,  unobtrusive  and 
unassuming,  he  is  himself  patient  under  adverse  criticism,  and  in  his  expressions 
concerning  brother  practitioners  is  friendly  and   indulgent, " 

In  1876  Dr.  Steele  married  Miss  Alice  L.  Tomlinson,  daughter  of  Sheldon 
Tomlinson,  an  old  and  prominent  citizen  of  Champaign  County,  111.  Mrs.  Steele 
is  a  woman  of  unusual  intellectual  qualities,  deeply  interested  in  her  husband's 
professional  work,  and  in  the  home  is  a  most  amiable  hostess  and  held  in  high 
esteem  by  all  her  numerous  friends  and  acquaintances. 


364  COLLEGE    OE  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

WILLIAM  E.  QUINE,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Ouine,  recognized  as  among  the  foremost  teachers,  consultants  and 
practitioners  in  the  West,  was  born  on  the  Isle  of  Man,  Great  Britain,  on  the 
ninth  of  February,  1847.  His  parents,  William  and  Margaret  (Kinley)  Quine, 
removed  to  Chicago  when  the  boy  was  only  six  years  of  age,  William  being 
soon  placed  in  the  public  schools  of  the  city,  and  at  an  early  age  graduating 
from  its  Central  High  School. 

As  a  step  toward  the  profession  for  which  he  had  an  inclination  when 
quite  young,  he  commenced  the  study  of  Pharmacy  and  Materia  Medica  soon 
after  leaving  high  school,  and  in  1866,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  entered  the 
Chicago  Medical  College  for  the  purpose  of  pursuing  a  full  medical  course. 
He  graduated  in  1869  at  the  head  of  his  class,  and  as  a  prior  evidence  of  his 
industry  and  efficiency  it  may  be  stated  that  six  months  before  obtaining  his 
degree  he  had  been  elected  to  the  house  staff  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital. 
Having  served  the  allotted  period  of  eighteen  months  as  interne  he  was 
unanimously  elected  a  member  of  the  attending  staff,  and  for  the  succeeding 
seven  years  was  Attending  Gynecologist  and  Obstetrician  of  that  institution. 
At  his  own  request  he  was  then  transferred  to  the  medical  service  and  for  six 
years  was  an  Attending  Physician.  He  was  also  Pathologist  of  the  hospital 
for  a  number  of  years  and  during  the  entire  period  of  his  connection  with  the 
institution  was  Clinical  and  Dead   House  Instructor. 

In  1870  Dr.  Quine  had  been  chosen  as  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics  by  the  Faculty  of  the  Chicago  Medical  College  and  during  the 
succeeding  year  he  was  elected  to  a  full  professorship.  For  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  period  during  which  he  was  connected  with  this  institution  he 
also  served  as  its  Secretary.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  attending  staff  of 
Mercy  Hospital,  in  which  he  had  been  an  interne  for  a  brief  period  previous 
to  entering  Cook  County  Hospital.  It  should  also  be  stated  that  in  1890  Dr. 
Quine  was  chosed  President  of  the  Medical  Board  of  the  County  Hospital,  with 
which  he  had  been  connected  for  so  many  years. 

In  1883  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine 
and  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  of  Chicago,  and 
in  1 89 1  became  President  of  the  Faculty,  both  of  which  positions  he  still  holds. 

Dr.  Quine  was  one  of  the  original  faculty  of  the  Northwestern  University 
School  of  Pharmacy,  being  for  some  time  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  and 
Physiology.  Although  he  has  been  obliged,  on  account  of  so  many  pressing 
duties,  to  sever  active  connection  with  the  latter  institution,  his  name  is 
retained  in  its  faculty  as  Emeritus  Professor  of  the  chair  above  named. 

In  1872  Dr.  Quine  was  elected  by  the  brother  members  of  his  profession 
to  the  office  of  President  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society — by  far  the  youngest 


V 


7' 


c 


"^Jfrn. 


'ante 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS   AND    SURGEONS.  s^V 

incumbent  of  that  position,  he  being  then  but  twenty-five  years  of  age.  Two 
years  later  he  became  Treasurer  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  and  in 
1893  was  honored  with  the  presidency  of  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Health, 
serving  from  1893  to  1895.  ^^  is  still,  as  stated,  President  of  the  Faculty  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  also  chairman  of  the  medical  section  of 
the  American  Medical  Association.  Of  the  latter  organization  he  has  been  a 
member  for  many  years,  and  has  also  been  continuously  associated  with  the 
State  and  local  societies,  with  the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society,  the  Practi- 
tioners' Club  and  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences. 

In  1870  Dr.  Quine  began  his  career  as  a  private  practitioner  with  Dr.  T. 
D.  Fitch,  and  notwithstanding  his  manifold  public  duties  has  established  an 
extensive  business  among  the  most  educated  and  refined  classes.  In  his 
specialties  of  Diagnosis  and  Therapeutics  he  has  no  superior,  the  bulk  of  his 
time  not  devoted  to  teaching  and  lecturing  being  occupied  by  the  many 
demands  made  upon  him  as   a   consultant. 

Dr.  Quine  is  quiet,  dignified  and  unassuming,  but  the  personification  of 
systematized  energy,  a  splendid  teacher,  an  eloquent  lecturer  and  a  broad- 
minded  practitioner.  To  his  intellectual  culture  has  been  added  the  inevitable 
polish  of  widely  extended  travel,  so  that  he  is  at  ease  with  all  classes  of  men 
and  women. 

Mrs.  Quine  is  a  lady  of  rare  refinement  and  acumen,  being  married  as 
Miss  Lettie  Mason,  of  Normal,  111.,  in  1S76.  Already  she  had  achieved  a 
remarkably  brilliant  career,  having  graduated  from  the  Normal  school  when  only 
sixteen  years  of  age  and  from  the  Woman's  Medical  College  before  she  had 
attained  the  age  (twenty-one  years)  at  which  a  degree  could  be  granted.  After 
obtaining  her  title  of  M.  D.  she  had  served  for  two  years  as  a  medical  mission- 
ary to  China,  but  breaking  down  in  health  had  returned  to  Chicago.  Since 
her  marriage  to  Dr.  Quine  she  has  been  of  incalculable  assistance  to  him, 
although  she  has  made  no  other  professional  use  of  her  medical  education. 
Three  children  have  blessed  the  union,  all  of  whom  are  laid  away  in  Oakwoods 
Cemetery. 

G.   FRANK    LYDSTON,    M.  D. 

G.  Frank  Lydston  was  born  in  Jacksonville,  Tuolumne  County,  Cal.,  on  March 
3,  1857,  his  parents  being  among  the  pioneers  of  1849.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Enghsh  descent,  his  ancestors  having  been  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  New 
England. 

Dr.  Lydston  was  a  student  under  Dr.  F.  B.  Norcom,  of  Chicago,  and 
Professor  Joseph  W.  Howe,  of  New  York,  both  of  whom  are  deceased.  Grad- 
uating at  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  in   1879,  soon  after,  he  was  awarded 


\ 


368  COLLEGE    OF  I^HYSICIANS   AND    SURGEONS. 

the  highest  mark  in  competitive  examination  for  the  New  York  Charity  Hospital. 
He  served  eighteen  months  in  this  institution,  after  which  he  was  appointed  Resi- 
dent Surgeon  to  the  State  Immigrant  Hospital  at  Ward's  Island,  N,  Y.  In 
1 88 1  he  resigned  the  latter  position  and  removed  to  Chicago  to  practice  his 
profession. 

For  seven  years  he  held  the  lectureship  on  Genito-Urinary  and  Venereal 
Diseases  in  the  Chicago  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  was  appointed 
to  the  full  professorship  in  June,   1891. 

Dr.  Lydston  is  widely  known  as  a  writer  on  scientific  topics  and  as  a 
teacher,  and  is  rated  as  one  of  the  most  successful  practitioners  in  Chicago, 
having  built  uj")  a  very  large  and  select  clientele.  His  practice  is  limited  to 
office  and  surgical  work,  much  of  his  time  being  devoted  to  Genito-Urinary  Surgery 
and  Syphilology. 

Dr.  Lydston's  contributions  to  medical  literature  number  over  one  hundred 
papers  and  books,  upon  a  wide  range  of  topics.  His  first  paper,  published  in 
1880,  was  on  "Anomalous  Origin  of  the  Descendens  Noni. "  Among  his  most 
important  papers  are  monographs  and  essays,  since  published,  as  follows  : 
"Lectures  on  Syphilis,"  1884;  "-^  Treatise  on  Varicocele;"  "A  Treatise  on 
Gonorrhea;"  "Stricture  of  the  Urethra,"  1892;  "The  Surgical  Treatment 
of  Peritonitis;"  "Sexual  Perversion;"  "Studies  of  Criminal  Crania;"  "  Tropho- 
Neurosis  in  its  Relations  to  the  Phenomena  of  Syphilis;"  "Aberrant  Sexual 
Differentiation;"  "Evolution  of  the  Infectious  Diseases;"  "Observations  on 
Urethral  Stricture;"  "Gonorrhea  in  the  Female;"  "Materialism  vs.  Sentiment 
in  the  Study  of  Crime;"  "Syphilis  in  its  Relation  to  the  Repair  of  Wounds;" 
"Chronic  Ulceration  of  the  Female  Genitalia;"  "The  Rational  Extension  in 
Diseases  of  the  Spinal   Cord,"  and  "The  Physiological  Action  of  Heat  and  Cold." 

Fcr  many  years  Dr.  Lydston  has  been  associate  editor  of  the  JJ^cstcni 
l\Icdical  Reporter,  his  editorial  writing  being  of  a  characteristically  independent 
and  progressive  character. 

OSCAR  A.    KING,  M.  D. 

Oscar  A.  King,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Neurology,  Psychiatry  and  Clinical 
Medicine  and  Secretary  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago, 
was  born  on  a  farm  near  Peru,  Ind. ,  on  February  22,  1851.  He  was  the  fourth 
son  of  Timothy  F.  King  and  Mary  M.  Wright.  His  immediate  progenitors 
were  descended  from  the  early  settlers  of  New  England  and  were  of  exclusively 
English  origin.  His  father  and  paternal  grandparents  were  born  in  Massachu- 
setts. The  Wainwrights,  the  family  of  his  paternal  grandmother,  were  loyal 
colonists  previous  to  the  Revolution  and  remained  103'al  to  the  mother  country 
throughout  that   struggle. 


# 


^^i^OMyJi^^/,  ^  -^. 


^/,^-^^L^ 


i 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS.  in 

His  mother  was  born  in  New  York,  her  family  belonging  to  the  colony  of 
Connecticut,  where  both  maternal  grandparents  were  born.  His  father  and 
mother  were  married  in  Ohio  in  1835,  at  the  respective  ages  of  twenty-one  and 
seventeen  years.  They  removed  to  Peru,  Ind.,  in  1839,  where  they  maintained 
the  family  homestead  until  the  death  of  his  mother  in  1893,  s^t  the  age  of 
seventy-five  years.  His  father  is  still  (1896)  living  and  in  excellent  health  and 
strength. 

The  family  numbered  eleven,  six  sons  and  five  daughters,  of  whom  six 
were  older  and  four  younger  than  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  His  infancy  and 
boyhood,  until  fifteen  years  of  age,  were  spent  on  his  father's  farm.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  high  school  of  Peru  at  the  head  of  his  class,  as  determined  by 
examination  grade,  and  delivered  the  class  valedictory  address.  For  a  few 
years  thereafter  he  devoted  himself  to  teaching,  in  the  meantime  pursuing  in 
private  the  studies  of  a  university  curriculum.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
in  1873,  under  Professor  Henry  Palmer  of  Janesville,  Wis.,  a  prominent  surgeon 
of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  having  the  rank  of  Brevet  Brigadier-General  and 
afterward  becoming  Surgeon-General  of  Wisconsin.  After  matriculating  at  a 
medical  college  our  subject  continued  the  study  of  medicine  as  a  private 
student  of  Professor  Louis  A.  Sayre,  of  New  York,  graduating  from  the  Belle- 
vue  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1878.  After  a  short  time  in  private  practice 
with  Dr.  Palmer  he  was  chosen  Second  Assistant  Physician  in  the  Wisconsin 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Madison,  Wis.  Early  in  1880  the  Board  of 
Trustees  granted  Dr.  King  leave  of  absence  from  the  hospital  and  he  spent 
the  greater  part  of  the  years  1880  and  1881  in  the  University  of  Vienna  and 
the  hospitals  of  that  city.  There  he  studied  at  the  clinics  of  Kaposi,  Braun, 
Fuchs  and  Billroth,  especially  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  Neurology  and 
Psychiatry  under  Professors  Benedict,  Weiss,  Leydersdorf    and   Meynert. 

On  returning  home,  Dr.  King  resumed  his  hospital  work,  being  promoted 
to  the  place  of  First  Assistant  Physician,  but  shortly  thereafter  resigning  to 
accept  the  chair  of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  Chicago,  to  which  position  he  was  elected  in  the  Fall  of  1882. 
In  1890  he  was  elected  a  Director  of  the  college  and  also  to  the  chair  of 
Clinical  Medicine.  In  1894  he  was  chosen  Secretary  of  the  College,  to  which 
office  he  has  since  been  annually  reelected.  In  1896  his  teaching  title  was 
changed  to  Professor  of  Neurology,  Psychiatry  and  Clinical  Medicine.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Advisory  Medical  Board  of  the  Cook  County  institutions  at 
Dunning,  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  of  the  Wisconsin  State 
Medical  Society  and  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

In  1884  Professor  King  founded  the  Oakwood  Springs  Sanitarium  at  Lake 
Geneva,  Wis.,  for  the  treatment  of  nervous  and  mental  diseases,  which  was 
constructed  at  a  cost  of  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  in   1896 


372  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICLANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

he  founded  the  Lake  Geneva    Sanitarium.       He  is  the  president  and  the  chief 
of  the   medical  staff   of  each  of  these  institutions. 

In  1887  Professor  King  was  married  to  Miss  Minerva  Guernsey,  of  Janes- 
ville,  Wis.,  and  a  graduate  of  Boston  University.  Mrs.  King  is  a  lady  of 
cultivated  and  refined  tastes,  and  while  it  cannot  be  said  that  she  has  any 
particular  fondness  for  medical  topics,  she  is  interested  in  general  sciences,  a 
great  student  of    literature  and  a  most  interesting  and  intelligent    critic    of    art. 


JOHN   B.   MURPHY,   A.  M.,    M.  D.,   LL.  D. 

Although  he  is  yet  in  the  "thirties,"  when  most  members  of  the  profession  are 
struggling  for  scant  recognition.  Dr.  Murphy  is  already  recognized  as  one  of  the 
leading  surgeons  of  the  country.  A  man  of  decision,  skill  and  a  presence  which 
at  once  inspires  confidence,  he  is  a  striking  representative  of  the  stalwart  material 
which  is  making  Chicago  the  leading  city  of  America  and  bringing  her  contin- 
ually into  prominence  as  a  great  center  of  medical  advancement  and  medical 
education. 

Born  in  Appleton,  Wis.,  on  December  21,  1827,  Dr.  Murphy  obtained  a 
public  and  a  high  school  education  in  his  native  city,  after  which  he  commenced 
his  medical  studies  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  J.  R.  Reilly,  one  of  the 
leading  surgeons  of  that  place.  With  this  preliminary  training  he  came  to 
Chicago  and  entered  the  Rush  Medical  College  for  a  systematic  course  of 
instruction,    graduating  therefrom  in    1879. 

Dr.  Murphy  passed  the  competitive  examination  which  entitled  him  to  an 
interneship  in  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  serving  in  that  capacity  from  Febru- 
ary, 1879,  to  October,  1880.  After  engaging  in  private  practice  in  Chicago  for 
two  years  he  decided  upon  a  European  trip  for  the  purpose  of  broadening  and 
deepening  his  professional  education  by  study,  observation  and  practice  in  the 
medical  centers  of  the  Old  World.  During  the  period  from  September,  1882, 
until  April,  1884,  therefore,  he  worked  in  the  universities  and  hospitals  of  Vienna, 
Munich,  Berlin  and  Heidelberg,  under  the  renowned  masters  of  medicine, 
whether  considered  from  a  theoretical  or  clinical  standpoint. 

In  the  Spring  of  1884  Dr.  Murphy  returned  to  Chicago,  taking  up  his 
work  with  his  accustomed  energy,  and  was  almost  immediately  recognized  as  a 
leader  in  the  domain  of  surgery.  In  1884  he  was  elected  Lecturer  on  Surgery 
in  Rush  Medical  College  and  in  1892  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  in  1890  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  School;  in  1882  Attending  Surgeon  to  the  Cook  County 
Hospital  and  in  1890  to  a  similar  position  in  the  Alexian  Brothers  Hospital. 
He  became  President    of    the    Medical    Staff    of    the  Cook  County   Hospital  in 


COLLEGE    OE  PELYSICLANS  AND    SURGEONS.  373 

1 89 1,  and  was  chosen  to  the  presidency  of  the  National  Association  of  Railway 
Surgeons  in  1895.  Dr.  Murphy  is  also  a  member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  Surgical  Society  of  Germany,  the  Surgical  Society  of  Paris 
and  of  other  medical  and  surgical  organizations  less  noted   than  these. 

It  is  but  natural  that  Dr.  Murphy  should  frequently  be  solicited  by  med- 
ical publishers  for  contributions  to  professional  literature,  but  it  is  surprising, 
considering  the  pressing  and  obligatory  demands  which  his  actual  practice 
makes  upon  his  time,  that  he  should  be  enabled  to  accomplish  so  much  in  this 
field.  Based  as  they  are  upon  his  practice,  most  of  his  books  and  papers  relate 
to  the  surgery  of  the  various  abdominal  tracts.  His  "  Gunshot  Wounds  of  the 
Abdomen"  is  standard  on  that  subject,  and  in  "Actinomycosis  Hominis, "  he 
was  the  first  in  America  to  recognize  the  disease  in  man  which,  under  the 
popular  name  of    "Lumpy-Jaw,"  has  made  such  ravages  among  cattle. 

Dr.  Murphy's  paper,  originally  read  before  the  section  on  surgery  and 
anatomy  at  the  forty-fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, on  the  "Surgery  of  the  Gall  Tract,"  attracted  wide  attention,  illustrating 
also  the  utility  of  his  Anastomosis  Button,  which  has  been  so  favorably  received 
by  the  profession  and  the  laity.  His  contributions  to  medical  literature  have 
been  numerous  considering  the  pressing  demands  made  upon  his  time  by  a  large 
practice,  appearing  in  such  standard  periodicals  as  the  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  Medical  Record  (N.  Y. )  and  The  Lancet  (London, 
Eng).  Among  other  papers  which  have  attracted  much  favorable  attention  may 
be  mentioned:  "Early  Operation  in  Perityphlitis;"  "Appendicitis,  with  One 
Hundred  and  Forty-one  Laparotomies;"  "Intestinal  Approximation — Pathologi- 
cal History  of  Reunion;  "Intestinal  Approximation,  with  Especial  Reference 
to  the  Use  of  the  Anastomosis  Button;"  "Fibroid  Tumors  Complicating  Preg- 
nancy;" and    "Surgery  of  the  Casserian  Ganglion." 


ALBERT   EDWARD    HOADLEY,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Hoadley,  the  second  of  three  children,  was  born  at  a  country  cross 
roads,  known  as  the  Sap  Bush,  in  Chenango  County,  N.  Y. ,  on  the  nineteenth  of 
November,  1847.  The  first  born,  a  son,  died  the  Summer  previous  to  Albert's 
birth,  and  his  only  sister  was  his  junior  by  more  than  four  years.  His  parents, 
Albert  and  Electa  (Lewis)  Hoadley,  lived  during  the  earliest  years  of  his  life 
first  at  Sap  Bush,  then  in  the  village  of  Chenango  Forks,  Broom  County, 
N.  Y.  As  they  came  West  and  settled  upon  a  farm  a  few  miles  from  Elcrin, 
Kane  County,  when  Albert  Edward  was  but  eight  years  of  age.  Dr.  Hoadley 
is   identified  with    the    history    of  his  adopted,    far  more  than  with  that    of    his 


374  COLLEGE    OF   PHYSLCLANS  AND    SURGEONS. 

native  State.  Within  the  succeeding  five  years  the  family  moved  to  several 
localities  in  Kane,  De  Kalb  and  Lee  counties,  locating  at  Amboy  in  the  Spring 
of    i860. 

Young  Albert  was  now  in  his  thirteenth  year,  and  although  he  had  enjoyed 
no  systematic  schooling  up  to  this  time,  he  had  made  such  good  use  of  the 
irregular  training  he  had  received  at  the  district  schools  and  through  the  earnest, 
but  often  interrupted  efforts  of  his  parents,  that  he  was  enabled  to  pass  his 
examinations  for  the  Amboy  high  school.  About  this  time,  also,  he  joined  the 
M.  E.  Church,    of    which  they  were  devout  members. 

During  his  high  school  course  the  boy  also  worked  at  his  father's  trade, 
that  of  a  mason,  and,  upon  graduating,  instead  of  contentedly  settling  at  Amboy, 
his  expressed  desire  was  to  remove  to  some  larger  city,  where  he  might  become 
a  broad  master  of  his  trade  and  enter  a  field  which  would  promise  larger  returns 
in  every  sense  of  the  word.  Although  the  father  did  not  wish  his  son  to  leave 
home,  and  said  so  most  emphatically,  young  Hoadley  was  so  independent  and 
self-reliant  even  at  the  age  of  nineteen  that  he  decided  that  his  wisest  course,  and 
the  one  which  would  immediately  make  him  a  help  instead  of  a  burden  to  his  par- 
ents, was  to  bid  adieu  to  Amboy  and  seek  a  wider  and  more  profitable  field. 
He  was  too  manly  to  run  away,  so  one  evening  in  August,  1867,  when  his 
father  was  standing  at  the  front  gate,  he  came  from  the  house  and  said:  "  Father, 
I  am  going  to  get  my  trowel  now,  and  at  eleven  o'clock  I  shall  take  the  train 
for  Chicago."  Without  a  word  the  old  man  turned  and  walked  into  the  house, 
too  sad  and  grieved  to  say  good-by. 

In  Chicago  he  engaged  almost  immediately  to  learn  the  bricklaying  trade, 
working  under  various  contractors  until  the  middle  of  December,  when  the 
building  season  closed  down  with  the  frost.  He  had  been  earning  what  would 
seem  like  fabulous  sums  of  money  at  home,  and,  notwithstanding  his  short 
apprenticeship,  had  acted  at  times  as  foreman.  At  the  end  of  the  season  his 
father  paid  him  a  visit  and  joyfully  escorted  hira  back  to  Amboy.  It  was  dur- 
ing this  Winter — that  of  1867-68 — that  he  took  his  first  step  toward  a  medical 
career  with  a  Cruveilheir  Anatomy,  United  States  Dispensatory  and  some  human 
bones.  During  the  succeeding  Spring,  Summer  and  Fall  he  worked  at  his  trade, 
of  which  he  became  an  acknowledged  master,  and  the  following  Winter  was 
spent  in  Amboy  in  medical  studies,  a  portion  of  the  time  under  the  tutelage 
of    Dr.  J.  R.  Corbus,  of   that  place,  afterward  of    Chicago. 

The  last  capacity  in  which  he  appeared  as  a  skilled  laborer  in  this  city 
was  as  foreman  of  the  brick  work  of  Mercy  Hospital,  corner  of  Calumet  and 
Twenty-sixth  streets.  When  the  building  was  completed,  about  October  i, 
1869,  he  was  matriculated  as  junior  student  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
graduating  therefrom  on  March  12,  1872.  Thus  launched  into  the  world.  Dr. 
Hoadley  had  nothing  as  capital  but  his  degree,    his  education  and  his  determi- 


.Jltp^ 


Oxford  ?ijEl-Cn 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICLANS  AND    SURGEONS.  m 

nation  to  succeed.  It  is  unnecessary  to  remind  members  of  the  profession  of 
the  ahnost  insurmountable  difficulties  which  stand  in  the  way  of  the  young 
practitioner  who  attempts  to  establish  himself  in  a  large  city  without  means. 
At  this  critical  juncture  in  his  affairs,  Dr.  Hoadley's  last  preceptor,  Dr.  Stewart 
C.  Pitcher,  came  to  the  rescue  by  voluntarily  tendering  a  loan  of  $300  provided 
he  would  locate  in  Chicago. 

On  May  i,  1872,  the  young  physician,  therefore,  opened  an  office  at  the 
corner  of  Paulina  and  West  Indiana  streets,  and  as  it  was  the  Spring  after  the 
great  fire,  when  there  were  so  many  strangers  in  the  neighborhood,  it  was  a 
particularly  favorable  season  to  secure  new  practice.  Dr.  Hoadley  seized  the 
opportunity  to  splendid  advantage,  and  during  this  year  and  the  succeeding 
decade,  both  financially  and  professionally,  stood  among  the  foremost  prac- 
titioners of  the  city. 

In  the  Spring  of  1882  his  abilities  were  signally  recognized  by  the  recently 
organized  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  elected  him  to  the  chair 
of  Anatomy,  and  on  account  of  his  practical  knowledge  of  building  he  was  also 
appointed  a  member  of  the  building  committee  which  was  supervising  the  erec- 
tion of  the  new  college.  After  ably  filling  the  chair  of  Anatomy  for  six  years 
Dr.  Hoadley  was  called  to  the  professorship  of  Orthopedic  Surgery,  his  title 
being  changed  in  1891  to  Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery,  Surgical  Diseases  of 
the  Joints  and  Clinical  Surgery.  It  was  during  this  year,  upon  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  college,  that  he  was  made  a  director  and  elected  President  of  the 
West  Side  Free  Dispensary.  After  serving  one  year,  however,  on  account  of 
the  pressing  duties  of  his  private  practice  and  his  professorship,  he  was  obliged 
to  resign  the  presidency  of  the  dispensary.  In  1893  he  was  elected  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  College  of  Physicians  and   Surgeons. 

In  1886  the  Chicago  Policlinic  was  organized.  Dr.  Hoadley  being  chosen 
Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery.  In  1889  he  became  a  director,  and  in  1891  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  and  Surgical  Diseases  of  the  Joints. 
In  1889,  upon  the  organization  of  the  Chicago  Policlinic  Hospital  Association, 
Dr.  Hoadley  was  named  as  one  of  the  directors,  being  called  to  a  like  position 
in  February,   1894,    by  the   Home  for  Crippled  Children. 

At  different  times  Dr.  Hoadley  has  been  Surgeon  to  Cook  County  Hos- 
pital, Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Illinois  Masonic  Orphans'  Home,  Surgeon  to 
the  Railroad  Brotherhood  Hospital,  Chicago  Policlinic  Hospital  and  Home  for 
Crippled  Children. 

Dr.  Hoadley  has  contributed  largely  to  medical  literature  and  is  an  active 
member  of  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society,  Chicago  Medical  Society  (of  which 
he  was  President  in  1889-90),  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society,  Practitioners'  Club, 
American  Medical  Association,  American  Orthopedic  Association  and  American 
Public  Health  Association,    as  well    as    of    several  well-known    clubs  of  a  social 


378  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

and  literary  nature.  He  is  also  a  Mason  of  high  rank,  being  a  member  of 
Hesperia  Lodge,  Washington  Chapter,  Chicago  Commandery,  Oriental  Consis- 
tory 32"  and  Mystic  Shrine. 

The  Summer  of  1888  was  spent  in  Europe,  one  month  of  the  time  being 
passed  in  the  pathological  laboratory  of  Edinburgh  University.  Through  the 
courtesy  of  Professor  Greenfield  the  entire  force  of  the  laboratory,  with  all  its 
appliances,  was  at  his  command  for  that  time.  Dr.  Hoadley  afterward  visited 
the  principal  hospitals  on  the  continent,  traveling  through  France,  Italy,  Switz 
erland  and  Belgium. 

In  the  Fall  of  1892  he  virtually  retired  from  general  practice,  up  to  which 
time  he  had  enjoyed  as  large  a  visiting  practice  as  any  physician  on  the  West 
Side  of  Chicago.  Dr.  Hoadley  now  devotes  himself  exclusively  to  Surgery,  and 
to  Orthopedics  as  a  specialty. 

On  May  3,  1876,  Dr.  Hoadley  was  married  to  Annie  Elizabeth  Dicker, 
an  able,  finely  educated  lady  and  a  true  helpmate  to  her  husband,  not  only  in 
every  social  and  domestic  phase,  but  in  his  professional  life.  In  truth,  they 
were  inseparable  until  her  death,  on  the  eleventh  of  December,   1893. 


HENRY    PARKER    NEWMAN,   A.   M.,    M.   D. 

Born  in  the  Granite  State,  educated  in  the  East,  in  the  West  and  in  Eu- 
rope, and  blessed  with  traits  inherited  from  families  both  substantial  and  his- 
torical. Dr.  Newman  is  a  typical  physician  of  the  modern  school,  whose 
requirements  for  success  are  continually  becoming  broader    and  more  stringent. 

His  native  place  was  Washington,  N.  H.,  where  he  was  born  on  December 
2,  1853.  His  father,  James,  was  one  of  eight  brothers,  members  of  a  family 
long  rooted  in  that  soil  which  has  produced  so  many  sturdy  sons  of  America. 
Abby  (Everett)  Newman,  his  mother,  was  descended"  from  the  Fairbanks  and 
Everetts,  famed  for  so  many  years  in  the  historic  anti-slavery  agitations  of 
New  England. 

After  a  preliminary  education  obtained  at  the  New  London  (N.  H.)  Liter- 
ary and  Scientific  Institution,  and  a  subsequent  collegiate  course  under  the  in- 
struction of  a  private  tutor,  he  began  to  read  medicine  under  Dr.  George  Cook, 
of  Concord,  one  of  the  most  prominent  physicians  of  the  State  and  its  present 
Surgeon-General.  At  this  time  the  family  was  living  at  Hillsboro,  N.  H., 
whither  it  had  removed  when  Henry  was  only  a  few  months  of  age.  Dr.  Cook 
took  a  deep  interest  in  the  professional  progress  of  his  young  protege,  then 
approaching  his  majority,  and  the  friendly  and  intimate  relations  then  formed 
have  continued  to  the  present  time. 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS.  381 

In  1875  Dr.  Newman  entered  the  medical  department  of  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege, which  institution  subsequently  honored  him   with  the  degree  of  A.  M. 

After  teaching  one  Winter  he  decided  to  seek  the  West  for  the  completion 
of  his  medical  education  and  the  subsequent  practice  of  his  chosen  calling. 

Dr.  Newman,  therefore,  was  matriculated  at  the  Detroit  Medical  College, 
from  which  institution  he  graduated  in  March,  1878,  during  his  senior  year 
holding  the  position  of  House  Physician  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital  in  that  city. 
Still  hesitating  to  enter  into  active  practice  without  the  benefit  of  a  more  thor- 
ough education  and  clinical  experience,  he  spent  two  years  in  the  famous 
universities  of  Strasburg,  Leipsig  and  Bonn.  At  Leipsig  he  was  accorded 
special  privileges  in  the  laboratory  of  the  famous  pathologist,  Professor  Con- 
heim.  While  at  Bonn  his  associations  extended  beyond  the  professional 
teachers  to  such  men  as  Professor  Christlieb,  the  distinguished  Christian  scholar 
and  theologian.  With  the  latter  he  took  extensive  tours  throughout  Germany, 
his  famous  companion  making  such  trips  enticing  and  instructive  because  of  his 
profound  knowledge  of  the  historic  and  literary  associations  connected  with  all 
the  places  which  they  visited.  Before  returning  to  the  United  States  he  also 
enjoyed  an  itinerary  through  Switzerland,  Austria,  France  and  Great  Britain. 

Deciding  upon  Chicago  as  his  future  home.  Dr.  Newman  located  here  in 
1880,  at  once  taking  rank  as  a  thoroughly  equipped  and  progressive  member  of 
his  profession.  During  the  succeeding  year  (1881)  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  was  organized,  he  being  one  of  its  most  active  and  influential 
promoters  from  the  first.  Of  this  institution  he  is  at  present  Professor  of 
Clinical  Diseases  of  Women,  having  served  as  its  Treasurer  and  upon  its 
board  of  directors. 

Dr.  Newman  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School,  being  chosen  its  first  President  and  having  occupied  the  chair  of  Dis- 
eases of  Women  since  1888.  In  the  development  of  this  school  was  organized 
the  Laboratory  of  Experimental  Research,  of  which  he  has  been  President  since 
1889.  Along  the  lines  of  plastic  gynecological  and  obstetrical  surgery  Dr. 
Newman  has  devised  several  new  instruments  and  made  not  a  few  improve- 
ments in  modern  methods.  As  to  improvements  in  surgical  operations  may  be 
mentioned  his  methods  for  shortening  the  round  ligaments  for  uterine  displace- 
ments and  for  operating  for  hernial  conditions  of  the  rectum,  bladder  and 
uterus.  Of  new  instruments  devised  by  him  may  be  mentioned  those  for  tam- 
ponade of  the  uterus,  uterine  dilators  and  combined  dressing  forceps  and 
dilators. 

In  addition  to  his  official  connection  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  and  the  Post-Graduate  School,  Dr.  Newman  holds  the  following  posi- 
tions, besides  skillfully  conducting  a  large  and  increasing  private  practice: 
Attending    Surgeon    in    the    Department    of    Diseases    of   Women    in   the  Post- 


0 


82  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSLCLANS  AND   SURGEONS. 


Graduate,  St.  Elizabeth,  the  Chicago  and  the  West  Side  hospitals;  Gynecologist- 
in-Chief  to  the  West  Side  Free  Dispensary;  Consulting  Gynecologist  to  the 
Hull  House  Dispensary  and  to  the  Oakwood  Retreat;  President  and  Surgeon- 
in-Chief  of  the  Marion  Sims  Sanitarium  and  Examiner-in-Chief  and  Medical 
Referee,  Department  of  the  Northwest,  of  the  Berkshire  Life  Insurance  Company. 

Dr.  Newman  is  Corresponding  Fellow  of  the  Detroit  Gynecological  Society; 
member  and  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Membership  of  the  Chicago 
Medical  Society;  Fellow  and  Vice-President  of  the  Chicago  Gynecological 
Society;  Fellow  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society;  member  and  Treasurer 
of  the  American  Medical  Association;  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society  and  of    the   Chicago  Pathological  Society. 

Dr.  Newman  was  a  delegate  to  the  Tenth  International  Medical  Congress, 
which  assembled  at  Berlin  in  1890,  and  again  paid  a  brief  visit  to  the  chief 
educational  and  clinical  centers  of   Europe. 

As  editor  and  author  he  is  also  prominent  in  his  chosen  field.  Since  1893 
he  has  edited  the  department  of  obstetrics  and  gynecology  of  the  North  Amer- 
ican Practitioner  and  has  occupied  the  same  editorial  relation  with  ]\Icdicine 
since  its  establishment.  His  contributions  as  an  author  to  medical  literature 
have  been  constant  and  much  valued,  as  an  examination  of  the  Index  Medicus, 
or,  better,  the  files  of  the  standard  periodicals  of  America,  will  abundantly  testify. 

In  1895  Dr.  Newman  moved  his  home  to  Highland  Park,  111.,  and  estab- 
lished in  Chicago  the  Marion  Sims  Sanitarium,  a  private  hospital  for  the 
accommodation  of  his  surgical  and  gynecological  patients. 

The  Doctor  is  also  well  known  in  many  walks  of  life  outside  of  the  pro- 
fessional, being  a  Mason  (member  of  Detroit  Lodge  No.  i),  an  elder  in  the 
Third  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago  and  a  member  of  the  University  Club 
of  Chicago  and  of  the  Highland  Park  Club. 

He  was  married  in  1882,  his  wile  being  Fanny  Louise,  the  only  daughter 
of  Lothrop  S.  Hodges,  of  Chicago.  They  have  two  children — Helen  Everett 
and  Willard  Hodges. 


*fc.^ 


HENRY    T.   BYFORD,   A.  M.,  M.  D. 

The  late  William  H.  Byford,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  at  the  time  of  his  decease, 
was  one  of  Chicago's  most  famous  surgeons,  and  it  is  by  individual  endowment 
of  the  highest  order  that  Dr.  Henry  T.  Byford,  the  son,  is  advancing  to  fill 
his  father's    place. 

The  Byford  family  came  originally  to  America,  many  generations  ago,  from 
Suffolk,  England.  The  branch  of  family  in  which  we  are  interested  gradually 
drifted  toward  the  interior  of  the  country,  where  William  T.  Byford  was  born  at 
Eaton,  Ohio.  His  wife,  Mary  Ann  Holland,  was  the  daughter  of  Hezekiah  Hol- 
land, a  noted  physician  of  Kentucky.      Five  children  were  the  result  of  this  union. 


-''i..n  aiovFui.  Co  ChuoijO 


COLLEGE    OE  PEIYSICIANS   AND    SURGEONS.  385 

Henry  T.  Byford,  who  is  the  only  surviving  son,  was  born  in  Evansville, 
Ind.,  in  1853.  His  early  education  was  in  the  public  schools  of  Chicago  and 
the  private  academy  of  Dr.  Quakenboss.  When  he  was  eleven  years  of  age 
he  was  sent  abroad,  taking  a  classical  course  in  the  high  school  of  the  German 
capital.  After  three  years  of  determined  study  he  was  graduated  from  that  institu- 
tion, receiving  the  prize  for  the  best  composition  written  in  the  native  language. 
Returning  to  this  city,  he  spent  one  term  in  the  University  of  Chicago,  and  in 
the  Fall  of  1868  entered  Williston  Seminary,  graduating  from  the  scientific 
department  with  high  honors,  in  1870.  In  the  same  year  he  matriculated  at  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  receiving  his  degree  therefrom  in  1873.  He  was 
honored  as  valedictorian  of  his  class,  his  record  throughout  having  been  unusu- 
ally brilliant — extraordinarily  so,  when  it  is  remembered  that  at  the  time  of  his 
graduation  Dr.  Byford  was  but  nineteen  years  of  age,  and  accordingly  not 
entitled  to  the  privileges  of    the  diploma  for  nearly  two  years  to  come. 

While  yet  a  student,  by  competitive  examination  he  had  secured  the  position 
of  interne  at  Mercy  Hospital,  but  because  of  the  illness  of  his  brother  he  was 
obliged  to  forego  the  benefits  of  a  full  term  in  this  capacity,  as  well  as  the 
pleasure  of  reading  the  valedictory  address.  A  warm  affection  existed  between 
the  two,  and  Dr.  Byford  cheerfully  spent  more  than  a  year  as  the  companion 
of  his  brother,  afterward  a  prominent  surgeon  of  Minneapolis,  in  his  travels  for 
health  in  the  South  and  West.      He  returned  to  Chicago  in   1874. 

Dr.  Byford  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate  School,  in 
which,  from  its  inception,  he  has  occupied  the  chair  of  Gynecology.  He  is  also 
Professor  of  Gynecology  and  Clinical  Gynecology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  Chicago  ;  of  Clinical  Gynecology  in  the  Woman's  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Northwestern  University  and  Surgeon  to  the  Woman's  Hospital. 
He  has  served  as  Curator  of  the  Museum  and  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren in  the  Chicago  Medical  College  and  Lecturer  of  Obstetrics  in  Rush  Medical 
College.  He  was  obliged  to  resign  both  of  these  trusts  owing  to  the  pressure  of 
private  work. 

As  a  clinical  lecturer.  Dr.  Byford  has  won  a  well  merited  reputation,  reports 
of  his  lectures  being  solicited  by  the  leading  medical  journals  of  the  country. 
His  contributions  to  medical  journals  are  numerous,  and  are  characterized  by 
original  treatment  and  practical  interest,  some  of  them  having  been  published 
in  Europe.  Dr.  Byford  was  collaborator  with  his  father,  the  late  William  H. 
Byford,  in  the  preparation  of  the  last  editions  of  "  Byford's  Diseases  of 
Women, "being  also  one  of  the  authors  of  the  "American  Text-book  of  Gyne- 
cology" and  of  Keating  and  Coe's  "Clinical  Gynecology."  He  is  a  member 
and  ex-President  of  the  Chicago  Gynecological  Society  and  an  active  member 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  of  the  American  Gynecological,  the 
Chicago    Medical,    the    Chicago   Medico-Legal    and    the    Ilhnois    State    Medical 


386  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSLCLANS  AND    SURGEONS. 

societies,    being    also    corresponding    member    of    the    Philadelphia    Obstetrical 
Society  and   charter    member  of   the  International    Congress    of    Gynecologists. 

Dr.  Byford  has  twice  visited  Europe,  first  in  1865-68  and  again  in  1879-80, 
during  the  latter  period  making  an  exhaustive  study  of  nervous  diseases  in  con- 
nection with  gynecological  practice  in  the  hospitals  of  London,  Edinburgh, 
Heidelberg  and  Paris. 

Not  satisfied  with  his  achievements  as  a  practitioner  and  his  success  as 
educator  and  author,  Dr.  Byford  has  invented  numerous  methods  of  operation, 
many  of  which  are  associated  in  medical  literature  with  his  name.  Thus  he 
was  the  first  to  advise  and  perform  operations  for  shortening  the  sacro-uterine 
ligaments  for  retroversion  of  the  uterus;  inguinal  suspension  of  the  bladder  for 
cystocele;  vaginal  fixation  of  the  stump  in  abdominal  hysterotomy  ;  bilateral 
denudations  for  anterior  colpocele  and  cystocele  and  subcutaneous  perminseot- 
omy.  He  has  also  brought  to  its  present  state  of  perfection  the  operations 
called  vaginal  oophorectomy  and  vaginal  ovariotomy,  having  performed  over 
fifty  operations  without  a  death.  Of  a  multitude  of  other  instruments  devised 
by  him,  the  most  important  are  his  broad  ligament  forceps  for  the  removal  of 
the  uterus  through  the  vagina,  his  hysterotomy  clamp  forceps,  trocar  for  vaginal 
ovariotomy,  probe-pointed  fascia  scissors,  perineotomy  tenotome,  uterine  elevator, 
improved  needle  forceps,  uterine  hook,  retroversion  pessary,  uterine  curettes  and 
various  forms  of  hemostatic  forceps  for  use  in  vaginal  section.  As  has  been  remarked 
by  an  authority  regarding  this  inventive  trait  of  his  character,  "he  possesses  a 
degree  of  mechanical  ability  not  often  found  among  those  who  have  chosen  to  follow 
the  practice  of  medicine  as  a  profession.  He  may  justly  be  proud  of  a  large 
list  of  surgical  instruments  that  have  not  only  been  an  assistance  to  his  fellow 
practitioners,  but  a  great  benefit  to  the  public  as  well."  From  the  same  source: 
"We  feel  safe  in  saying  that  but  few  men  have  been  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  any  trade  or  profession  in  this  or  any  other  age,  who  have  obeyed  the  dictates 
of  conscience  or  felt'  the  weight  of  their  duties  and  responsibilities  more  fully 
than  has  Dr.  Henry  T.  Byford." 

He  is  a  Republican,  though  not  a  politician,  subordinating  everything  to  his 
chosen  work.  A  member  of  the  Methodist  Church,  he  has  also  ever  been 
strongly  influenced  by  the  teachings  of  his  mother,  a  woman  of  forceful  and 
religious  character. 

Dr.  Byford  is  a  man  of  fine  although  delicate  physical  proportions,  a  thorough 
athlete  and  a  great  pedestrian,  having  explored  on  foot  not  only  many  of  the 
mountainous  and  picturesque  regions  of  his  own  country,  but  those  of  Europe. 
From  early  youth  he  has  also  evinced  marked  artistic  ability,  especially  excelling 
in  water   colors. 

The  domestic  side  of  Dr.  Byford's  nature  is  rounded  out  by  the  amiability, 
affection   and  charms    of    a  devoted  wife  and  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSLCLANS   AND    SURGEONS.  387 

Lucy  Larned,  the  daughter  of  Frederick  Sylvester  Larned,  who  was  Assistant 
Paymaster  of  the  United  States  Army  during  the  Civil  War,  and  is  a  gen- 
tleman of  broad  culture  and  wide  travel.  They  have  four  children,  Gene- 
vieve Larned,  Mary  Lena,  Heath  Truman  and  William  Holland  Byford. 


THOMAS  ARCHIBALD  DAVIS,   M.   D. 

Dr.  Davis'  career,  from  first  to  last,  is  illustrative  of  the  intellectual  and 
physical  energy  which  is  characteristic  of  the  English-Scotch  temperament,  in- 
herited by  him  from  a  long  line  of  ancestors.  At  an  early  age  he  was  inspired 
with  the  desire  to  master  medicine  as  a  profession,  and  although  from  lack 
of  funds  in  his  young  manhood  he  engaged  successfully  in  commercial  pur- 
suits, he  kept  his  ultimate  life-work  distinctly  in  view.  In  his  business,  as 
in  his  professional  career,  Dr.  Davis  was  marked  for  his  unvarying  honesty 
and  energy. 

Born  at  Ingersol,  Ontario,  on  the  twenty-second  day  of  December,  1858, 
Dr.  Davis'  father  was  a  native  of  London,  England,  and  his  mother  was  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  At  an  early  age  he  came  with  his  family  to  Wiscon- 
sin and  received  his  preliminary  education  in  the  common  schools  of  that 
State.  After  taking  a  partial  collegiate  training  Dr.  Davis  taught  school  for  a 
number  of  years  and  for  three  years  more  was  employed  in  a  responsible  posi- 
tion by  a  large  milling  and  elevator  company  of  New  Richland,    Minn. 

During  this  entire  period  of  more  than  five  years  he  continued  his  medical 
studies  and  even  pursued  a  short  course  at  Rush  College  during  1879.  While 
he  was  in  business  at  New  Richland  he  made  much  progress  under  the  tute- 
lage of  Dr.  Carroll  Corson,  then  a  recent  graduate  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Continuing  his  studies  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
Dr.   Davis  graduated  from  this  institution  with    honors  in   1885. 

Soon  afterward,  on  competitive  examination,  he  commenced  his  service  as 
interne  at  Cook  County  Hospital,  holding  in  succession  the  various  positions 
of  Junior  Physician  and  Surgeon,  Examiner,  Obstetrician,  Pathologist  and 
Senior  Physician  and  Surgeon.  In  1887  he  entered  private  practice  and  be- 
came associated  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  In  1894  he  was 
chosen  to  the  office  of  President  of  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Staff  of  the  hos- 
pital,   which  position  he  still  holds  and  honors. 

It  may  be  stated  that  for  eight  years  Dr.  Davis  served  as  First  Assistant 
to  the  eminent  Chicago  surgeon.  Dr.  Christian  Fenger,  which  experience,  with 
his  long  term  of  service  at  Cook  County  Hospital,  has  given  him  opportunities 
for  wide  observation  and  practical  work  enjoyed  by  few  members  of  the  pro- 
fession. 


388  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS. 

As  stated,  Dr.  Davis'  connection  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons dates  from  1887,  when  he  accepted  a  lectureship  on  Surgery  in  that 
institution.  In  1892  he  was  elected  Adjunct  Professor  of  Surgery,  two  years 
later  became  Associate  Professor,  and  in  1896  was  called  to  the  full  professor- 
ship. 

In  addition  to  the  duties  connected  with  his  college  work  and  those  asso- 
ciated with  his  position  as  Chief  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital  Staff,  Dr.  Davis 
has  served  for  several  years  as  President  of  the  West  Side  Free  Dispensary. 
He  is  also  Attending  Surgeon  of  the  West  Side  Hospital,  and  directs  the  work 
of  the  West  Chicago  Poor  Medical  Relief  Service,  a  powerful  association  for 
charity.  Moreover,  he  is  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School,  and  a  member  of  the  following  medical  organizations  :  American  Med- 
ical Association,  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Medical  Society 
and  the  Chicago  Pathological   Society. 

Dr.  Davis  is  also  a  Master  Mason,  a  Knight  Templar  and  a  Shriner,  be- 
ing a  member  of  Hesperia  Lodge,  Washington  Chapter  and  Chicago  Com- 
mandery. 

A  mere  enumeration  of  the  official  honors  which  have  come  to  Dr.  Davis 
in  the  line  of  his  profession  makes  the  statement  almost  superfluous  that,  at  a 
comparatively  early  age,  he  has  already  earned  a  position  as  one  of  the  lead- 
ing surgeons  of  the  West.  To  this  may  be  added  the  fact  that  not  only  have 
his  professional  earnings  been  large  but  the  surplus  has  been  so  judiciously 
invested  in  real  estate  and  other  securities  that,  in  a  financial  sense,  he  is  ac- 
counted one  of  the  substantial  citizens  of  the  West  Side. 

In  1893  Dr.  Davis  was  united  in  marriage  to  Jennie  McKee,  daughter  of 
J.  L.  McKee,  of  Three  Oaks,  Mich.      They  have  one  child — a  daughter,  Helen. 


BOERNE   BETTMAN,   M.  D. 

Dr.  Bettman  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  on  the  sixth  of  September,  1856, 
his  parents.  Dr.  Abraham  and  Sarah  Bettman,  having  come  to  this  country 
from  Bavaria  a  decade  previous. 

After  young  Bettman  had  received  his  early  education  in  the  public  and 
high  schools  of  that  city,  he  took  a  course  in  the  Miami  Medical  College.  He 
then  became  associated  with  Dr.  E.  G.  Williams,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
oculists  and  aurists  West  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains.  Later  he  became  assist- 
ant to  the  celebrated  Dr.  Knapp,  Eye  and  Ear  Surgeon  of  the  New  York 
Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute,  with  whom  he  studied  for  a  year  and  a  half,  dur- 
ing a  portion  of  this  time  acting  in  the  same  capacity  with  Dr.  Frank  Bosworth, 
Professor  of  Laryngology  and  Rhinology  to  the  Bellevue  Medical  School. 


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COLLEGE   OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS.  391 

In  1878  Dr.  Bettman  went  to  Europe,  there  to  continue  his  special  hne 
of  study.  A  half  a  year  was  devoted  to  Vienna  attending  to  the  clinics  of 
Alt,  Stellwag,  Yeager,  Mauthner,  Pollitzer,  Gruber  and  other  noted  men,  and 
after  a  trip  through  the  Tyrol  part  of  Italy  and  Southern  Germany  he  arrived 
in  Heidelberg  in  the  Fall  of  1879.  Here  he  was  soon  made  second-assistant 
of  Prof.  Becker,  the  teacher  of  Ophthalmology  in  that  famous  seat  of  learning. 

The  Doctor  not  long  afterward  became  first-assistant,  which  position  he 
held  until  the  Fall  of  1880.  While  in  Heidelberg  he  did  his  first  original 
work,  which  was  published  in  "  Knapp's  Archives,"  under  the  heading,  "Two 
Cases  of  Pernicious  Anemia,  with  Fatal  Terminations;  An  Investigation  of  its 
Pathology." 

Several  trips  through  Switzerland,  the  Black  Forest  and  Northern  Germany 
were  made  during  'this  period,  and  during  July  and  August,  1880,  he  visited 
the  clinics  of  the  Parisian  oculists,  DeWecker,  Panas,  Galezowski  and  Me3'er. 
A  few  weeks'  sojourn  in  London,  during  which  time  he  attended  the  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress,  and  a  short  trip  into  Ireland  completed  his  European 
education  and  wanderings.  .. 

Late  in  the  same  year  (1880)  Dr.  Bettman  opened  an  office  in  Chicago. 
He  soon  became  connected  with  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary as  Assistant  Surgeon,  and  later  he  became  Surgeon,  which  position 
he  has  since  held.  In  1882  he  founded  the  Chicago  Society  of  Ophthalmology 
and  Otology,  which  has  lately  been  reorganized  under  the  name  of  the  Chicago 
Ophthalmological  and  Otological  Society. 

Dr.  Bettman  was  the  first  lecturer  on  Ophthalmology  and  Otology  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  for  the  past  three  years  he  has 
occupied  the  chair  as  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear  and  Clinical 
Ophthalmology.  He  is  also  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  in  the  Post-Graduate 
School;  Oculist  and  Aurist  to  the  Michael  Reese  and  German  hospitals;  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Association;  of  the  Chicago  Medical,  State  Medi- 
cal and  Chicago  Medico-Legal  societies  and  of  the  Tri-State  Medical  Society 
and  the  Microscopical  Society,  as  well  as  of  the  Practitioners',  Doctors',  Stand- 
ard,   Union  League  and  Metropolitan  clubs. 

Dr.  Bettman's  writings  are  mostly  confined  to  his  specialty,  in  which  he 
is  an  acknowledged  authority,  and  among  others  may  be  mentioned:  "The 
Operative  Treatment  of  Episcleritis;"  "A  New  Operation  for  the  Ripening  of 
Cataracts;"  Removal  of  a  Piece  of  Steel  from  the  Eye  with  a  Magnet;"  "Treat- 
ment of  Blennorrhea  Neoratorum;"  "Peroxide  of  Hydrogen  in  Aural  Thera- 
peutics;" "Subvolution,  a  New  Pterygium  Operation."  In  this  connection  it 
may  be  stated  that  he  now  has  editorial  charge  of  the  eye  and  ear  depart- 
ment of  the  Aiorth  American  Practitioner,  one  of  the  leading  medical  journals  of 
the  country. 


392  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS. 

For  a  time  Dr.  Bettman  acted  as  Assistant  Surgeon,  with  the  rank  of 
Captain,  to  the  Second  Regiment  Infantry,  IlHnois  State  Mihtia,  and  in  1893 
Governor  Altgeld  appointed  him  Commissioner  of  PubHc  Charities  for  a  term 
of  five  years.  As  a  tribute  to  his  professional  and  executive  abihty  his  col- 
leagues elected  him  President  of  the  Board,  and  in  his  public  capacity  he  has 
inspected  institutions  all  over  the  State. 


GEORGE  FRANK  BUTLER,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Butler  stands  among  the  foremost  of  the  younger  class  of  practitioners 
and  educators  destined  to  succeed  those  who  have  already  given  Chicago  a 
high  rank  as  a  medical  center.  Both  as  a  lecturer  and  an  author,  although 
still  a  young  man,  he  is  most  favorably  known  among  the  profession  both  East 
and  West. 

Born  in  Monrovia,  N.  Y.,  on  the  fifteenth  of  March,  1857,  and  the  only 
child.  Dr.  Butler's  parents  were  Isaac  and  Asenath  Chase  Butler.  His  paternal 
ancestors  were  Quakers,  coming  to  America  in  16 12,  while  his  mother  was  a 
lineal  descendant  of  Samuel  Chase,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  After  securing  a  good  grammar  and  high  school  education  in 
his  native  town,  the  youth  entered  the  Groton  (N.  Y. )  Academy,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1874,  then  only  seventeen  years  of  age.  He  then  entered  a  drug 
store  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  advancing  so  rapidly  that  he  became  head  clerk 
before  the  completion  of  his  first  year  in  the  business.  After  an  experience  of 
four  years  he  had  so  mastered  its  details  that  he  was  enabled  to  form  a  part- 
nership with  Dr.  Henry  Millard,  of  North  Adams,  Mass.  The  incessant  work 
and  long  hours  connected  with  the  business  so  told  upon  his  health  that  in 
1879  he  was  obliged  to  abandon  the  East  and  seek  a  change  of  climate  in  the 
far  West.  Locating  at  Denver,  Colo.,  he  becatne  connected  with  a  large 
wholesale  drug  house  as  a  manufacturing  pharmacist.  Not  improving  in  health 
after  a  year's  trial  of  the  country,  he  located  upon  the  breezy  and  lower  plains 
of  Southwestern  Kansas  and  occupied  the  succeeding  two  years  in  raising 
sheep  and  building  up  his  constitution.  As  he  expresses  it,  "the  financial  part 
of  the  sheep-raising  business  was  a  dismal  failure,"  but  by  1882  he  had  so 
far  regained  his  health  that  he  again  established  himself  in  the  drug  business, 
this  time  at  Belle  Plain,  Kan.,  being  associated  with  Dr.  J.  D.  Justice. 

This  long  training  as  a  practical  druggist  and  pharmacist  had  so  directed 
Dr.  Butler's  mind  to  the  study  of  medicine  that  when  he  again  became  asso- 
ciated with  a  physician  he  naturally  commenced  an  earnest  and  systematic 
course  under  his  partner's  tutelage.  He  had  so  far  advanced  in  his  medical 
studies  that  when  he  came  to  Chicago   and  entered  Rush  College    he    was    en- 


^'^An.d^/^^^ 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICLANS  AND    SURGEONS.  395 

abled  to  complete  his  course   in   two  years,  graduating  therefrom    in  1889  as  the 
valedictorian  of  his  class. 

Dr.  Butler  was  almost  immediately  appointed  Attending  Physician  of  the 
Department  of  the  Diseases  of  Children,  Central  Free  Dispensary.  For  one 
year  he  was  associated  in  his  practice  with  Dr.  A.  C.  Cotton,  and  in  1890  he 
was  selected  by  the  faculty  of  his  Alma  Mater  as  Lecturer  on  Medical  Phar- 
macy, also  delivering  lectures  on  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy  during  the 
Winter  of  1890-91  at  the  Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical  School. 
In  1 89 1  Dr.  Butler  was  further  honored  with  the  appointment  of  Attending 
Physician  of  the  Ear  Department  of  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary,  and  during  the  succeeding  year  (1892)  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and  Pharmacy  of  the  Woman's  Medical  College, 
Northwestern  University.  In  May,  1892,  he  also  commenced  his  municipal 
service  as  Assistant  City  Physician,  holding  that  position    for  about  a  year. 

In  1894  Dr.  Butler  resigned  his  position  in  Rush  Medical  College  to  accept 
the  Professorship  of  Materia  Medica  and  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  chair  he  still  tills.  Besides  occupying  the  same 
chair  in  the  Woman's  College,  he  is  the  Attending  Physician  to  Cook  County 
Hospital  and  a  member  of  the  medical  staft  of  the  Railway  Employes'  Hos- 
pital. Furthermore,  he  holds  professional  positions  in  various  life  insurance 
companies,  being  Medical  Director  of  the  Western  Mutual  Life  Association, 
Chicago,  and  Medical  Examiner  for  the  Provident  Savings  Life  Insurance 
Society,  New  York,  the  Covenant  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  of  Gales- 
burg,  III,  and  the  Bankers'  and  Merchants'  Life   Insurance  Company,   Chicago. 

Dr.  Butler  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Pharmaceutical  Association,  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago 
Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society  and  the  Practitioners'  and 
the  Therapeutic  clubs;  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Chicago  Academy   of   Medicine. 

Standing  as  he  does  professionally,  it  is  natural  that  the  medical  journals 
of  the  country  should  solicit  the  services  of  his  pen.  Dr.  Butler's  contributions 
being  not  infrequent  and  attracting  much  attention.  In  this  field,  as  in  the 
educational  province,  he  is  considered  an  especially  high  authority  on  all  matters 
connected  with  Pharmacy  and  Materia  Medica.  It  should  here  be  added  that 
he  is  now  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  a  text-book  for  the  well-known  Phila- 
delphia publisher,  W.  B.  Saunders,  on  "Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and  Med- 
ical  Pharmacy." 

In  politics  Dr.  Butler  is  a  stanch  Republican  and  in  religion  a  pronounced 
Presbyterian. 

In  March,  1882,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Nannie  Blanche  Porter,  daughter 
of  the  late  Judge  John  Porter,  of  Monmouth,  111.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Mary  Asenath  Butler,  aged  nine  years. 


396  COLLEGE    OF   PHYSICLANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

ADOLPH    GEHRMANN,   M.  D. 

Science,  as  rigorously  applied  to  medicine  as  to  every  other  domain  of 
human  thought,  investigation  and  practical  activity,  is  bringing  the  profession 
more  and  more  from  the  speculations  and  uncertainties  of  the  past  and  placing  it 
in  the  van  of  those  modern  powers  which  work  for  the  good  of  the  world. 
Among  those  studies  which  have  already  brought  forth  splendid  fruits  tending 
toward  the  cure  of  disease  and  the  amelioration  of  suffering,  and,  notably,  the 
prevention  of  disorders,  none  can  compare  to  that  of  bacteriology.  There  is 
no  disease  making  havoc  among  human  kind  the  specific  germ  of  which  is  not 
being  sought  for  by  master  minds  in  the  realm  of  medical  science.  Air,  earth 
and  water,  food  and  drink  are  analyzed  for  harmful  elements  and  deleterious 
germs,  that  they  may  be  detected  and  destroyed  before  they  find  an  entrance 
to  animate  systems  and  commence  their  ravages  or  work  of  death. 

Of  those  who  have  persistently  and  successfully  followed  those  careers 
which  tend  as  much  toward  the  prevention  as  the  cure  of  disease,  few  of  the 
younger  generation  have  made  a  higher  mark  than  Dr.  Adolph  Gehrmann. 
He  comes  of  substantial  German  stock,  his  grandfather  being  a  well-to-do  land 
owner  at  Nordhausen  in  the  famous  district  of  the  Hartz  mountains.  Theodore 
A.  Gehrmann,  his  father,  was  a  merchant  who  married  Miss  Emilie  Jenke,  of 
Berlin.  In  the  Winter  of  1865-66  he  located  at  Springfield,  111.,  forming  a 
partnership  with  his  brother. 

Mr.  Gehrmann  afterward  removed  to  Decatur,  where  was  born  his  son, 
Adolph,  on  the  nineteenth  of  July,  1868.  After  receiving  his  primary  and  a 
partial  high  school  education  in  this  place,  the  family  settled  in  Chicago  that 
the  children  might  secure  the  advantages  of  its  metropolitan  life.  Adolph  at 
once  entered  the  South  Division  High  School,  especially  pursuing  his  scientific 
studies  with  marked  enthusiasm  and  ability.  Joining  the  local  branch  of  the 
Agassiz  Association,  he  gave  much  attention  to  botany  and  entomology,  thus 
laying  the  foundation,  perhaps,  for  his  after  study  of  bacteriology,  which, 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  microscope,  deals  with  both  plant  and  animal 
life. 

Graduating  from  the  high  school  at  the  age  of  nineteen  Dr.  Gehrmann 
commenced  that  career  of  scientific  and  medical  study  which  he  has  continued 
to  the  present  day,  supplemented  by  such  experimental  and  practical  work  in 
the  laboratory  as  to  give  him  a  high  standing  as  an  original  investigator  in  the 
bacteriological  field.  Entering  the  Chicago  Medical  College  under  the  guidance 
of  Dr.  Bayard  Holmes,  he  rapidly  mastered  the  details  of  the  most  modern 
scientific  investigation  and  developed    individual    methods    and  original    results. 

After  his  graduation    in    1890    he    secured    an  interneship  in  Cook    County 


^^^^-^-u^^^ 


'^'■odsp.effdBror/ien.Atslishers  Chic, 


I 


COLLEGE    OF   I^HYSICIANS  AND    SURGEONS.  399 

Hospital  and  served  the  entire  period  of  eighteen  months.  Afterward  he  en- 
tered private  practice,  in  which  he  continued  for  two  years,  during  this  period 
devoting  much  time  to  the  laboratory  extension  course.  In  connection  with 
the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  he  illustrated  his  lectures  by  laboratory  work, 
besides  continuing  various  lines  of  original  investigation. 

When  the  Milk  Inspection  branch  of  the  Health  Department  was  estab- 
lished by  law  Dr.  Gehrmann  assisted  Professor  E.  B.  Stuart  in  its  organiza- 
tion. During  1893  they  made  a  tour  of  examination  through  the  East  and 
established  a  complete  laboratory,  of  which  the  former  has  been  in  charge  since 
January,  1893.  Here  are  pursued  those  investigations  and  those  examinations 
which  have  already  done  so  much  to  protect  the  public  health. 

These  two  years  also — 1893  and  1894  —  marked  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
Gehrmann  to  the  chair  of  Bacteriology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons and  Bacteriologist  to  Cook  County  Hospital.  He  was  also  for  a  time 
professor  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School. 

In  addition  to  assuming  the  duties  connected  with  his  position  as  head  of 
the  Milk  Inspection  department  he  has  been  elected  President  of  the  medical 
laboratory  established  by  members  of  his  profession  in  the  Columbus  Memo- 
rial building.  In  this  enterprise,  whose  object  is  to  pursue  expert  laboratory 
examination  for  the  benefit  of  fellow  physicians,  he  is  associated  with  such  as 
Drs.  William  M.  Harsha,  J.  A.  Wessner  and  Gustave  Evans,  having  special 
charge  of  the  bacteriological   work. 

As  a  contributor  to  current  medical  literature  Dr.  Gehrmann  is  becomintj 
well  known  and  he  has  read  numerous  and  valuable  papers  before  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences  as  well  as  other  prominent  societies.  He  is  also  an  ac- 
tive member  of  such  organizations  as  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society,  the  Cook  County 
Hospital  Alumni  Association,  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  and  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association. 


RICHARD   THORNTON    ISBESTER,    M.    D. 

Born  on  the  tenth  of  June,  1857,  Dr.  Isbester  is  the  eldest  son  of  Caleb 
Bruce  and  Virginia  Isbester  (nee  Thornton),  being  a  native  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 
His  mother  was  also  born  in  that  State,  being  a  daughter  of  Nelson  Thornton, 
a  merchant  of  Norfolk,  Va.  His  father  is  of  Scottish  birth  and  ancestry,  com- 
ing to  America  with  his  parents  while  still  a  child  and  settling  in  Pennsylvania. 
They  afterward  removed  to  Illinois,  but  while  they  were  still  living  in  Pittsburg 
their  son  Caleb  went  to  Tennessee  and  has  been  for  many  years  one  of  the 
leading  business  men  of  that  State,  being  at  present  Vice-President  of  the  Chat- 
tanooga Foundry  and  Pipe  Works. 


400  COLLEGE    OF   L'HYSICLANS   AND    SURGEONS. 

A  combination  of  good  Scotch  blood  with  that  of  old  Virginia  and  Ten- 
nessee is  a  fair  assurance  of  worldly  standing  and  success.  One  of  the  common- 
sense  and  sturdy  traits  of  the  Scotch  character  is  an  insistence  upon  the 
necessity  of  a  thorough  education.  To  give  it  to  their  children  parents  will 
often  deny  themselves  many  of  the  comforts  of  life.  In  Richard's  case  this 
sacrifice  was  not  necessary,  but  the  boy  was  placed  in  a  Nashville  school  when 
he  was  about  six  years  of  age,  and  after  securing  a  primary  education  prepared 
himself  for  college.  Entering  the  University  of  Tennessee,  situated  at  Nash- 
ville, he  continued  the  collegiate  course  into  his  senior  year,  when  he  decided 
upon  a  naval  career  as  suited  to  his  stirring  and  enterprising  disposition.  Going 
to  Annapolis,  Md.,  he  passed  the  necessary  examinations,  and  in  September, 
1875,   entered  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  as  a  cadet  engineer. 

In  June,  1879,  he  graduated  from  the  academy  and  shortly  thereafter  was 
ordered  to  the  United  States  Steamship  ''Wachusett,"  then  lying  at  New  Orleans. 
After  a  two  years'  cruise  in  South  Atlantic  and  Pacific  waters  his  ship  was 
ordered  to  San  Francisco,  where  he  received  notice  to  report  at  Philadelphia 
and  be  examined  for  promotion.  The  result  was  that  he  was  commissioned  as 
Assistant  Engineer  United  States  Navy  and  ordered  to  join  the  United  States 
Steamship  "Lackawanna,"  then  stationed  at  San  Francisco.  A  three  years' cruise 
in  the  South  Pacific  followed,  when  the  young  naval  officer,  who  had  already  seen 
so  many  strange  lands  and  waters,  was  ordered  home,  somewhat  broken  in  health. 
During  his  five  years  of  naval  service  he  visited  the  principal  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  ports  of  his  own  country  as  well  as  Rio  Janeiro,  Montevideo,  Valparaiso, 
Panama  and  other  points  along  both  the  ocean  coasts  of  South  America.  During 
his  last  cruise  in  the  South  Pacific  he  was  also  enabled  to  make  a  flying  trip 
to  Honolulu.  Conforming  faithfully  to  the  discipline  of  the  naval  service,  how- 
ever, with  no  settled  habitation,  at  last  had  the  effect  of  placing  the  young  en- 
gineer on  the  sick  list. 

After  being  absent  from  the  service  for  a  year  on  sick  leave.  Dr.  Isbester 
determined  to  abandon  his  roving  life  and  gratify  a  predilection  which  he  had 
long  cherished  of  entering  the  domain  of  medicine.  After  being  re-established 
in  health  he  energetically  commenced  the  study  of  his  profession  at  the  Medi- 
cal College  of  Tulane  University,  located  at  New  Orleans,  La.  From  this 
institution  he  graduated  with  the  coveted  degree  in  April,  1891,  and  soon  after 
established  himself  in  practice  at  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  Chattanooga  Medical  Society  and  otherwise  identified  himself  with  his 
profession. 

About  a  month  after  his  graduation,  however,  on  May  21,  1891,  Dr.  Isbester 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Margaret  von  Ketel,  a  native  and  resident  of 
New  Orleans.  It  may  be  that  the  assumption  of  additional  responsibilities 
prompted  him  to  cast  about  for  a  wider  field  in  which  to  exercise  his  abilities. 


COLLEGE    OF   PHYSICIANS   AND    SURGEONS.  401 

At  all  events,  after  practicing  in  Chattanooga  for  a  short  time,  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  and  in  the  early  part  of  1893  was  appointed  Clinical  Instructor  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  Attending  Physician  to  the  West  Side 
Free  Dispensary. 

Although  he  has  resided  in  Chicago  but  a  few  years  Dr.  Isbester  has  built 
up  a  good  general  practice,  and  if  he  has  a  specialty  it  is  the  treatment  of 
Nervous  Diseases.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  military  bearing  and  fine  physique, 
whose  presence  is  calculated  to  inspire  confidence  and  place  one  at  his  ease. 


ELBERT    C.  FORTNER.   M.  D. 

Of  late  years  especially,  general  attention  has  been  called  to  the  prosperous, 
breezy  and  substantial  state  of  Iowa  as  the  foster  mother  of  able  men  who  are 
making  the  West  what  it  is.  Her  sons  seem  to  derive  a  fund  of  splendid 
animation  and  vigor  from  her  rich  and  broad  prairies  and  bustling  towns,  which 
enables  them  to  compete  so  successfully  in  the  wearing  and  the  ceaseless  struggle 
for  position  and  advancement,  so  characteristic  of  the  large  centers  of  population 
in  the  West,   especially  of  Chicago,  its  metropolis. 

Dr.  Fortner  is  a  striking  representative  of  the  State  which  is  giving  so 
many  energetic,  educated  and  broad  minded  men  to  the  country.  He  was  born 
in  Bremer  County  on  the  fifteenth  of  April,  1861,  his  father  being  for  thirty- 
five  years  a  prominent  business  man  of  Waverly,  the  county  seat,  and  Dr. 
Fortner's  native  place.  The  educational  advantages  which  the  village  afforded 
were  excellent,  and  after  passing  through  the  public  schools,  at  the  age  of 
fourteen  he  entered  the  Iowa  State  College  at  Ames. 

Although  he  graduated  from  this  institution  at  the  age  of  twenty,  it  was 
only  after  a  hard  struggle  with  adverse  circumstances.  His  father  had  been 
unfortunate  in  his  business  and  was  unable  to  assist  his  son  through  his  college 
course;  but  that  son  was  not  of  common  metal.  Realizing  the  value  of  a 
good  education  he  was  determined  to  obtain  it,  and  by  teaching  in  neighboring 
country  schools  and  taking  whatever  honest  work  came  to  hand  he  at  length 
realized  his  ambition. 

At  this  early  period  of  his  life,  also,  the  bent  of  his  mind  became  quite 
evident,  for  all  the  time  that  he  could  spare  from  his  books  and  classes  he 
spent  in  dissecting  and  laboratory  work.  Finally  graduating  from  the  State 
College  in  1 881,  he  was  soon  afterward  matriculated  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  receiving  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  that  institution  in  1886. 
During  his  second  and  third  years  Dr.  Fortner  served  as  a  nurse  in  the  Cook 
County  Hospital,  obtaining  thereby  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  treatment  of  dis- 
eases which  has  been  of  great  value  to  him  in  the  active  practice  of  his  profession. 


402  COLLEGE    OF   PHYSLCLANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

Upon  his  graduation  Dr.  Fortner's  parents  and  friends  induced  him  to 
begin  his  professional  hfe  at  Sumner,  Iowa,  not  far  from  his  place  of  birth. 
But  although  he  had  soon  established  an  extensive  and  rapidly  increasing  prac- 
tice, which  extended  over  several  counties,  his  great  desire  was  to  enter  a  more 
metropolitan  field,  where  he  could  not  only  prosper,  but  broaden  and  deepen 
in  his  professional  acquirements.  Naturally  he  turned  to  Chicago,  locating  on  the 
West  Side  of  the  city  in  1890. 

Dr.  Fortner's  progress  since  coming  to  Chicago  is  conclusive  proof  that 
his  move  was  a  wise  one.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  on  the  Board  of  United 
States  Pension  Examiners,  became  Local  Surgeon  of  the  Chicago  &  Great 
Western  Railroad  in  the  Summer,  and  his  abilities  were  further  recognized  by 
his  appointment  in  January,  1894,  to  the  responsible  position  of  County  Physi- 
cian of  Cook  County.  In  politics  he  is  a  stanch  Republican,  as  his  father  was 
before  him. 

Dr.  Fortner's  active  and  varied  connection  with  societies  of  every  conceivable 
nature  is  an  evidence  not  only  of  his  energetic  disposition,  but  of  his  popu- 
larity. He  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  and  the  Iowa  State  Medical 
societies.  He  is  also  connected  with  the  Masonic  fraternity  and  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  a  valued  member  of  such  leading  social  organizations  as  the 
Lincoln  and  Marquette  clubs.  In  short,  his  social  as  well  as  professional  tal- 
ents have  brought  him  into  well  deserved   prominence. 

As  to  the  social  side  of  his  character,  it  should  be  added  that  Dr.  Fortner 
is  reinforced  by  the  culture  and  ability  of  his  wife.  She  was  formerly  Miss 
Eva  Tuthill,  niece  of  Judge  R.  S.  Tuthill,  so  well  and  favorably  known  in 
Chicago,  to  whom  he  was  married  in  1888.  Two  children  have  been  born  to 
them,  a  son  and  a  daughter. 


C.   E.  BRINCKERHOFF,   M.  D. 

The  Brinckerhoff  (or  Brinkerhoff)  family  is  one  of  the  oldest,  most  exten- 
sive and  honored  of  any  in  America.  As  remarked  by  one  of  its  members 
and  biographers:  "The  history  of  our  family  is  in  every  respect  worthy  of 
preservation.  All  the  way  down,  in  every  generation,  are  men  and  women  of 
character  and  influence  in  the  communities  in  which  they  live.  We  have 
furnished  legislators  for  the  States  of  the  Nation;  clergymen  for  many  pulpits; 
soldiers  for  every  war  of  the  Republic;  judges  for  the  highest  courts,  and 
magistrates  without  number  as  Justices  of  the  Peace.  Even  to-day,  in  a  score 
of  cities,  are  lawyers,  physicians,  merchants,  manufacturers,  editors,  bankers, 
college  professors,  railroad  officials  and  artisans  of  the  highest  skill,  who  bear 
the  name  of  Brinkerhoff,   and    in  the  country,   in  a  dozen  different  States,   are 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSLCLANS  AND    SURGEONS.  405 

farmers  of    that  name  who  are  affluent  in  broad   acres  and  honored  citizens  of 
the  community  in  which  they  Hve." 

And  still  again,  at  one  of  those  pleasant  family  re-unions  of  the  Brinkcr- 
hoffs,  it  was  said  by  one  who  bears  that  name:  "There  must  be  more  than 
a  thousand  who  bear  the  Brinkerhoff  name  in  America.  You  will  find  a 
goodly  number  of  Brinkerhoffs  in  New  Jersey,  a  few  on  Long  Island,  some 
along  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  and  in  New  York  City,  some  in  Central  New 
York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  and  many  more  who  are  building  homes  for 
themselves  to-day  that  are  bathed  with  the  glories  of  the  setting  sun.  It  is 
perfectly  safe  to  say  that  ten  thousand  people  walk  the  earth  to-day  not  bear- 
ing the  Brinkerhoff  name  but  who  are  nevertheless  descendants  of  Joris 
Dericksen  Brinkerhoff. 

"You  may  spell  your  name  Brink  or  Brinck.  It  is  a  pure  matter  of  taste, 
an  honest  preference  which  we  may  exercise  ourselves  and  must  freely  concede 
to  others.  So  far  as  the  family  is  concerned  it  is  not  worthy  of  a  moment's 
consideration.  Very  few  of  our  old  Knickerbocker  names  have  changed  so 
little.  Both  forms  are  right  and  have  been  sanctioned  by  long  usage.  The  c 
in  Brink  clearly  tells  of  its  more  ancient  origin.  It  points  to  the  older  dialect 
of  Holland,  allied  in  many  ways  to  the  old  English  of  Chaucer's  day.  Joris 
Dericksen  without  doubt  used  the  c,  and  so  did  both  of  his  sons.  They  were 
all  magistrates,   and  their  signatures  are  still  in  existence." 

As  verifying  this  statement,  that  the  most  ancient  form  of  the  name 
retains  the  c,  it  should  be  noticed  that  upon  the  ancient  coat-of-arms,  first 
borne  by  Andries,  a  noted  senator  and  syndic  of  Ghent,  in  the  Netherlands, 
is  inscribed  "  Brinckerhoffe. "  As  published  in  a  voluminous  German  work  on 
heraldry,  a  description  of  the  Brinckerhoff  coat-of-arms  is  as  follows:  The 
armorial  bearings,  the  original  escutcheon  of  the  family,  denotes  in  the  color 
(blue)  fidelity;  in  the  white  of  the  shield,  the  honors  of  Knighthcod;  the  wings 
signifying  promptness  in  State  affairs;  and  the  flower  hills,  in  the  knight's 
shield,  express  faithfulness  and  honesty.  In  a  semicircle,  above  the  main 
design  but  crossing  the  wings,  is  the  motto.  Constatis,  Fides  et  Intcgritas — 
expressing  those  traits  which  have  ever  marked  the  family,  immutable  sincerity 
and  loyalty.      The  coat-of-arms  was  given  in    1307. 

It  is  authoritatively  stated  that  the  family  is  of  Flemish  extraction  and 
was  originally  located  in  the  city  of  Ghent,  the  Netherlands,  where  its 
members  are  mentioned  as  free-born  citizens,  or  patricians  of  that  place,  and 
among  whom  Andries  Brinckerhoff  is  particularly  mentioned  in  the  annals  of 
those  times.  From  Ghent  the  family  extended  itself  to  Holland,  Friesland 
and  Lower  Saxony,  probably  compelled  to  make  this  move  by  the  galling 
severity  of  the  Spanish  Government,  which,  during  that  century,  drove  into 
exile  thousands  of  inhabitants  of  Ghent  and  other  places  in  Flanders.      In  the 


4o6  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICLANS  AND    SURGEONS. 

above    mentioned    provinces    the    Brinckerhoffs    became    established    and    their 
descendants  enjoy  much  distinction  to  the  present  day. 

Joris  Dericksen  Brinckerhoff,  the  founder  of  the  American  branches  of  the 
family,  was  born  about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  the  Hudson  River,  in  the 
province  of  Dreuthe,  the  Netherlands,  living  for  some  time  at  Flushing,  Zea- 
land. His  youth  and  early  manhood  were  spent  amid  the  stirring  scenes  of 
the  Thirty  Years'  War,  when  Holland  was  struggling  for  existence  against  the 
power  of  Spain. 

Nothing  is  known  of  his  life  in  Holland  beyond  the  facts  that  his  father's 
name  was  Derick — Dericksen,  "the  son  of  Derick;"  that  he  married  Susanna 
Bubbles  when  about  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  that  four  children  were  born 
to  him  before  he  emigrated  to  the  New  Netherlands,  in  1638,  and  settled  upon 
a  farm  within  the  present  limits  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn.  It  was  his  original 
intention  to  find  a  home  on  Staten  Island;  in  fact,  he  entered  into  a  contract 
with  the  owner  of  the  island  to  reside  there,  and  one  day,  in  company  with 
his  two  sons,  he  rowed  to  the  land,  selected  a  site  for  his  house  and  com- 
menced to  cut  down  trees  to  build  it.  This  was  during  the  period  when 
Kieft  was  governor  of  the  New  Netherlands  and  the  Indians  were  at  war  with 
the  settlers  of  all  the  adjacent  country.  While  father  and  the  boys  were  thus 
felling  the  trees  for  their  new  home  a  lurking  savage  shot  and  killed  the  eld- 
est son,  Dirck.  Carrying  the  dead  body  to  the  boat,  the  father  rowed  home 
to  New  Amsterdam,  and  it  is  said  that  nothing  could  induce  the  grief-stricken 
mother  to  make  that  spot  her  home  which  had  witnessed  so  sad  a  scene. 

At  all  events  he  obtained  a  release  from  his  contract  in  1614,  and  after- 
ward removed  to  Long  Island  and  settled  upon  the  site  of  Brooklyn,  the  grant 
of  land  from  Governor  Kieft  being  dated  March  26,  1646.  The  tract,  or  farm, 
was  located  near  the  present  City  Hall,  and  can  still  be  identified,  being  in 
the  vicinity  of  Fulton,    Raymond  and  Fillary  streets. 

At  that  time,  a  century  and  a  half  ago,  this  woodland,  "as  well  as  maize 
land,"  lay  along  the  King's  highway  in  full  view  "of  New  Amsterdam,  which 
was  then  a  little  town  of  a  few  hundred  people,  occupying  the  lower  point  of 
Manhattan  Island,  with  fields  of  corn  and  wheat  near  by.  From  1654  to  166 1, 
Joris  held  the  office  of  magistrate;  but  his  duties  were  probably  not  arduous, 
as  scarcely  a  score  of  families  composed  the  population  of  Gowanus  and 
Breuckelen,  or  Brooklyn.  His  labors  were  more  earnestly  centered  in  religious 
than  civic  affairs,  although  in  those  days  none  but  settlers  of  the  highest 
standing  were  honored  with  the  magistracy.  It  was  during  the  first  of  his  term 
as  a  magistrate  that  divine  services  commenced  to  be  held  in  Brooklyn  in  the 
house  of  Joris  Dericksen,  and  when  the  church  was  finally  organized  he  was 
chosen  its  elder.  He  was  also  the  chorister,  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath 
school,   the    "  Zickentrooster"  (comforter  of  the  sick),  and  the  minister  pro  tem. 


COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICLANS  AND   SURGEONS.  407 

Faithfully  he  gave  his  strength,  his  time  and  his  money  to  this,  the  Old  First 
Church  of  Brooklyn,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death,  January  16,  1661,  was 
busily  engaged  in  the  raising  of  funds  to  complete  the  building  of  the  little 
church  and  parsonage,  which  represented  so  much  of  his  heart  and  life.  He 
did  not  live  to  see  it  completed,  but  was  buried  with  all  the  honors  which 
could  be  shown  an  able  man  and  a  faithful  servant  to  his  community,  before 
the  spire  of  a  single  house  of  God  pointed  skyward  to  mark  the  site  of  the 
great  City  of  Churches. 

From  this  loyal,  sturdy  and  good  man  have  sprung  the  Brinckerhoffs  of 
America,  Hendrick  and  Abraham  being  his  sons  who  reached  manhood.  The 
active  life  of  the  former  was  passed  on  Long  Island,  and  it  was  not  until  1685, 
when  he  was  about  fifty-five  years  of  age,  that  he  became  the  owner  of  lands 
in  Bergen  County,  N.  J.,  upon  which   he  founded  a  homestead. 

Hendrick  was  the  common  ancestor  of  nearly  all  the  B-r-i-n-k-erhoffs  scat- 
tered through  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Central  New  York  and  the  West,  and 
two  centuries  after  he  settled  in  Bergen  County  his  descendants  enjoyed  their 
reunion  on  the  old  homestead  grounds.  Abraham  is  generally  accounted  the 
progenitor  of  the  B-r-i-n-c-k-erhoffs,  being  but  six  years  of  age  when  his  father 
landed  at  New  Amsterdam. 

It  was  not  until  he  had  reached  middle  age,  when  Hendrick  removed  to 
Bergen  County,  that  the  family  separation  began  which  has  been  continually 
progressing  with  the  increasing  generations.  As  wild  game  and  Indians 
abounded,  and  the  two  brothers  had  a  painful  recollection  of  Dirck's  tragic 
death,  they  had  early  become  experts  with  the  gun.  This  sporting  life,  in  con- 
junction with  their  labors  upon  the  farm,  produced  splendid  specimens  of 
physical  manhood.  After  changing  his  location  several  times,  Abraham  finally 
located  on  a  large  farm  near  Flushing  Bay,  where  he  resided  until  his  death 
in  1 7 14,  at  the  age  of  seventy-six.  It  seems  somewhat  of  a  coincidence  that 
he  should  have  married  a  lady  who  was  born  in  his  father's  native  province, 
and  that  he  should  have  died  upon  the  shores  of  a  bay  which  bore  the  same 
name  as  the  town  in  which  his  father  lived  during  his  boyhood  days  in   Holland. 

Abraham  was  also  for  years  a  magistrate  and  an  elder,  as  well  as  being 
one  of  the  most  prosperous  farmers  in  that  portion  of  the  country.  His  de- 
scendants have  rarely  wandered  far  from  the  Valley  of  the  Hudson,  one  of  the 
exceptions  being  members  of  the  family  whose  representative  is  indicated  at  the 
head  of  this  paper.  Dr.  C.  E.  Brinckerhoff  is  of  the  Flushing  branch  of  the 
family,  which  also  numbers  among  its  noted  members  Col.  John  Brinckerhoff, 
who  more  than  any  other  man  of  the  name  was  the  intimate  friend  of  General 
Washington. 

The  grandfather  of  Dr.  Brinckerhoff,  Martin,  lived  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
and  settled    at  Homer,   near   Joliet,    with   his  family,   which    included   John,    the 


4o8  COLLEGE    OF  PHYSICIANS  AND   SURGEONS. 

father  of  Dr.  Brinckerhoff.  John  Brinckerhoff  married  when  quite  young  and 
has  had  a  family  of  six  boys  and  one  girl,  C.  E.,  the  eldest,  was  born  at 
Homer,  November  9,  1859,  his  father  removing  to  Chicago  in  1861.  Farm  life 
had  but  few  attractions  for  him,  and  not  caring  for  a  higher  education  he  early 
started  out  in  life  for  himself.  After  trying  several  kinds  of  business  and  being 
dissatisfied  with  all  of  them,  he  commenced  the  study  of  medicine — a  step 
which  he  had  for  some  time  contemplated. 

Finally,  in  1885,  he  graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
having  creditably  pursued  the  entire  course.  Dr.  Brinckerhoff  at  once  entered 
practice,  and  notwithstanding  that  he  was  several  hundred  dollars  in  debt,  he 
soon  so  impressed  the  community  with  his  practical  ability  that  his  indebted- 
ness was  wiped  out  and  he  had  a  snug  sum  to  his  credit.  For  a  physician  of 
his  age  he  is  now  remarkably  prosperous,  and  it  is  another  evidence  that 
"blood  will  tell,"  one  of  the  family  traits  being,  as  we  have  seen,  shrewdness 
and  thrift.  The  Brinckerhoffs,  in  fact,  have  ever  been  more  men  of  affairs 
than  of  words. 

This  truth  applies  especially  to  Dr.  Brinckerhoff,  who  has  avoided  social 
life  and  public  position  and  faithfully  applied  himself  to  his  profession,  with  the 
result  that  he  has  a  large  and  growing  practice,  largely  of  a  surgical  nature. 
The  proceeds  of  his  skill  he  has  wisely  invested  in  real  estate  and  other 
property. 

Dr.  Brinckerhoff  has  never  had  the  time  to  be  a  politician.  Neither  in 
this  field  nor  in  his  profession  has  he  pushed  himself  into   public  notice. 

In  personal  appearance  Dr.  Brinckerhoff  is  of  the  dark,  nervous  type, 
showing  in  his  actions  and  speech  the  sturdy  Dutch  blood  of  which  his  family 
is  justly  proud;  or,  putting  the  matter  in  another  fashion,  it  may  be  said  that 
he  is  of  that  wiry  physique  which  reminds  one  more  of  steel  than  of  iron. 


Chicagx)  Colleo'e  of  Dental  Sungery 


History  of  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery 


By  TRUMAN  W.   BROPHY,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  LL  D. 


ATTEMPTS   AT   FOUNDING   A   DENTAL   COLLEGE. 

The  first  organization  of  dentists  in  Illinois,  the  Chicago  Dental  Society, 
came  into  existence  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  January,  1864,  and  from  that  date  was 
occasionally  discussed  the  feasibility  of  establishing  a  dental  college  in  this  city. 
During  the  succeeding  five  years  the  movement  took  such  form  that  the 
Rush  Medical  College  decided  to  found  a  department  of  dentistry.  Application 
to  the  Illinois  State  Legislature  was  therefore  made  for  a  charter,  which  was 
granted  on  March  12,  1869,  to  Horace  White,  Allan  N.  Towne,  Thomas  Drummond, 
Francis  Munson,  Robert  Collyer,  George  S.  Bowen,  George  Hibben,  Robert  L. 
Rea,  Samuel  B.  Noble,  John  B.  Rice,  George  H.  Gushing,  Robert  C.  Hammill 
and  their  associates.  The  corporation  thus  created  was  known  as  the  Chicago 
Dental  College,  and  its  object  to  establish  and  maintain  a  dental  college  and 
dispensary  in  Cook  County. 

Various  unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  to  put  in  operation  the  charter  of 
1869,  and  during  the  succeeding  year  the  faculty  of  the  Rush  Medical  College 
proposed  the  following  arrangement  to  the  Trustees  of  the  Chicago  Dental 
College:  "The  faculty  of  the  Dental  College  shall  consist  of  not  less  than 
seven  members;  of  these,  three,  viz..  Chemistry,  Anatomy  and  Physiology, 
shall  be  filled  by  appointing  those  holding  the  like  chairs  in  the  Rush  Medical 
College.  T  he  dental  students  shall  have  admission  to  all  regular  lectures  of  the 
Rush  Medical  College,  and  the  lectures  of  those  professors  holding  professorships 
in  both  schools  shall  be  only  those  of  their  regular  course  of  lectures  in  the 
Rush  Medical  College.  The  special  dental  lectures  shall  be  given  in  such  a  way 
as  not  to  encroach  on  the  course  of  medical  instruction  in  the  Rush  Medical 
College.  The  fees  at  the  Dental  College  shall  be  the  same  as  those  of  the 
Rush  Medical  College,  and  one-half  of  the  professors'  tickets  shall  go  to  the 
Rush  Medical  College,  and  any  incidental  expenses  above  the  ordinary  expenses 
of  the  Rush  Medical  College  incurred  by  the  Dental  College  shall  be  paid  by 
the  said  Dental  College,  but  in  no  case  will  any  rent  be  charged  for  the  use 
of  the  college   building."* 

*  This  contract  was  written  by  Professor  E.  Ingals,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  original. 

411 


412  COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY. 

Inasmuch  as  the  dental  department  was  not  organized,  the  proposed  arrange- 
ment was  of  course  never  consummated.  Not  discouraged  in  its  long-continued 
efforts  to  place  a  dental  department  or  college  on  a  sound  footing,  the  Rush 
Medical  College  made  various  overtures  to  the  Chicago  Dental  Society  looking 
to  that  end.  At  length,  in  September,  1876,  the  society  appointed  a  committee, 
consisting  of  M.  S.  Dean,  George  H.  Cushing,  Gorton  W.  Nichols,  Edgar  D. 
Swain  and  Truman  W.  Brophy  to  confer  with  the  committee  from  the  Rush 
Medical  College,  composed  of  Joseph  P.  Ross,  E.  L.  Holmes,  J.  P.  Freer, 
VV.  S.  Haines,  Charles  T,  Parkes  and  Norman  Bridge.  While  the  faculty  of  the 
college  desired  to  organize,  it  was  finally  decided  that,  for  a  time,  at  least,  it 
was  best  to  abandon  the  attempt.  The  views  presented  by  the  committee  of 
the  Chicago  Dental  Society  were  to  the  effect  that  the  dental  colleges  now  in 
operation  in  the  United  States  were  sufficiently  numerous  to  meet  the  demands 
then  existing  for  educational  work  in  this  special  line;  that  those  in  operation 
were  not  so  supported  as  to  enable  them  to  satisfactorily  carry  on  this  educational 
work,  and  for  these  reasons  the  committee  was  not  in  favor  of  organizing  another 
school. 

In  1880  another  effort  was  made  to  organize  a  dental  department  of  Rush 
Medical  College.  A  meeting  was  held  at  the  office  of  Dr.  Charles  T.  Parkes, 
No.  125  State  Street,  at  which  were  present  Drs.  W.  W.  Allport,  E.  S.  Talbot, 
Truman  W.  Brophy,  Walter  S.  Haines  and  James  H.  Etheridge,  to  discuss  the 
matter  and  come,  if  possible,  to  some  definite  conclusion.  Those  in  attendance 
were  divided  in  their  opinions  as  to  the  educational  scope  and  plan  of  the 
proposed  institution. 

Dr.  Allport  contended  that  the  students  should  be  graduates  in  medicine 
before  taking  the  course  in  dentistry  and  receiving  the  dental  degree.  Students 
in  medical  colleges  might  enter  the  dental  course  of  instruction,  but  prior  to 
graduating  in  dentistry  must  obtain  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  thus  placing  them  in 
the  position  of  specialists  in  the  practice  of  medicine.  Dr.  Parkes  opposed  this 
plan  on  the  ground  that  the  courses  outlined  required  an  attendance  of  five  years 
and  that  few  men  would  care  to  devote  so  much  time  to  college  work;  besides, 
those  who  thus  took  up  the  study  and  practice  of  dentistry  (while  there  might 
be  distinguished  exceptions)  would,  as  a  rule,  have  been  failures  in  medicine  and 
would  not  be  desirable  additions  to  the  province  of  dentistry,  whether  as  students 
or  practitioners.  As  stated,  Dr.  Parkes  opposed  the  plan,  at  the  same  time 
agreeing  not  to  antagonize  any  effort  which  might  be  made  to  organize  a  dental 
infirmary  or  college.  The  outcome  of  the  conference  was  that  Rush  Medical 
College  dropped  the  matter  entirely,  so  far  as  organizing  a  dental  department 
was  concerned ;  but,  fortunately,  a  sufficiently  strong  sentiment  existed  to  pre- 
vent the  matter  from  being  dropped  completely  by  those  who  were  most  vitally 
interested. 


COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY. 


413 


CHICAGO    DENTAL    INFIRMARY    CHARTERED    (1883). 

The  point  has  now  been  reached  where  commences  the  history  proper  of 
the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery.  During  the  Summer  of  1882  the 
movement  to  organize  an  independent  dental  college  took  such  definite  and  en- 
couraging form  that  in  October  of  that  year  application  was  made  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  State  of  Illinois  for  a  license  to  open  books  for  subscription  to  the  capital  stock 
of  the  institution.  Such  license  was  issued  to  Gorton  W.  Nichols,  Truman  W. 
Brophy,    Frank    H.    Gardiner,    A.  W.  Harlan    and    Eugene    S.  Talbot   as   com- 


FIRST    HEADQUARTERS    OF    THE    COLLEGE,    ON    ADAMS    STREET. 

missioners  to  open  books  and  transact  the  business  of  the  corporation.  On 
February  20,  1883,  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  commissioners 
filed  a  report  of  their  proceedings  under  the  license,  upon  which  date  a  charter 
was  granted  legalizing  the  corporation  under  the  name  of  ' '  The  Chicago  Dental 
Infirmary."  On  June  30,  1884,  the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  that 
by  which  it  is  now  known,  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery. 

FIRST    REGULAR    SESSION. 

The    first    regular    session    of     the    infirmary    opened    on     March     12,    1883, 
continuing  twenty  weeks,  or  until  July  31.     As  this  was  the  father  of  the  college, 


414  COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY. 

which  has  since  developed  into  the  largest  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  world, 
it  is  of  interest  to  know  who  were  the  members  of  its  chief  boards  of  manage- 
ment and  education.     They  were  as   follows: 

Board  of  Counselors:  Hons.  Lyman  Trumbull,  John  Wentworth,  Carlile 
Mason  and  B.  C.  Cook;  Rev.  Robert  D.  Shepard  and  Dr.  George  F.  Root,  and 
Messrs.  Wm.  K.  Ackerman,  E.  H.  Sargent,  Murry  Nelson,  Wirt  Dexter,  Wm. 
Penn  Nixon,  George  W.  Lyon,  John  V.  Farwell,  Wm.  M.  Hoyt  and  George 
M.   Pullman. 

Board  of  Directors:  N.  S.  Davis,  M.  D.,  LL.D.,  Chicago  Medical  College; 
Wm.  H.  Byford,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Woman's  Medical  College;  N.  B.  Delamater, 
A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Chicago  Homeopathic  Medical  College;  Norman  Bridge,  M.  D., 
Rush  Medical  College;  A.  Reeves  Jackson,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons;  Milton  Jay,  M.  D.,  Eclectic  Medical  College;  James  A.  Swasey, 
Eugene  S.  Talbot,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Frank  H.  Gardmcr,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Truman 
W.^Brophy,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  A.  W.  Harlan,  D.  D.  S.,  and  Gorton  W.  Nichols, 
M.  D. 

Executive  Committee:  Frank  H,  Gardiner,  Truman  W.  Brophy,  Eugene  S. 
Talbot,    A.  W.  Harlan  and  Gorton  W.  Nichols. 

Officers  of  the  Infirmary:  James  A.  Swasey,  President;  A.  W.  Harlan, 
D.  D.  S.,  Vice-President;  Eugene  S.  Talbot,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Recording  Secretary; 
Truman  W.  Brophy,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Corresponding  Secretary,  and  Edgar  D. 
Swain,  D.  D.  S.,  Treasurer. 

Faculty:  W.  W.  Allport,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology 
and  Therapeutics;  George  H.  Gushing,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Dental  Surgery,  and  L.  P.  Haskell,  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry  and  Oral 
Deformities. 

At  its  origin  the  college  was  a  post-graduate  school,  known  as  the  Collegiate 
Department  of  the  Chicago  Dental  Infirmary.  Its  students  were  first  required  to 
obtain  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  or  its  equivalent,  from  some  college 
recognized  by  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Health,  and  to  take  two  courses  of 
lectures  with  the  infirmary  before  receiving  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Dental 
Surgery.  Such  a  system  of  education  for  dentists  was  urged  because,  as  has 
already  been  stated,  the  prime  movers  in  the  establishment  of  the  institution, 
holding  that  dentistry  was  but  a  department  of  medicine,  believed  that  dentists 
should  be  educated  in  medicine  before  beginning  the  study  of  this  specialty. 
The  organization  was  effected  under  the  most  favorable  auspices.  Six  of  the 
medical  colleges  then  in  Chicago  were  represented  on  its  Board  of  Directors, 
and  the  opening  lecture  was  delivered  by  that  scholar,  celebrated  speaker  and 
distinguished  physician,  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis. 

During  the  first  session  there  were  three  professors  and  eight  lecturers  in 
the    institution.     The    professors    taught    the    Principles  and    Practice  of    Dental 


COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY.  415 

Surgery,  Operative  Dentistry  and  Prothetic  Dentistry,  and  the  lecturers  devoted 
themselves  to  Dental  Anatomy,  Dental  Pathology  and  other  special  branches  not 
followed  minutely  in  medical  colleges.  Eighteen  students  were  enrolled  for  the 
first  course,  and  at  its  close  there  were  no  candidates  for  the  degree.  Two, 
however,  entered  the  examinations  for  a  special  certificate,  both  of  whom  failed. 
During;  the  following  course  eleven  names  were  entered  in  the  matriculation 
book,  two  candidates  entered  the  final  examinations,  and,  after  successfully  passing 
them,  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Dental  Surgery.  These  fortunates,  the 
first  graduates  of  the  college,  were  C.  W.  Carson  and  A.  E.  Baldwin,  both  of 
whom  are  now  engaged  in  practice  in  the  city  of  Chicago.  The  honorary 
degree  of  D.  D.  S.  was  also  conferred  upon  Edmund  Noyes. 

THE    CHICAGO    COLLEGE    OF    DENTAL    SURGERY    (1884). 

It  was  in  the  middle  of  the  second  course  that  a  new  charter  was  obtained 
for  the  organization  of  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  which  from  that 
time  (June  30,  1884,  as  stated)  supplanted  the  Collegiate  Department  of  the 
Chicago  Dental  Infirmary.  In  explanation  of  the  change,  I  will  quote  a  portion 
of  my  address  delivered  at  the  sixth  annual  commencement  exercises  of  the 
college,  in  March,  1888:  "First,  the  institution,  as  organized,  did  not  receive 
the  large  support  which  was  expected  from  the  medical  profession;  second,  the 
dentists  of  Chicago  and  the  Northwest  could  not  or  would  not  encourage  and 
support  a  college  which  required  a  course  of  study  twice  as  long  as  did  the  older 
and  honored  dental  colleges  of  the  East.  Their  students,  therefore,  came  to  us, 
investigated,  said  they  wished  to  become  dentists,  not  physicians,  and  moved  on 
to  some  regular  dental  college.  The  medical  graduates  who  came  were,  in  many 
instances,  imbued  with  the  opinion  that  the  knowledge  to  be  acquired,  in  addition 
to  what  they  already  possessed,  was  purely  mechanical  and  exceedingly  simple. 
Moreover,  we  discovered  that  those  who  had  not  engaged  in  dental  study  prior 
to,  or  along  with  their  medical  training  attached  too  little  importance  to  dental 
science  and  art.  Thus  vanished  our  fondly  cherished  hopes  of  practically  teaching 
dental  and  oral  surgery,  and  making  it  a  specialty  in  medicine  by  conferring  the 
dental  degree  only  upon  those  who  had  first  received  the  degree  in  medicine. 
Attractive  though  the  theory  was,  it  was  found  impracticable,  and  the  educating 
of  physicians  to  become  dentists  proved  in  this  instance,  at  least,  far  short  of  a 
success. 

"To  say  that  it  is  not  possible  by  careful  training  in  a  dental  college  to 
make  a  skillful,  accomplished  dentist  of  a  gentleman  who  has  been  previously 
educated  in  medicine  and  practiced  that  profession  would  be  preposterous.  Still, 
one  thus  educated  would  be  the  better  dentist  had  he  begun  the  study  of 
dentistry  first,  and  had  dentistry,  his  life  work,  constantly  before  him,  instead  of 
carrying  in  his  mind  the  expectation  of    engaging    in    general    medical    practice. 


41 6  COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY.    ' 

While  a  knowledge  of  the  underlying  principles  of  medicine  is  indispensable  to 
the  dentist,  he  must  always  study  to  appropriate  these  principles  to  his  use  as 
a  dentist.  A  change  came.  The  board  of  directors  experienced  what  might  be 
termed  a  'remoleculization'  of  ideas.  In  its  beginning  it  was  medicine  first  and 
practical  dentistry  afterward.  Now,  as  the  politicans  would  say,  it  is  practical 
dentistry  'first,  last  and  all  the  time,'  accompanied  by  the  teaching  of  Anatomy, 
Chemistry  and  Physiology  and  the  Principles  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  thereby 
presenting  to  the  student's  mind  those  branches  of  knowledge  which  we  regard 
essential  to  a  well-informed  practitioner  of  dental  and  oral  surgery." 

In  addition  to  this  radical  change  in  the  plan  of  instruction,  the  curriculum 
was  extended  so  as  to  include,  besides  the  departments  named.  General  Pathology, 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics.  Practical  Anatomy  received  the  same 
attention  given  this  subject  in  the  best  regulated  medical  colleges,  and  a  complete 
course  in  the  chemical  laboratory  was  a  requirement  for  admission  to  the 
examinations  for  the  dental  degree.  Physiology  and  Histology  were  brought  to  a 
high  grade  of  practical  value  in  the  histological  laboratory  and  microscopical  work 
was  made  obligatory. 

INNOVATIONS    AND    IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery  was  the  first  institution  of  its  kind 
in  this  country  to  introduce  and  use  for  the  benefit  of  its  students  a  complete 
apparatus  for  the  cultivation  of  microbes,  thus  demonstrating  the  agents  active 
in  establishing  caries  of  the  teeth  and  effecting  their  destruction.  This  institution 
was  also  the  first  to  organize  its  Junior  students  in  the  Prothetic  department 
into  classes  for  practical  work  in  dental  technics,  both  operative  and  prothetic. 
In  addition  to  these  innovations  in  teaching,  semi-daily  clinics  were  organized  in 
the  college  infirmary,  being  conducted  for  the  benefit  of  the  Senior  students  by 
the  most  skillful  and  successful  practitioners.  This  clinical  instruction  is  still  car- 
ried on  systematically  and  to  an  extent  unequaled  in  former  years. 

While  upon  the  subject  of  innovations  in  dental  education,  which  have 
originated  with  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  mention  must  be  made 
of  the  pioneer  class  of  dental  practitioners,  which,  in  April,  1889,  assembled  for 
a  special  course  of  instruction  to  be  given  by  the  faculty  of  that  institution. 
This  so  called  Practitioners'  Course  had  been  decided  upon  at  a  meeting  called 
by  Dr.  Brophy,  President  and  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  during  the  preceding 
January.  The  course  extended  over  a  period  of  four  weeks,  and  at  its  conclusion 
those  who  had  taken  it,  thirty-two  practitioners  from  Illinois,  Ohio,  Missouri, 
Mississippi,  Georgia,  Wisconsin,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Oregon  and  Germany, 
passed  most  enthusiastic  resolutions  commending  the  action  of  the  college  in 
providing  such  a  course  and   the  able  manner  in  which  it   had    been  conducted. 

With  the  reorganization  of  the  institution,  as  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental 
Surgery,    the  faculty  was   increased    from    nine  to    seventeen    members,    and    the 


COLLEGE    OE  DENTAL    SURGERY.  419 

college,  during  the  session  of  1884-85,  showed  in  its  attendance  a  gratifying 
effect  of  this  expansion  of  plan  and  machinery.  As  against  twenty-live  matriculates 
and  two  graduates  for  the  session  of  1883-84,  the  succeeding  collegiate  year — 
that  of  1884-85 — graduated  twenty-two  out  of  fifty  matriculates. 

GROWTH    BY    STATISTICS. 

The    growth    of    the    college    may    thus    be    set    forth  : 

SESSION.  FACULTY.  MATRICULATES.  GRADUATES. 

1884-85.  .,,.,..... 17 50 22 

1885-86.... 30 80 , 16 

1886-87. 36 TO  I ,  .   37 

1887-88. 39 120 44 

1888-89.. 58 141 65 

1 889-90. 63 243 .  60 

1890-91.. 54 314 94 

1891-92.. 54 273  .. 128 

1892-93 56 .254 26 

1893-94..... 64 360 58 

1894-95..  ... 65 415 .^ .  .  107 

OFFICERS    AND    FACULTY    FOR     1 883-95. 

A  roster  is  also  herewith  presented  of  the  principal  members  of  the  faculty 
and  boards  of  management: 

Board  of  Counselors:  Lyman  Trumbull,  1883-95- ;  John  Wentworth,  1883-S9; 
Carlile  Mason,  1883-95;  B.  C.  Cook,  1883-95;  Wm.  K.  Ackerman,  1883-89;  E.  H. 
Sargent,  1 883-95-;  Murry  Nelson,  1 883-95-;  Wirt  Dexter,  1883-90;  VVm.  Penn 
Nixon,  1 883-95-;  George  H.  Lyon,  1883-88;  John  V.  Farwell,  18S3-89;  Wm.  M. 
Hoyt,  1883-95-;  George  M.  Pullman,  1 883-95-;  Robert  D.  Shepard,  1883-86; 
George  F.  Root,  1883-95;  J.  C.  Knickerbocker,  1886-90;  Sidney  C.  Eastman, 
1886-95-;  Henry  M.  Shepard,  1888-95-;  Carter  H.  Harrison,  1888-93;  John  A. 
Roche,  1888-95;  Henry  W.  King,  1889-95-;  R.  B.  Tuller,  1892-95-;  H.  H. 
Wilson,    1892-94;  A.    H.    Peck,    1894-95-;  H.  C.    Durand,   1895-. 

Board  of  Directors:  N.  S.  Davis,  1883-84;  W.  H.  Byford,  1883-88;  N.  B. 
Delamater,  1883-91;  Norman  Bridge,  1883-86;  A.  Reeves  Jackson,  1883-93; 
Milton  Jay,  1883-90;  James  A.  Swasey,  1883,  President,  1884-88;  Eugene  S. 
Talbot,  1883-84;  Frank  H.  Gardiner,  1883-84,  Chairman  of  Executive  Committee 
and  Business  Manager,  1 884-95-;  Truman  W.  Brophy,  1883-84,  Corresponding 
Secretary,  1884-86,  Dean,  1886-88,  President  and  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  1888-95; 
A.  W.  Harlan,  1883-84,  Vice-President,  1884-89,  Vice-President,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  1 889-95-;  Edgar  D.  Swain,  1883-84,  Secretary  and  Treasurer,   1884-89-; 


420  COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY. 

Gorton  W.  Nichols,  1883-90;  W.  W.  Allport,  1884-87;  J.  N.  Grouse,  1885-89;  C. 
H.  Thayer,  1887-90;  J.  H.  Etheridge,  1887-95-;  E.  Eletcher  Ingals,  1888-95-; 
P,  J.  Kesler,  1889-91;  Frank  H.  Gardiner,  Business  Manager,  1889-95;  W.  L. 
Copeland,   1895-. 

Faculty:  W.  W.  Allport,  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology  and  Therapeutics, 
1883-84. 

Geo.  H.  Gushing,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Dental  Surgery, 
1883-86;  Emeritus  Professor,   1886-88;  Professor  of  Operative  Dentistry,    1888-90. 

L.  P.  Haskell,  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry,   1883-87. 

Truman  W.  Brophy,  Professor  of  Oral  Surgery,   1884-95-. 

Edmund  Noyes,  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology  and  Therapeutics,  1884; 
Professor  of  Operative  Dentistry,   1884-88. 

E.  D.  Swain,  Professor  of   Histology,  Physiology  and  Microscopy,   1884-85. 

P.  J.  Kester,  Professor  of  Ghemistry  and  Materia  Medica,  1884-85;  Professor 
of  Special  Ghemistry,   1885-86. 

Eggleston  Burrows,  Professor  of  Regional  Anatomy,   1884-85. 

G.  V.  Black,  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology  and  Therapeutics,  1884-86; 
Professor  of  Pathology,  1886-89;  Superintendent  of  Glinical  Departments, 
1888-89. 

W.  L.  Gopeland,  Professor  of  Anatomy,    1 884-95-. 

W.  T.  Belfield,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Microscopy,  1884-89;  Professor 
of  Physiology  and  Pathology,   1889-90;  Professor  of  Pathology,   1 890-95-. 

Lewis  L.  McArthur,  Professor  of  Ghemistry  and  Metallurgy,   1884-88. 

A.  W.  Harlan,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Operative    Dentistry,    1884-85;   Professor  of    Materia    Medica    and    Therapeutics, 

1885-95. 

W.  B.  Ames,  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry,   1887-89. 

J.  W.  Wassail,  Professor  of  Regional  Anatomy,   1887-89. 

Garrett  Newkirk,  Professor  of  Irregularities  and  Hygiene,   1887-89. 

George  H.  McGausey,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Histology  and  Microscopy, 
1889-90. 

Louis  Ottofy,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Physiology,  1889-90;  Professor  of 
Physiology,   1890-93. 

Electus  B.  Ward,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Pathology,  1890-90;  Professor  of  Dental 
Anatomy  and  Pathology,   1890-91. 

J.  B.  Weis,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Ghemistry,   1890-94. 

W.  G.  Barrett,  Professor  of  Dental  Anatomy  and  Pathology,   1891-95. 

E.  A.  Royce,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Dental  Anatomy  and   Pathology,   1891-93. 

James  G.  K.  McGlure,  President  of  Lake  Forest  University,    1892-93. 

G.  W.  Garson,  Professor  of  Hygiene,  Lecturer  on  Operative  Dentistry,  1892-93; 
Professor  of  Hygiene.   1893-94. 


MAIN    ENTRANCE    OF    COLLEGE. 


COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY.  423 

N.  J.  Roberts,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Orthodontia,    1892-95. 

A.  H.  Peck,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Operative  Dentistry,  1892-94;  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,    1895-. 

E.  M.  S.  Fernandez,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry,   1892-95. 

Jolm  M.  Coulter,  President   of  Lake  Forest  University,   1893-95. 

L.  L.  Skelton,  Professor  of  Physiology,   1893-95. 

Charles  B.  Gibson,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Metallurgy,   1 888-95-. 

C.  N.  Johnson,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Operative  Dentistry,  1888- 1890;  Professor 
of  Operative  Dentistry,   1 890-95-. 

W.  C.  Roberts,  President  of  Lake   Forest  University,    1889-92. 

Calvin  S.  Case,  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry  and  Orthodontia,  1889-95; 
Professor  of  Orthodontia,    1895-. 

James  A.  Swasey,  Professor  of  Clinical  Dentistry,   1889-94. 

Frank  H.  Gardiner,  Clinical   Professor  of  Operative  Dentistry,   1 889-95-. 

E.  J.  Perry,  Adjunct  Professor  in  Crown  and  Bridge  Work,  1893-95; 
Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry,   1895-. 

G.    N.   West,    Adjunct     Professor    of    Materia    Medica    and    Therapeutics, 

1893-95-- 

Leonard  C.  Borland,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Anatomy,   1 894-95-. 

Don  M.  Gallic,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Operative  Dentistry,   1895-. 

J.  R.  Pagin,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry,    1895-. 

CHANGES    IN    LOCATION. 

Thus  at  the  present  time  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  which 
since  1889  has  been  a  department  of  Lake  Forest  University,  is  the  largest 
institution  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  During  1893  it  erected  and  now  occupies 
a  magnificent  building  on  the  corner  of  Wood  and  Harrison  streets,  which  is 
prominent  even  among  a  group  of  fourteen  other  fine  structures,  comprising 
medical  colleges,  hospitals  and  schools.  It  is  a  five-story  and  basement  building, 
the  basement  and  first  story  being  of  rock-faced  Bedford  stone,  the  superstructure 
of  pressed  brick  and  terra-cotta,  the  entire  edifice  having  an  imposing  frontage 
of  eighty-five  feet  and  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet. 

The  building  has  two  entrances,  the  main  one  through  a  large  cut  stone 
doorway  surrounded  by  a  stone  arch  beautifully  ornamented  with  carved  work. 
The  interior  is  furnished  in  hard  wood,  according  to  the  latest  idea  of  elegance, 
convenience  and  comfort.  The  entire  six  floors  of  the  building  and  divided  into 
lecture  rooms,  class  rooms,  clmic  rooms,  etc.,  with  the  exception  of  the  second 
floor,  which  is  devoted  to  the  dental  infirmary.  The  chief  lecture  room  has  a 
seating  capacity  for  four  hundred  and  fifty  students.  There  is  also  a  dissecting 
room  thoroughly  ecjuipped  with  all  the  requisites  for  the  study  of  human  anatomy. 
There  are  histological,  chemical,   bacteriological  laboratories,  also  laboratories  for 


424  COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY. 

the  study  of  operative  and  prothetic  technics,  and  for  the  construction  of  artificial 
dentures.  Reading  rooms,  a  library  and  museum  for  the  students  and  waiting 
rooms  for  the    patients  are  provided. 

The  original  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $75,000  and  was  one  of  the 
most  complete  structures  of  the  kind  in  existence,  but  the  remarkable  growth  of 
the  institution  has  made  such  an  extension  necessary  as  will  nearly  double  its 
present  capacity  and  accommodations.  The  addition,  which  will  be  a  uniform 
building  of  six  stories  in  height,  is  expected  to  be  completed  in  the  Fall  of  1896, 
and  is  especially  provided  for  an  extension  of  laboratory  and  infirmary  work, 
to  provide  better  lecture,  reading  and  library  rooms,  and  to  furnish  the  students 
with  a  complete  gymnasium. 

Naturally,  however,  before  attaining  its  present  standing  the  Chicago  College 
of  Dental  Surgery  has  had  its  home  in  various  localities  and  in  a  variety  of 
structures.  During  the  first  three  years  of  its  existence,  as  infirmary  and  college, 
its  headquarters  were  at  Nos.  22-26  Adams  Street  and  5-6  Washington  Street. 
The  rooms  in  which  the  lectures  and  clinics  were  held  were  well  lighted,  fitted 
with  chairs,  engines,  brackets,  etc.,  both  in  the  operating  room  and  laboratory. 
The  applicances  also  included  a  continuous  gum  furnace,  nitrous  oxide  apparatus, 
drawers  for  the  safe-keeping  of  the  students'  instruments,  forceps  and  medicine 
cases  and  microscopes. 

In  1886,  owing  to  the  rapid  growth  of  the  college,  a  lease  was  secured  of 
the  building  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Madison  Street  and  Wabash  Avenue, 
having  a  frontage  of  sixty  feet  on  the  latter  thoroughfare  and  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  feet  on  the  former.  As  the  rear  of  the  structure  rested  in  Dearborn  Place 
excellent  light  was  obtained  from  three  directions.  The  college  rooms  consisted 
of  lecture  and  faculty  rooms,  museum,  convenient  quarters  for  the  infirmary, 
with  a  capacity  for  sixty  chairs,  chemical,  mechanical  and  physiological  laboratories, 
dissecting  room,  administration  office  and  conveniences  for  patients,  students  and 
visitors. 

After  remaining  at  this  location  for  five  years,  a  removal  to  more  commodious 
quarters  again  became  necessary,  the  management  securing  the  three  upper  floors 
of  the  building  situated  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Michigan  Avenue  and 
Randolph  Street.  The  frontage  was  fifty  feet  on  Michigan  Avenue  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  on  Randolph  Street,  with  the  rear  resting  on  Central 
Avenue. 

The  next  change  made  by  the  college  was  to  its  jiresent  location  in  1893, 
where  it  is  appropriately  established  in  the  midst  of  the  great  medical  district 
of  Chicago — housed  in  a  structure  which  is  both  massive  and  ornamental,  as 
befits  one  of  the  most  important  institutions  of  Chicago,  the  West  and  the 
United  States. 


CHICAGO    COLLEGE    OF    DENTAL    SURGERY    (MAIN    BUILDING). 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


TRUMAN    WILLIAM    BROPHY,    M.   D.,    D.   D.   S.,    LL.  D. 

Dr.  Brophy  is  of  Irish-English  descent,  his  parents,  VVilhamand  Ameha 
(Cleveland)  Brophy,  being  natives  of  Hemmingford,  Quebec,  a  small  town  not 
far  from  Lake  Champlain  and  the  international  boundary  line.  When  the  two 
were  children  their  families  moved  together  to  the  rich  agricultural  and  fruit 
country  near  Newcastle,  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  not  far  east 
of  Toronto.  From  this  point  they  emigrated  to  Aurora,  Kane  County,  111., 
and  thence  to  Will   County,    southwest  of  Chicago. 

Previous  to  this  time  William  Brophy  had  visited  the  small  village  set 
down  in  the  mud  at  the  mouth  of  Chicago  River.  He  was  then  but  eighteen 
years  of  age,  and  the  Chicago  of  1835  was  mostly  located  on  the  North  Side, 
Lake  Street,  a  "soggy"  thoroughfare,  being  the  only  real  means  of  communica- 
tion with  the  south  and  west.  The  youth  was  only  impressed  with  the  utter  dis- 
consolateness  of  the  Chicago  of  those  days  and  returned  to  his  home  in  Canada 
where,  on  June   22,   1843,  he  was  married  to  Amelia  Cleveland. 

Thus  the  two  who  since  infancy  had  been  playmates  and  friends  entered  into 
a  lifelong  partnership,  formed  upon  the  basis  of  mutual  afiection  and  common  in- 
terests. Coming  West  in  September,  1844,  and,  as  stated,  finally  locating  in  W^ill 
County,  the  young  husband  now  found  the  bustling  Chicago,  not  far  distant,  a  little 
city  of  quite  intense  interest.  Here,  through  William  B.  Ogden,  the  ex-Mayor 
and  afterward  one  of  the  great  pioneers  of  the  Northwest,  he  was  enabled  to  secure 
quite  profitable  contracts  as  a  carpenter.  What  was  Mr.  Brophy's  disgust, 
however,  when  Mr.  Ogden  proposed  as  payment  for  his  hard,  honest  labor  a 
tract  of  swampy  lands  somewhere  between  Harrison  and  Twelfth  streets— it 
may  be  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present  Dearborn  station  or  the  massive  Wiscon- 
sin Central  depot. 

The  district  in  Will  County,  however,  which  had  been  settled  by  quite  a 
little  colony,  composed  of  Mr.  Brophy's  family,  with  friends  and  relatives,  proved 
somewhat  unhealthful,  and  a  move  was  made  to  Gooding's  Grove,  a  short  dis- 
tance northeast  of  Lockport.  Here  William  Brophy  bought  the  farm  upon 
which  was  born   his  son  Truman,  on  the  twelfth  of  April,   1848. 

It  was    during    these  early  Chicago    days — during    the    40's    and    50's — that ' 
Reuben  Cleveland,    brother    of    William  Brophy's    wife,    made  quite  a  figure  in 

427 


42  8  COLLEGE    OE  DENTAL    SURGERY. 

the  local  annals  of  Chicago.  The  firm  of  Cleveland  &  Russell,  of  which  he 
was  the  senior  partner,  represented  perhaps  the  largest  general  contractors  in 
this  part  of  the  country.  In  fact,  when  Chicago  was  a  city  of  wood  there  were 
few  sections  where  evidences  of  their  enterprise  and  handicraft  did  not  abound. 
Along  Madison  and  Halsted,  Clark  and  State  streets,  they  erected  whole  rows 
of  frame  structures,  and  for  years  their  planing  mills  and  their  sash,  door  and 
blind  factories  did  an  immense  business.  But  the  panic  of  1857  caught  them 
with  their  enterprises  expanded  beyond  the  limits  of  safety,  and  they  went 
under  with  thousands  of  their  fellows. 

Mr.  Cleveland  was  at  one  time  Superintendent  of  Public  Works,  and  it 
was  he  who  organized  the  Masonic  lodge  which  bears  his  name.  During  the 
war  he  was  an  officer  in  the  famous  Eighth  Illinois  Cavalry,  commanded  by 
Colonel  John  F.    Farnsworth. 

It  was  some  years,  however,  before  Mr.  Brophy  located  permanently  in 
Chicago  with  his  family.  After  living  for  two  years  on  the  farm  at  Gooding's 
Grove,  the  little  colony  of  which  his  family  was  a  part  suffered  an  epidemic 
of  malarial  fever,  which  proved  fatal  to  several  members  of  the  community. 
This  sad  circumstance  induced  him  to  remove  his  increasing  flock  to  Elgin, 
where  he  secured  a  contract  to  construct  a  section  of  the  Chicago  &  Galena 
railroad,  the  father  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern,  and  the  first  line  to  enter 
the  city.  At  this  time  the  family  consisted  of  the  parents  and  three  boys,  the 
youngest  of  the  children  being  six  months  of  age.  The  next  move  was  to  St. 
Charles,  111.,  whence,  after  providing  the  family  with  a  comfortable  home,  the 
father  (in  1852)  started  across  the  Western  plains  alone  to  seek  gold  and  a 
fortune  in  California.  The  excitement  was  then  at  high  tide,  and  Mr.  Brophy, 
who  had  accumulated  a  small  competency,  was  in  such  circumstances  that  he 
was  enabled  to  give  the  gold  diggings  a  fair  test  of  two  years.  Fortunately  he 
was  one  of  the  lucky  ones,  and  returned  to  his  home  in  St.  Charles  during 
December  of  1854  in  such  sound  financial  condition  that  he  at  once  purchased 
a  good  farm  a  few  miles  west  of  the  village.  This  locality  he  made  his  home 
until  the  Fall  of   1866,  when  he  removed  to  Chicago. 

At  this  time  Truman  was  in  his  nineteenth  year.  He  had  received  a  good 
common  school  and  academic  education  in  the  institutions  of  St.  Charles  and 
\  Elgin,    and  when    his    father    removed    to    Chicago    in    1866  he  was    enabled  to 

pursue  literary  courses  both  at  Dyrenfurth's  Business  College  and  the  Atheneum. 
In  early  boyhood  he  had  decided  to  study  dentistry,  and  in  the  Spring  of 
1867,  through  the  infiuence  of  his  uncle,  Reuben  Cleveland,  he  entered  the 
office  of  Dr.    J.    O.   Farnsworth,    then  located  at  No.    116  Randolph  Street. 

The  course  then  usually  pursued  by  a  would-be  dentist  was  to  enter  the 
office  of  a  practitioner,  and  after  obtaining  a  variable  amount  of  theoretical 
knowledge  and  practical  experience,  to  enter  into  actual  practice  himself.      Thus, 


-«.«^ 


COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY.  431 

at  first,  the  young  student  followed  the  custom  and  soon  proved  so  apt  a 
pupil  that  his  preceptor  and  superior  during  an  illness  of  several  months'  dura- 
tion, which  finally  resulted  in  his  death,  virtually  placed  his  business  in  Tru- 
man's hands.  The  young  pupil  succeeded  to  Dr.  Farnsworth's  practice  and  by 
1 87 1  was  in  quite  prosperous  circumstances  for  one  of  his  years.  The  great 
fire  of  that  year,  however,  swept  away  nearly  all  his  earthly  possessions  with 
the  exception  of  a  small  bank  deposit,  and  in  common  with  thousands  of  other 
men,  young  and  old,  he  now  looked  around  to  take  his  bearings  and  decide 
upon  his  future  course. 

Dr.  Brophy's  wise  decision  was  that  before  resuming  practice  it  would  be 
to  his  advantage  to  become  more  systematically  educated  in  the  principles  and 
most  modern  methods  of  his  profession.  In  the  Fall  of  187 1,  therefore,  he 
started  East  for  Philadelphia,  at  that  time,  perhaps,  the  most  important 
center  of  medical  and  dental  education  in  America.  Until  the  Spring  of  1872 
he  pursued  a  regular  course  in  the  Pennsylvania  College  of  Dental  Surgery, 
from  which  he  graduated  with  his  degree  of  D.  D.  S.  In  addition  the 
energetic  young  student  took  special  courses  in  Pathology  and  Surgery  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Pennsylvania  Gen- 
eral Hospital,  the  Blockley  Hospital  and  the  Jefferson  Medical  College.  As  a 
result  of  this  hard  work  and  an  evidence  of  his  thorough  training,  even  at  this 
early  day,  he  brought  back  to  Chicago  commendatory  certificates  from  all  of 
these  institutions.  Thus  equipped  he  at  once  commenced  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  but,  meeting  cases  which  required  a  more  extended  knowledge  than 
he  had  acquired,  in  1878  he  pursued  a  regular  medical  and  surgical  course  at 
Rush  College,    from  which  he  graduated  with   the  degree  of  M.    D.    in    1880. 

Dr.  Brophy  had  been  elected  president  of  his  class,  and  his  career  had 
been  marked  by  such  distinguishing  features  that  almost  immediately  upon 
graduating  he  was  chosen  by  the  faculty  to  the  professorship  of  Dental  Path- 
ology and  Surgery,    which  position  he  still  holds. 

In  the  Summer  of  1882  Dr.  Brophy  took  the  initiative  steps  toward  the 
founding  of  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery.  Its  first  regular  course 
began  in  March,  1883,  and  the  institution  has  since  grown  to  such  proportions 
that  it  is  the  largest  dental  college  in  the  world.  It  should  be  stated  in  this 
connection  that  had  it  not  been  for  his  strong  and  persistent  efforts  the 
building  now  occupied,  the  largest  and  finest  for  its  purposes  in  existence, 
would  not  have  been  erected,  and  the  lot  upon  which  it  stands  would  not  have 
been  purchased.  He  persistently  urged  the  selection  of  the  present  site,  corner 
of  Wood  and  Harrison  streets,  upon  the  board  of  management,  and  was  solely 
instrumental  in  raising  the  money  for  the  erection  of  the  building.  Since  the 
founding  of  the  college  Dr.  Brophy  has  been  at  the  head  of  its  faculty  and 
foremost  in   its  affairs. 


432  COLLEGE    OF  DENTAL    SURGERY. 

He  has  also  been  connected  with  the  Central  Free  Dispensary  of  Rush 
Medical  College  for  many  years  and  is  still  its  Consulting  Surgeon.  Dr.  Brophy 
is  ex-President  of  the  Odontological  and  Dental  societies  of  Chicago  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  Medical,  Pathological,  Medico-Legal,  Dental,  Odonto- 
graphic  and  many  other  dental  and  medical  societies.  State  and  National  in  their 
scope.  Furthermore,  he  is  ex-President  of  the  section  of  Dental  and  Oral 
Surgery,  American  Medical  Association,  which  was  suggested  by  him  and  or- 
ganized chiefly  through  his  efiorts.  He  is  also  connected  with  a  number  of 
organizations  not  allied  to  either  dentistry  or  medicine,  such  as  the  Union 
League,   the  Illinois  Club  and  the  Chicago  Athletic  Association. 

Dr.  Brophy  is  quite  a  constant  contributor  to  professional  literature,  but 
the  active  duties  of  his  calling  consume  so  much  of  his  time  and  strength  that 
he  has  essayed  as  yet  nothing  in  book  form.  Mention  should  here  be  made 
of  one  of  the  latest  honors  conferred  upon  him  in  the  form  of  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.,  which  he  received  from  the  Lake  Forest  University  at  the  Commence- 
ment exercises  in    1895. 

On  May  8,  1873,  Dr.  Brophy  was  united  in  marriage  to  Emma  J.  Mason, 
daughter  of  Carlile  Mason,  of  Chicago,  President  of  the  Excelsior  Iron  Works. 
They  have  three  daughters  and  one  son  —  the  latter,  fourteen  years  of  age, 
probably  destined  to  follow  in  his  father's  footsteps. 


WILLIAM    LOWRY    COPELAND,    M.   D. 

Dr.  Copeland  is  of  Irish-American  extraction,  coming  of  that  stock  which 
has  done  so  much  to  fix  the  electrical  temperament  upon  us  as  a  people.  The 
Celtic  blood  in  our  veins  is  what  particularly  distinguishes  the  American  from 
the  English  type,  and  Dr.  Copeland  is  a  pronounced  representative  of  that 
valuable  element  in  the  national  temperament.  He  is  of  the  dark,  sanguine 
cast,  with  pronounced  features,  manly  voice,  and  of  a  stature  considerably  above 
the  average.  His  father,  William  Lowry,  also  was  born  in  the  north  of  Ire- 
land, but  left  there  with  his  parents  for  New  York  State  when  he  was  four 
years  of  age  and  settled  at  Lewistown,  N.  Y.  About  five  years  later  he  moved 
to  Canada,  and  in  his  fifteenth  year  became  a  clerk  in  the  St.  Catharine's 
postoffice,  being  subsequently  appointed  postmaster  and  retaining  his  connec- 
tion with  that    institution  for  over  forty  years. 

Dr.  Copeland's  mother,  Dency  Prudence  Moore,  was  born  near  Ogdensburg, 
N.  Y. ,  and  possessed  an  unusually  sweet  and  amiable  disposition,  which  en- 
deared her  to  all  with  whom  she  came  in  contact.  The  husband  and  father 
died  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven  years,  leaving  four  sons  and  two  daughters. 


E,=  »,.H«,«rT..^.,  J^,C„ 


COLLEGE    OE  DENTAL    SURGERY.  435 

Dr.  Copeland  was  born  on  the  seventh  of  January,  185 1,  at  St.  Catharines, 
Ontario,  or,  as  it  was  then  called.  Upper  Canada.  Educated  in  the  public 
school  of  his  native  place,  in  accord  with  his  father's  wish  that  he  should  select 
a  profession  he  chose  that  of  medicine  as  the  one  best  adapted  to  his  tastes 
and  temperament.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  entered  the  ofifice  of  Drs.  Cross 
and  Downey.  His  studies  were  directed  by  them  until  in  the  Fall  of  the  same 
year  (1868),  when  he  was  prepared  to  matriculate  at  McGill  College,  Montreal. 
Graduating  from  that  institution  in  the  Spring  of  1872,  he  went  to  Toronto 
and  passed  the  examination  of  the  Ontario  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
obtaining  a  license  to  practice  in  that  province.  Wishing,  however,  to  obtain  a 
practical  and  general  experience  before  embarking  in  his  life  work,  he  went 
abroad  for  the  purpose  of  investigating  the   methods  of  the  British   hospitals. 

Dr.  Copeland  spent  a  year  at  the  London  hospitals  and  obtained  the  de- 
gree of  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  England.  Afterward  he  was 
employed  for  several  months  as  House  Surgeon  in  the  Reading  Hospital,  Berk- 
shire, and  then  spending  a  short  time  in  visiting  other  points  of  professional 
interest  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  he  returned  to  his  home  at  St.  Catharines. 

At  the  solicitation  of  his  parents  Dr.  Copeland  commenced  practice  in  his 
native  town,  being  soon  appointed  Physician  and  Surgeon  to  the  St.  Catharines 
General  and  Marine  Hospital.  The  position  was  no  sinecure,  as  the  new  Wel- 
land  Canal  was  then  in  course  of  construction,  and,  a  large  number  of  men 
being  employed  upon  the  work,  the  hospital  was  often  full  of  patients.  Dr. 
Copeland's  stay  of  five  years  at  the  St.  Catharines  Hospital  established  his 
reputation  as  a  physician  and  surgeon  and  gave  him.  a  remarkaljly  broad  and 
valuable  experience.  As  in  the  natural  course  of  events,  however,  his  hospital 
practice  decreased.  Dr.  Copeland  looked  around  for  a  broader  field  and  one 
which  promised  a    permanent   increase. 

In  1879,  therefore,  at  the  request  of  some  of  his  friends,  he  visited  Chicago 
for  the  first  time  and  was  so  impressed  with  its  professional  advantages  that 
in  the  Fall  of  that  year  he  moved  with  his  family  and  household  effects  to  this 
city.  Before  long  he  had  established  a  good  private  practice,  and  when  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  organized  he  received  an  appointment 
on  the  dispensary  staff,  which  he  held  for  about  five  years.  In  1892  Dr.  Cope- 
land was  also  appointed  one  of  the  Attending  Physicians  to  the  Cook  County 
Hospital.  When  the  College  of  Dental  Surgery  was  reorganized  in  1884  he 
accepted  the  professorship  of  Anatomy  in  that  institution,  which  position  he 
still  retains. 

Naturally  Dr.  Copeland  is  associated  with  the  leading  organizations  of  his 
profession,  having  a  membership  in  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago 
Pathological  Society  and  the  American  Medical  Association,  joining  the  two  first 
named  shortly  after   locating  in  this  city.      At  different  times  he  has  been  con- 


436  COLLEGE   OF  DEN'J AL    SURGERY. 

nected  with  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen,  Order  of  Chosen  Friends  and  the  Royal  League,  his  pressing  and 
increasing  professional  duties  obliging  him  to  withdraw  from  all  of  the  above 
except  the  last  named.  Before  severing  his  connection  with  the  I.  O.  O.  F., 
however,  he  had  passed  through  all  the  chairs  and  served  as  Representative  to 
the  Grand  Lodge.  As  the  Doctor  expresses  it:  "Li  Canada  I  was  a  Conservative 
in  politics  and  a  Presbyterian  in  religion.  I  am  still  a  Presbyterian  and  a 
Democrat,  and  am  firmly  convinced  that  local  affairs  should  be  kept  out  of  all 
forms  of   politics." 

Li  1875  I-^^-  Copeland  married  Mary  St.  John,  second  daughter  of  the  late 
Samuel  L.  St.  John,  of  St.  Catharines,  and  sister  of  Dr.  Leonard  and  Frederick 
St.  John,  of  this  city.  They  have  two  daughters,  the  eldest,  Maud,  having 
lately  graduated  from  St.  Agnes  School,  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  taking  a  course  of  two 
years  in  half  the  time.  She  had  previously  passed  through  the  Chicago  High 
School,  and,  as  during  her  four  years  of  study  at  that  institution  she  maintained 
the  unusually  high  average  of  over  90  per  cent.,  it  goes  without  saying  that 
she  is  a  young  lady  of  remarkable  attainments  and  a  brilliant  future.  The 
younger  daughter.  Belle,  still  attends  the  public  schools,  where  her  progress  is 
very  satisfactory. 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 
DENTAL  SCHOOL 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY  DENTAL  SCHOOL 


By  EDGAR   D.  SWAIN,  D.  D.  S.,  Dean. 


SCHOOL    FOUNDED  (1887). 

Dr.  W.  W.  Allport  may  be  considered  the  father  of  the  idea  to  estabHsh 
a  dental  school  in  Chicago  with  higher  educational  requirements  for  admission 
than  were  made  obligatory  by  any  institution  of  the  kind  then  in  existence. 
His  plan,  however,  was  but  in  line  with  the  policy  adopted  years  before,  when 
the  substantial  foundation  was  laid  of  the  Medical  Department  of  Lind  Uni- 
versity, subsequently  the  Chicago  Medical  College  and  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Medical  School. 

In  September,  1886,  at  Dr.  Allport's  office,  a  meeting  was  held  for  the 
purpose  of  discussing  the  enterprise,  at  which  were  present  its  originator  and 
Drs.  Charles  P.  Pruyn,  J.  S.  Marshall,  A.  E.  Baldwin,  Arthur  B.  Freeman, 
Arthur  E.  Matteson  and  Charles  R.  Baker.  The  project  was  pushed  along  so 
energetically  that  within  the  coming  year  the  school  was  organized  as  the  Den- 
tal Department  of  the  Northwestern  University,  with  a  faculty  consisting  of 
seventeen  professors  and  four  demonstrators,    as  follows: 

John  S.   Marshall,  M.   D.,  Dean,  Professor  of  Oral  Surgery. 

W.  W.  Allport,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Operative  Dentistry. 

*Edmund  Andrews,  M.   D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery. 

*Ralph  N.  Isham,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Surgery. 

^Walter  Hay,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

L.  P.   Haskell,  D.   D.   S.,  Professor  of  Mechanical  Dentistry. 

*F.   C.   Schaefer,  M.   D.,  Professor  of  Descriptive  Anatomy. 

R.  F.  Ludwig,  D.  D.  S.,  Treasurer,  Professor  of  Clinical  Operative  Den- 
tistry. 

A.  E.  Baldwin,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology  and 
Therapeutics. 

^Members  of  the  Medical  School  Faculty. 

439 


440  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSETY   DENTAL    SCHOOL. 

Charles  P.  Pruyn,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Operative  Dentistry. 

"^■John   H.    Long,  Sc.  D.,  Professor  of  General  and  Medical  Chemistry. 

*R.    W.    Bishop,    A.    B.,  M.    D.,  Professor  of  Physiology. 

*W.    E.  Casselberry,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics. 

*F.  S.  Johnson,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Pathological 
Anatomy. 

C.    R.    Baker,    D.    D.    S.,  Professor  of  Metallurgy  and  Oral  Chemistry. 

Arthur  B.  Freeman,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Secretary,  Professor  of  Compara- 
tive Dental  Anatomy. 

*Frank  T.    Andrews,  A.    M.,  M.    D.,  Professor  of  Histology. 

Arthur  E.    Matteson,  Lecturer  on  Dental  Deformities. 

*Elbert  Wing,  A.    M.,  M.    D.,  Demonstrator  of  Pathology. 

^Herbert  H.    Frothingham,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

*George  W.    Webster,  M.    D.,  Demonstrator  of  Physiology. 

THE     CURRICULUM. 

The  dental  department  was  first  established  in  a  private  residence — two 
stories  and  basement — rented  for  the  purpose,  at  No.  51  Twenty-sixth  Street, 
opposite  the  Chicago  Medical  College.  At  the  time  no  other  dental  school  in 
the  country  was  providing  its  students  with  a  longer  course  than  two  years, 
covering  two  annual  terms  of  five  months  each;  but  the  new  department,  from 
the  first,  furnished  instruction  during  six  months  of  the  year  for  a  course  of 
three  years.  After  passing  an  examination  in  the  English  branches  and  m 
either  Physics,  Botany,  French,  German  or  Latin,  or  by  furnishing  the  faculty 
with  a  certificate  of  graduation  from  literary  college,  scientific  school  or  academy, 
its  students  commenced  their  dental  course  by  receiving  instruction  with  the 
medical  students  in  the  fundamental  sciences  pertaining  to  medicine  and  sur- 
gery, namely:  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Histology,  General  Chemistry  and  Micros- 
copy.     To  these  was  added  a  thorough  drill  in  Mechanical  Dentistry. 

The  second  year's  course  embraced  General  Pathology  and  Pathological 
Anatomy,  Materia  Medica  and  General  Therapeutics,  Medical  Chemistry,  Den- 
tal Pathology  and  Therapeutics,  Principles  and  Practice  of  Operative  Dentistry, 
Comparative  Dental  Anatomy  and  Demonstrations  in  Operative  Dentistry. 

The  branches  taught  during  the  third  year  were  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery,  Medical  Jurisprudence,  Oral  Surgery  and  Dental 
Deformities  and   Operative  Dentistry. 

Clinical  instruction  was  made  a  prominent  feature  of  the  curriculum.  As 
announced    by    the    faculty:     "The    method  of    instruction    termed    clinical,    by 

*Menibers  of  the   Medical   School   Faculty. 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY   DENTAL    SCHOOL.  441 

which  each  student  is  required  to  make  direct  personal  examination  of  patients, 
has  been  always  a  conspicuous  element  in  the  system  of  instruction  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  and  it  will  be  the  aim  of  the  dental  department  to 
follow  this  plan  as  fully  as    possible." 

To  this  end  the  first  and  second  year  students  received  instruction  at  the 
dental  infirmary  by  practical  demonstration  in  all  the  methods  of  constructing 
artificial  dentures  upon  rubber,  gold,  silver,  continuous  gum,  crown  and  bridge 
work.  Practical  operations  were  performed  by  the  second  and  third  year 
students  with  gold  and  the  plasters,  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the 
demonstrators.  In  addition  to  these  infirmary  clinics,  second  year  students 
took  a  special  clinical  course  in  general  and  Oral  Surgery  at  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
pital, and  third  year  students  received  instruction  in  the  same  line  at  Mercy 
Hospital. 

A  fourth  year  was  also  provided  for  those  who  desired  to  continue  their 
studies  and  take  the  degree  of   M.    D. 

Briefly,  the  system  of  instruction  adopted  by  the  new  dental  department 
was  the  graded  course,  a  system  first  established  in  this  country  by  the  Chicago 
Medical  College  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  previous.  The  couri;e  of 
instruction  was  also  so  arranged  as  to  be  in  harmony  with  a  resolution  which 
had  recently  been  passed  by  the  American  Medical  Association,  thereby  en- 
titling the  graduates  of  the  Northwestern  University  Dental  Department  to 
become  members  of  that  national    organization. 

When  the  dental  department  was  first  established  the  quarters  provided 
seemed  adequate  and  even  commodious.  Large  rooms  were  furnished  for  dis- 
secting purposes  and  for  the  preservation  of  material  required  in  the  anatomical 
studies.  There  were  Chemical,  Microscopical  and  Bacteriological  laboratories, 
a  library  and  reading  room,  and  a  museum  supplied  with  preparations  and 
specimens  illustrative  of  Normal  Pathological  and  Comparative  Anatomy  and 
of  Materia  Medica.      These  were  in  the  medical  school. 

It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  as  the  corporate  home  of  the  de- 
partment was  established  in  simply  what  was  formerly  a  rather  commodious 
house,  where  it  remained  for  four  years,  it  would  at  the  present  time  be  con- 
sidered insufferably  condensed. 

During  this  period  few  changes  were  made  in  the  faculty,  these  few  occur- 
ring in  the  third  year,  when  George  W.  Whitefield  became  Professor  of  Electro- 
Therapeutics;  E.  L.  Clifford,  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology  and  Therapeu- 
tics; Byron  S.  Palmer,  Professor  of  Dental  Technics;  George  W.  Haskins, 
Lecturer  on  Metallurgy  and  Demonstrator  of  Mechanical  Dentistry;  D.  C. 
Bacon,  Lecturer  on  Prothetic  Dentistry;  and  George  J.  Dennis,  Lecturer  on 
Operative  Dentistry  and  Clinical  Instructor. 


442  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY   DENTAL    SCHOOL. 

FIRST    GRADUATING    CLASS    (1890). 

The  first  graduating  class  of  April,  1890,  consisted  of  nine  members — Isaac 
A.  Freeman,  Samuel  H.  Hunt,  William  B.  McCord,  Arthur  E.  Matteson, 
Charles  W.  Richardson,  William  C.  Wise,  Sylvester  M.  Wilkie,  Lucius  E. 
Richardson  and  William  O.  Vallette,  of  whom  all  but  the  two  last  named  are 
now  practicing  in  Chicago.  Two  members  of  the  class  are  also  members  of 
the  present  faculty. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  class  was  small — in  fact  by  the  adoption  and 
maintenance  of  its  high  standard  of  qualifications,  both  for  admission  and 
graduation,  the  dental  college  labored  under  the  same  disadvantages  as  did 
the  Chicago  Medical  College  during  the  early  portion  of  its  career;  but  while 
the  attendance  was  thus  restricted  and  the  graduating  classes  limited,  those 
who  did  receive  their  degrees  and  went  into  active  practice  were  a  credit  to 
the  institution  and  living  illustrations  of  its  faithful  and  high-grade  work.  To 
maintain  that  standard,  in  fact,  members  of  the  faculty  were  often  obliged  to 
meet  the  more  pressing  obligations  of  the  department  from  their  private 
resources. 

AFFIITATION    AND    REORGANIZATION    (1891). 

In  the  early  part  of  1891,  those  most  deeply  interested  in  the  University 
Dental  School,  realizing  that  something  must  be  done  to  continue  the  school, 
made  a  proposition  to  the  authorities  of  the  Northwestern  University  that  they 
assume  its  debts  and  become  the  owners,  in  fact.  The  proposition  was  finally 
accepted,  and  immediate  steps  were  taken  to  place  the  school  upon  a  better 
foundation.  The  name  was  changed  to  "The  Northwestern  University  Dental 
School."  The  second  story  of  a  building  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Twenty- 
second  Street  and  Indiana  Avenue  was  secured  and  divided  into  the  necessary 
lecture  and  class  rooms,  with  what  was  then  thought  to  be  clinical  rooms  suf- 
ficient for  many  years  to  come. 

Believing  that  the  teaching  of  dentistry  should  be  elevated  to  a  higher 
standard,  and  that  the  studies  of  Anatomy,  Chemistry,  Histology  and  Surgery 
could  be  better  taught  the  dental  student  in  a  medical  school,  arrangment  was 
made  for  these  branches  with  the  Northwestern  University  Medical  School. 
This  plan  was  followed  during  the  terms  of  1891-92  and  1892-93,  when  it  was 
decided  to  transfer  part  of  these  studies  to  the  regular  dental  faculty,  for  the 
reason  that  the  hours  for  lectures  interfered  with  the  purely  dental  require- 
ments; consequently,  for  the  past  three  years,  only  Chemistry  and  Anatomy 
have  been  taught  dental  students  in  the  medical  school. 

In  the  reorganization  it  was  decided  that  to  raise  the  standard  of  dental 
education  it  was  necessary  first  to  raise  the  standard  of  students;  therefore,  it 
was  required  that  applicants  for  admission  must  present  diplomas  or  certificates 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY   DENTAL    SCHOOL.  443 

from  recognized  colleges,  schools  of  science,  academies  or  high  schools,  or 
teachers'  certificates  of  the  first  grade;  or  sustain  an  examination  in  English, 
Arithmetic,  Physics  and  Geography,  translating  into  English  a  sentence  in 
Latin  or  German.  This  rule  has  been  rigidly  adhered  to,  and  has  demonstrated 
the  wisdom  by  the  continued  improvement  from  year  to  year  of  the  students 
applying  for  admission  and  the  consequent  growth  of  the  reputation  of  the 
school. 

A  noteworthy  feature  of  this  reorganization  of  1891  was  the  establishment  of 
the  department  of  Dental  Technics,  accomplished  largely  through  the  efforts  of 
Professor  Greene  V.  Black,  one  of  the  world's  foremost  authorities  in  this  line. 
In  brief,  the  department  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  the  technical 
operations  of  dentistry  systematically,  by  means  of  a  series  of  operations  upon 
teeth  out  of  the  mouth.  It  was  divided  into  two  courses,  the  Operative  and 
the  Prothetic.  In  the  former  the  students  make  a  regular  series  of  cuttings 
of  natural  teeth  in  such  a  way  as  to  become  very  familiar,  by  numerous 
repetitions,  with  such  characteristics  as  the  sizes,  forms  and  relations  of  pulp 
chambers  and  root  canals,  and  the  physical  qualities  and  relations  of  dentine 
and  enamel.  Cavities  are  prepared  and  fillings  made  with  all  the  materials 
in  common  use  and  root  canals  are  cleansed  and  filled.  Prothetic  Technics 
includes  the  construction  of  crown  and  bridge  work  and  of  all  regulating 
appliances,  the  student  being  also  taught  the  manipulations  for  rubber  work, 
the  making  of  dies,  the  taking  of  impressions  and  manufacture  of  all  the  styles  of 
artificial  dentures,  and  the  backing  and  soldering  of  teeth.  In  other  words,  this 
course  embraces  the  mechanics  of  dentistry  and  the  former  its  operations. 

It  was  during  the  year  1891  that  Dr.  Edgar  D.  Swain,  the  present 
incumbent,  was  called  to  assume  the  duties  and  responsibilites  of  the  deanship 
and  Dr.  Edmund  Noyes  was  made  Secretary.  Greene  V.  Black  was  called  to 
the  chair  of  Dental  Pathology,  George  H.  Gushing  to  that  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Dental  Surgery,  Thomas  L.  Gilmer  became  Professor  of  Oral 
Surgery,  W.  B.  Ames,  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry,  D.  M.  Cattell,  Professor 
of  Operative  Technics,  and  H.  P.  Smith,  Instructor  in  Prothetic  Technics. 

GROWTH    DURING    1891-1896. 

For  the  session  of  1891-92  there  were  enrolled:  Freshmen,  28;  Juniors,  6; 
Seniors,   18.     The  graduates  numbered   18. 

The  enrollment  for  1892-93:  Freshmen,  31;  Juniors,  26;  Seniors,  6; 
Graduates,  6.  During  this  year  the  course  was  lengthened  from  two  to  three 
years,  in  compliance  with  a  resolution  adopted  by  the  National  Board  of 
Dental   Faculties. 

Figures  for  1893-94:     Freshmen,  2)?)\  Juniors,  36;  Seniors,  25;  Graduates,  24. 

In  1894-95  there  were  44  Freshmen,  38  Juniors,  32  Seniors  and  29 
Graduates, 


444  NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY    DENTAL    SCHOOL. 

Record  for  1895-96:  Freshmen,  59;  Juniors,  40;  Seniors,  27;  showing  for 
each  year  a  steady  and  healthy  growth. 

PRESENT    ACCOMMODATIONS. 

The  school  was  removed  in  the  Fall  of  1893  to  the  new  building  erected 
by  the  university  for  the  medical  and  dental  departments.  It  is  located  at 
Nos.  2429-31  Dearborn  Street,  in  close  proximity  to  the  building  erected  for 
laboratories,  in  which  is  given  the  instruction  in  chemistry  and  in  the  laboratory 
work  of  histology  and  pathology  for  the  medical  and  dental  schools.  The 
anatomical  rooms  are  there,  also. 

Two  floors  in  the  new  building  were  prepared  specially  for  the  exclusive 
use  of  the  dental  school.  There  were  ample  lecture  rooms,  laboratories  for 
operative  and  prothetic  technics  and  a  large  operating  room,  with  light  on  four 
sides  and  ample  accommodations  for  large  classes  and  numerous  patients. 

Second  and  third  year  students  are  required  to  perform  practical  operations 
for  patients  in  the  operating  room  and  laboratory  of  the  dental  infirmary. 
This  work  is  done  under  the  supervision  of  the  professors  of  Operative  or 
Prothetic  dentistry,  or  of  skilled  demonstrators.  The  superiority  of  this  mode 
of  instruction  is  apparent  over  that  in  which  the  students  are  simply  allowed 
to  practice  in  the  clinic  rooms  but  receive  little  or  no  teaching  except  in  the 
lecture  room. 

The  school  commenced  the  session  of  1893-94  in  its  new  quarters  with  a 
feeling  that  sufficient  accommodations  had  been  provided  for  an  expansion  of 
several  years.  They  were,  however,  crowded  during  the  first  session,  which 
condition  increased  each  subsequent  year  until  the  authorities  were  compelled  to 
acknowledge  during  the  session  of  1895-96  that  the  facilities  for  further  success 
and  growth  were  entirely  inadequate,  and  that  something  must  be  done.  In 
looking  about  for  relief,  a  proposition  was  received  from  the  American  College  of 
Dental  Surgery  to  consolidate  the  two  schools. 

CONSOLIDATION    WITH    AMERICAN    SCHOOL    OF    DENTISTRY    (1896). 

The  American  School  was  organized  in  1886,  and  had  made  a  most  marvelous 
growth  in  the  ten  years  of  its  existence,  its  class  in  1895-96  numbering  four 
hundred  and  fifty  students.  To  accommodate  this  unusual  expansion  it  had 
been  compelled  to  move  into  ample  quarters,  on  the  corner  of  Madison  and 
Franklin  streets.  Thereby  the  management  had  builded  for  a  further  growth, 
as  the  building  can  accommodate  from  five  hundred  and  fifty  to  six  hundred 
students.  This  plant,  with  its  facilities  added  to  those  of  the  Northwestern 
School,  it  was  thought,  would  supply  the  necessary  room  for  growth.  Therefore 
the  Northwestern  University  became  its  owner,  and  has  consolidated  the  two 
schools  under  the  name  of  the  Northwestern  University  Dental  School. 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY    DENTAI    SCHOOL.  445 

THE    FACULTY    OF     1 887-96. 

As  to  the  changes  in  the  faculty  and  the  terms  of  service  of  those  who 
have  held  full  professorships  in  the  dental  school  during  the  decade  of  its  exis- 
tence, it  may  be  stated  that — 

W.  W.  Allport,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  Emeritus  Professor  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Operative  Dentistry  from   1887  to   1891. 

John  S.  Marshall  served  as  Dean  during  the  same  period,  being  succeeded 
by  Edgar  D.   Swain,    D.  D.  S.,  the  present  incumbent,    in   1891. 

The  chair  of  Oral  Surgery  was  also  held  by  Dr.  Marshall  during  1887-91, 
Thomas  L.  Gilmer,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  assuming  it  in  the  latter  year  and  con- 
tinuing in  that  position  to  the  present  time. 

Greene  V.  Black,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  was  chosen  Professor  of  Dental  Path- 
ology in  1 89 1,  and  after  two  years  assumed  his  present  chair,  that  of  Special 
Pathology. 

As  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Dental  Surgery,  George  H. 
Gushing,    M.    D.,    D.   D.    S.,    has  served  during    the  past  five  years,    1891-96. 

Charles  P.  Pruyn,  one  of  the  originators  of  the  school,  occupied  the  chair 
of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Operative  Dentistry  in  1887-92,  of  Elementary 
Chemistry   and   Physics  in    1892-93,  and  was  Superintendent  of  Instruction  from 

1893-95- 

Arthur  B.  Freeman,    M.   D.,    D.    D.,    another  of  the  founders  of  the  dental 

school,    was    elected    at     its    organization    to    the    professorship  of    Comparative 

Dental    Anatomy,     serving    18S7-93.       He     was    also    Secretary    of    the    Faculty 

1887-91. 

George  W.  Whitfield,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  was  Professor  of  Electro-Thera- 
peutics,   1889-91,    and  of  Crown  and  Bridge  work,    1891-92. 

L.  P.  Haskell  served  as  Professor  of  Mechanical  Dentistry  1887-90,  and  of 
Prothetic  Dentistry  1890-91.  W.  B.  Ames,  D.  D.  S.,  held  the  last  named 
chair,    1891-93. 

Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry  and  of  Crown  and  Bridge  Work,  George 
J.    Dennis,    M.   D.,    D.   D.    S.,    1893-96. 

R.  F.  Ludwig,  D.  D.  S.,  held  the  professorship  of  Clinical  Operative 
Dentistry  1887-91,    and   Isaac  A.    Freeman,    D.  D.    S.,    the  same  chair   1891-92. 

During  the  year  last  named  Dr.  Freeman  was  chosen  Professor  of  Profes- 
sional Ethics  and  Deportment  and  Office  Hygiene.  He  has  been  Auditor 
since    1894. 

A.  E.  Baldwin,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  was  Professor  of  Dental  Pathology  and 
Therapeutics  1887-89,  and  E.  L.  Clifford,  D.  D.  S.,  1889-90.  For  the  suc- 
ceeding two  years  Dr.  Clifford  was  Professor  of  Dental  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics,  and  Elgin  MacWhinney,  D.  D.  S.,  has  held  the  same  position 
since    1893. 


446  NORTHWESTERN   UNIVERSITY    DENTAL    SCHOOL. 

C.  R.  Baker,  D.  D.  S.,  was  chosen  Professor  of  Metallurgy  and  Oral 
Chemistry  in    1887,  serving  two  years. 

Professor  of  Dental  Technics,  Byron  S.  Palmer,  B.  S.,  D.  D.  S.,  1890-91. 
For  1891-93  Dr.  Palmer  was  also  Professor  of  Dental  Embryology  and  His- 
tology, the  same  chair  having  been  held  by  Henry  P.  Wadsworth,  M.  D.,  D, 
D.    S.,   since   1893. 

During  the  period  1891-96  George  W.  Haskins,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  has 
either  occupied  the  chair  of  Metallurgy  or  of  Prothetic  Technics,  his  title 
having  been  since    1893   Professor  of  Metallurgy  and  Prothetic  Technics. 

David  M.  Cattell,  D.  D.  S.,  was  Professor  of  Operative  Technics  1891-93, 
and  Professor  of    Operative  Technics  and  Dental  Anatomy,    1893-96. 

Arthur  E.  Matteson,  D.  D.  S.,  served  as  Professor  of  Dental  Deformities, 
1889-91,  and  Professor  of  Orthodontia  1891-96.  He  was  also  Treasurer  of  the 
Faculty   1891-94. 

R.    F.    Ludwig,    D.   D.    S.,    acted  as  Treasurer  from    1887   to   1891. 

The  Superintendents  of  the  Infirmary  have  been  :  M.  A.  Newman,  D.  D.  S., 
1890-92;     C.   W.   Leake,   D.    D.   S.,    1892-93;    James    H.    Prothero,    D.   D.    S., 

1893-95- 

The  present  faculty  is  as  follows  : 

Henry  Wade  Rogers,    LL.    D.,    President. 

Edgar  Denman  Swain,    D.   D.    S.,    Dean. 

Edmund  Noyes,   D.   D.   S.,    Secretary. 

Isaac  Austin  Freeman,    D.   D.    S.,    Auditor. 

Greene   Vardiman  Black.    M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,    Professor  of  Special  Pathology. 

'^"George  Hoppin  Gushing,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Dental  Surgery. 

John  Harper  Long,  Sc.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Director  of  the 
Chemical  Laboratories. 

Thomas  Lewis  Gilmer,    M.   D.,    D.    D.    S.,    Professor  of  Oral  Surgery. 

Arthur  Elon  Matteson,    D.    D.    S.,    Professor  of  Orthodontia. 

George  William  Haskins,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Metallurgy  and 
of  Prothetic  Technics. 

David  Mahlon  Cattell,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Operative  Technics  and  of 
Dental  Anatomy. 

Libni  Benjamin  Hayman,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Ther- 
apeutics. 

George  James  Dennis,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Prothetic  Dentistry 
and  of  Crown  and  Bridge  Work. 

Elgin  MacWhinney,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Special  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics. 

*  Professor  Gushing  gives  clinical  instruction  in  the  infirmary  three  afternoons  a  week. 


I 


NORTHWESTERN   UNIVERSITY   DENTAL    SCHOOL.  447 

William  G.  Stearns,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Principles  of  General  Pathology 
and  Pathological  Anatomy. 

William    Wadsworth    Wentworth,   A.   B.,    M.   D.,    Professor  of  Physiology. 

Frederick  Menge,    M.   D.,    Professor  of  Histology. 

Henry  Palmer  Wadsworth,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Dental  Embry- 
ology and  Histology. 

Charles  Edward  Sayre,  D.  V.  S.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Comparative  Anat- 
omy. 

Paul  Chamberlain  Boomer,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Walter  Steele  Barnes,    M.   D.,    Instructor    and    Demonstrator  of    Anatomy. 

Edward  Crane  Miller,    M.   D.,    Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Charles  Henderson  Miller,    Ph.    G.,    Instructor  in  Chemistry. 

Peter  Thomas  Burns,    M.   D.,   Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy.' 

Henry  William  Cheney,    M.   D.,   Assistant  Demonstrator  of   Anatomy. 

Frederick  Bogue  Noyes,    A.    B.,    D.   D.    S.,    Demonstrator  of  Histology. 

Gerret  John  Hagens,    M.   D.,   Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

Isaac  Donaldson  Rawlings,  B.  S.,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy. 

James  H.  Prothero,  D.  D.  S.,  Superintendent  of  Infirmary  and  Demon- 
strator of  Operative  Dentistry. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


EDGAR  DENMAN  SWAIN,   D.  D.  S. 

Dr.  Swain,  son  of  Dr.  Marcus  and  Charlotte  Woodbury  Swain,  was  born 
at  Westford,  Vt. ,  on  August  14,  1836,  his  father  being  a  practicing  physician  in 
his  native  town  and  of  Scotch  descent,  his  mother,   of  Enghsh  extraction. 

Young  Swain's  early  education  was  only  that  obtainable  at  the  common 
schools,  supplemented  by  a  brief  academical  course  at  Colchester  and  Swanton 
academies.  When  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age  he  went  to  Worcester,  Mass., 
where  for  a  year  he  worked  in  a  machine  shop.  While  here  he  determined  to 
become  a  dentist,  and  in  accordance  with  this  resolve  in  1855  entered  an 
office  at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y. ,  remaining  there  for  two  years. 

At  this  latter  date  he  removed  to  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  and  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  partnership  with  Dr.  L.  D.  Parker.  A  year  later  he 
went  to  Aurora,  111.,  associating  himself  with  Dr.  O.  Wilson,  and  a  year  later 
located  at  Batavia,  111.  Here  he  practiced  his  profession  alone  until  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  in    1861. 

Shortly  after  the  first  call  for  men  by  President  Lincoln  he  assisted  in  the 
organization  of  Company  I,  Forty-second  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  which 
company  he  was  made  Captain,  and  was  mustered  into  the  service  on  July  22, 
1861. 

During  the  war  he  served  with  great  honor  and  distinction,  both  to  him- 
self and  to  his  country,  being  present  and  doing  excellent  service  at  all  the 
battles  of  the  Department  of  the  Cumberland,  his  regiment  having  been  on 
skirmish  line  during  the  entire  Atlanta  campaign.  In  recognition  of  his  valu- 
able services  he  was  promoted,  on  October  13,  1863,  to  be  Lieutenant-Colonel 
of  the  regiment.  In  April,  1864,  he  received  his  commission  as  its  Colonel,  but 
was  never  mustered  in  as  such.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  breveted  Colonel  of 
United  States  Volunteers  for  meritorious   services. 

In  July,  1865,  by  order  of  General  Stanley,  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  Second  Brigade,  Second  Division,  Fourth  Army  Corps,  and  remained  in 
command  of  the  same  until  he  was  mustered  out  in  January,  1866.  Retiring 
from  the  service  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Forty-second  Illinois  Infantry, 
Veteran  Volunteers,  on  the  sixteenth  of  December,  1865,  he  returned  to  Chicago 
and  to  civil  life. 

448 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY   DENTAL    SCHOOL.  449 

Throwing  aside  his  well-earned  and  honorable  title,  he  at  once  assumed 
the  duties  of  his  profession.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Chicago  he  engaged  himself 
as  assistant  to  Dr.  George  H.  Gushing,  dentist,  after  which  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  Dr.  Noble,  and  in    1870  established  himself   alone. 

In  March,  1877,  he  again  entered  the  military  service  of  his  State  as  Major 
of  the  First  Regiment  Illinois  Infantry,  National  Guard,  participating  with  that 
regiment  during  the  troublous  times  of  the  railroad  and  mining  riots  of  that 
Summer.  He  was  later  made  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  in  December  of  the 
same  year  Colonel  of  his  regiment,  which  command  he  retained  for  four  years, 
at  which  time  he  retired  from  military  life  altogether,  feeling,  with  true  and 
patriotic  spirit,  that  ten  years'  volunteer  service  for  his  State  and  country,  four 
years  and  seven  months  of  which  were  passed  in  the  arduous  duties  of  real 
war,  justly  relieved  him  of  further  personal  responsibility  in  the  work  of  uphold- 
ing the  stability  of    State  and  Nation. 

In  the  past  he  has  been  an  active  G.  A.  R.  man  and  was  Commander  of 
George  H.  Thomas  Post  for  three  years.  Commander  of  the  Department  of 
Illinois  during  the  years  1880  and  1881  and  Senior  Vice-Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  organization  in  1891-92.  He  was  President  of  the  Chicago  Dental 
Society  in  1874  and  of  the  Illinois  State  Dental  Society  during  1875.  Since 
1891  he  has  also  been  closely  identified  with  the  Northwestern  University 
Dental  School,  having  served  as  Dean  of  the  Faculty  since  that  year. 

In  1869  Dr.  Swain  was  married  to  Miss  Clara  Smith,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Smith,  an  early  resident  of  Chicago.  There  are  few  couples  in  the  city  who 
have  a  larger  circle  of  personal  friends  than  they,  to  the  Doctor's  naturally 
genial  disposition  being  added  a  courtly  bearing  which  invariably  clings  to  one 
who  has  seen  such  long  military  service  as  he.  In  fact,  he  is  as  widely  known 
sociably  as  professionally,  and  has  made  his  mark  in  the  history  of  the  city, 
State  and  Nation. 


I 


THE  CHICAGO  POLICLINIC 


i 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CHICAGO  POLICLINIC 


By  TRUMAN  W.  MILLER,  M.  D.,  President. 


THE  ORGANIZATION    (1886). 

The  Chicago  Poh'cHnic  began  its  first  course  of  instruction  in  a  rented 
house,  situated  on  the  corner  of  Chicago  and  La  Salle  avenues,  on  July  26, 
1886,  and  its  growth  and  uninterrupted  prosperity  since  that  date  have  placed 
it  in  the   foremost  ranks  of    post-graduate    medical  institutions  in   this  country. 

It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  and  speaks  well  for  the  wise  management  and  the 
substantial  character  of  the  institution  that  the  majority  of  those  who  were 
instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  the  Policlinic  and  were  members  of  its  origi- 
nal  faculty  are  still  identified  with  it.  Following  is  a  list  of  those  who  were 
elected  to  its  faculty  a  decade  ago  and  are  still  connected  with  it  in  similar 
capacities: 

Truman  W.  Miller,  President  and  Professor  of  General  and  Genito-Urinary 
Surgery. 

Christian  Fenger,  Professor  of    Surgery, 

Nicholas  Senn,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

John  H.    Chew,  Treasurer  and  Professor  of  Medicine. 

Fernand  Henrotin,  Secretary  and  Professor  of    Gynecology, 

Moreau  R.    Brown,  Professor  of  Laryngology  and  Rhinology. 

R.   D.   MacArthur,  Professor  of  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases. 

A.  E.  Hoadley,  Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  and  Diseases  of  the 
Joints. 

Wm.   T.   Belfield,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

J.    Elliott  Colburn,  Professor  of  Ophthalmology. 

George  F.   Fiske,  Professor  of   Otology. 

Malcolm  L.    Harris,  Professor  of  Surgery. 

Henry  Hooper,  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

James  H.    Etheridge,  Professor  of  Gynecology, 

F.   C,   Hotz,  Professor  of    Ophthalmology. 

Henry  Banga,  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

453 


45.4  •   CHICAGO   POLICLINIC. 

Joseph  M.    Patton,  Professor  of  Medicine. 

Henry  G.   Anthony,  Professor  of  Dermatology. 

Archibald  Church,  Professor  of  Neurology. 

To  complete  the  faculty  as  it  now  stands  the  following  members  were  sub- 
sequently added:  Otto  L.  Schmidt,  G.  Futterer  and  Henry  B.  Favill,  Profes- 
sors of  Medicine;  Edwin  M.  Smith  and  Weller  Van  Hook,  Professors  of  Sur- 
gery; W.  H.  Wilder  and  E.  L.  Holmes,  Professors  of  Ophthalmology;  C.  S. 
Bacon  and  C.  E.  Manierre,  Professors  of  Obstetrics;  E.  Fletcher  Ingals,  Pro- 
fessor of  Laryngology  and  Rhinology;  W.  S.  Christopher,  Professor  of  Diseases 
of  Children;  F.  P.  Buffum,  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriology;  H.  T. 
Patrick,  Professor  of  Neurology;  J.  P.  Houston,  Professor  of  Electro-Therapeu- 
tics; Denslow  Lewis,  Professor  of  Gynecology;  R.  R.  Campbell,  Professor  of 
Dermatology,  and  Henry  M.  Lyman,  Professor  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases. 

THE     PRESENT     STRUCTURE. 

The  Policlinic  soon  outgrew  the  quarters  wherein  it  was  first  established, 
and  in  1889  it  was  transferred  to  its  own  new  building — a  four-story  structure 
constructed  at  an  expense  of  $40,000.  Three  years  later  the  increase  of  work 
and  attendance  of  physicians  required  still  more  room,  and  the  faculty  of  the 
Policlinic  added  two  stories  to  their  building  and  erected  behind  it,  but  con- 
nected with  it,    another  structure  of  equal  size. 

The  Chicago  Policlinic  now  occupies  this  six-story  double  building  Nos. 
174-176  Chicago  Avenue,  costing  over  $100,000,  and  possesses  ample  space  and 
ever}'  facility  for  treating  the  abundant  clinical  material  which  is  supplied  by 
this  city  of  more  than  a  million  and  a  half  of  inhabitants.  It  may  be  truthfully 
said  that  the  institution  ranks  among  the  first  in  perfection  of  equipment  and 
completeness  of  appointments.  The  arrangement  of  the  various  departments 
in  the  building  is  as  follows: 

The  first  floor  of  the  front  building  is  occupied  by  the  drug-room,  waiting 
room  for  patients  and  clinical  rooms.  The  second  floor  contains  a  library  and 
smoking-room  for  physicians,  business  office  of  the  institution  and  clinical  rooms  for 
Minor  Surgery,  Ophthalmology,  Otology,  Neurology,  Dermatology  and  Medicine. 
The  next  four  floors  are  occupied  by  the  hospital,  which  contains  one  hundred 
beds,  for  surgical,  medical,  gynecological  and  obstetrical  cases.  The  sixth  floor 
contains  a  well-lighted  operating-room,  with  adjoining  bath  rooms  and  prepara- 
tion rooms,  fully  equipped  with  sterilizing  apparatus  and  all  other  requirements 
of  modern   surgery. 

The  first  floor  of  the  rear  building,  occupying  the  space  of  two  stories,  is 
the  large  amphitheater,  containing  two  hundred  and  fifty  theater  chairs  arranged 
in  ascending  tiers.      The   second  floor  contains  finely  arranged  rooms  for  Gyne- 


CHICAGO   POLICLINIC.  455 

cology,  General  Medicine  and  Nose  and  Throat  work.  Finally,  the  topmost  floor 
is  occupied  by  a  complete  and  modern  bacteriological  laboratory. 

Detached  from  the  rear  building  are  suitable  rooms  for  Dissecting,  Post- 
Mortem  Work  and  Experimental  Physiology  and  Surgery.  This  department  is 
well  lighted  and  ventilated  and  is  entirely  cut  off  from  the  rest  of  the  build- 
ing, having  its  own  separate  entrances.  Abundant  material  is  kept  on  hand 
throughout  the  year. 

The  great  need  and  value  of  post-graduate  instruction  has  long  been 
recognized.  The  unlimited  supply  of  clinical  material  in  Chicago,  with  its 
wealth  of  hospitals,  infirmaries,  dispensaries  and  medical  schools,  enables  the 
faculty  of  this  institution  to  furnish  practical  instruction  on  a  scale  as  wide  as 
that  found  abroad    and  to  offer  unusual  advantages  to  American   physicians. 

METHOD    OF     INSTRUCTION. 

Post-graduate  instruction  in  medicine  and  surgery  is  not  intended  merely 
to  supply  deficiencies  that  may  have  occurred  in  under-graduate  studies.  The 
rapid  evolution  of  medical  science,  the  new  ideas  and  the  new  theories  derived 
from  bacteriological  researches,  the  improvement  in  operative  work  and  the 
development  of  the  methods  of  applied  science — in  short,  the  whole  revolution 
that  is  now  in  progress  in  the  domain  of  medicine  must  be  brought  within 
reach  of  the  working  physician.  The  Policlinic  aims  to  do  this.  It  is  a  school 
for  the  bright  and  ambitious  men  of   the  profession. 

It  is  not  the  mere  reading  or  study  of  the  printed  page  of  text-book  or 
medical  journal,  but  careful  diagnosis  in  the  clinic  and  at  the  hospital  bedside, 
together  with  observation  and  actual  work  in  the  laboratory  and  operating-room, 
which  makes  the  efficient  physician.  Hence,  it  is  becoming  more  and  more  the 
custom  for  active  and  progressive  physicians  to  leave  their  fields  of  labor  and 
by  a  brief  course  of  instruction  to  furbish  anew  their  mental  equipment  and 
bring  themselves  into  complete  touch  with  the  most  recent  advances  and 
methods  of   medicine. 

It  is  in  this  spirit  of  progress  that  this  institution  was  organized  and  is 
now    conducted. 

The  Chicago  Policlinic  is  a  complete  hospital,  dispensaiy  and  school,  fully 
equipped  in  all  details  and  possessing  a  superabundance   of   clinical  material. 

It  is  located  in  the  North  Division  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  within  easy 
walking  distance  of  the  heart  of  the  city.  Its  ov\^n  building  contains  a  large 
hospital  and  it  is  one  block  distant  from  the  Emergency  Hospital,  ten  minutes' 
ride  from  St.  Joseph's,  the  Alexian,  the  Maurice  Porter  and  the  German  hos- 
pitals, and  twenty  minutes'  ride  from  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital.  x\ll  of 
these  institutions  are  in   the  North  Division  of   Chicago.      Besides,    the  elevated 


456  CHICAGO   POLICLINIC. 

roads  and  cable  cars  give  rapid  transit  to  the  Cook  County,  the  Michael  Reese, 
the  Presbyterian,  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  other  hospitals 
in  the  other  divisions  of   the  city. 

Members  of  the  Policlinic  faculty  are  officially  connected  with  each  of   the  ^ 

above-named  hospitals  and  they  extend  every  courtesy  and  facility  to  members 
of  the  Policlinic  classes  to  study  interesting  cases  and  witness  operations  in 
their  respective  hospitals. 

The  method  of  instruction  adopted  in  the  Policlinic  is  exclusively  practical 
and  clinical.  Members  of  the  various  classes  examine,  diagnose  and  treat  the 
cases  under  the  supervision  of  the  respective  professors.  The  large  amount  of 
clinical  material  supplied  by  the  city  allows  selection  of  cases,  so  that  the  clinics 
never  lose  interest.  The  Policlinic  Hospital,  with  its  school  of  trained  nurses, 
gives  facility  for  treating  severe  cases,  and  its  operating-room  is  daily  the  scene 
of  capital  operations  in  Surgery  and  Gynecology. 

The  instruction  continues  throughout  the  year.  Each  ticket  is  good  for 
one  continuous  course  of  four  weeks  and  admits  the  holder  to  the  various  hos- 
pital clinics  included  in  the  course,  as  well  as  to  the  clinical  lectures  at  the 
Policlinic  building.  Aside  from  these  advantages,  the  hospital,  with  its  large 
number  of  patients,  presents  the  exceptional  and  very  essential  opportunities 
for  observing  the  after-treatment  and  various  forms  of   modern   dressings. 


IE 


POST-GRADUATE  MEDICAL  SCHOOL  AND 
HOSPITAL  OF  CHICAGO 


History  of  the  Post-Gradiiate  Medical  School  and  Hospital 


By  W.  franklin  COLEMAN,  M.  D.,  M.  R.  C.  S.,  Eng.,  President. 


GENERAL  DEMAND  FOR  A  SCHOOL. 

Previous  to  1886  the  post-graduate  medical  school  had  not  reached  Chi- 
cago. Many  European  cities  had  long  enjoyed  well  established  clinics,  to  which 
vast  numbers  of  American  graduates  had  been  wont  to  migrate  annually.  The 
New  York  Polyclinic  and  the  New  York  Post-Graduate,  both  established  in 
1882,  were  beginning  to  earn  well  merited  reputations  and  to  stem  the  tide  of 
emigration.  In  the  Spring  of  1885,  when  it  was  the  good  fortune  of  the  writer 
to  locate  in  Chicago,  the  Summer  courses  of  the  medical  schools  were  open 
alike  to  undergraduates  as  well  as  graduates,  but  there  had  not  been  here  a 
distinctly  post-graduate  medical  school. 

The  time  seemed  to  demand  such  an  institution,  and  the  conditions  to 
combine  to  favor  its  safe  conduct;  for  this  city  was  not  wanting  in  a  large 
body  of  able  medical  teachers,  in  numerous  free  hospitals  and  dispensaries,  and 
in  a  dependent  class — all  too  abundant — who  could  supply  the  teaching  clinics, 
while  Chicago,  to  which  all  roads  appear  to  lead,  is  nearer  than  the  Eastern 
cities  to  sixty  per  cent  of  the  medical  population  of  the  United  States.  In 
fact,  51,000  physicians  (out  of  a  total  of  85,671)  are  located  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Kentucky  and 
Mississippi. 

THE     rOLICLINIC     ESTABLISHED. 

These  were  some  of  the  arguments  in  favor  of  organizing  a  school  which 
were  urged  upon  medical  confreres,  who  long  listened  with  incredulous  ears, 
and  would  not  consent  to  act  till  after  a  year's  persistent  urging.  Finally,  in 
1886,  the  Chicago  Policlinic  was  established  with  a  board  of  directors  com- 
posed of  : 

Dr.  Truman  W.  Miller,  President. 

Dr.  W.  Franklin  Coleman,  Secretary. 

Dr.  John  Chew,  Treasurer. 

Dr.  J.    Elliott  Colburn. 

D.  J.  Avery,  Attorney. 

459 


46o  POST-GRADUATE   MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

The  management  and  work  of  the  PohcHnic  did  not  prove  satisfactory  to 
certain  members  of  the  faculty,  among  whom  were  the  writer  and  Dr.  Frankhn 
H.  Martin,  who  were  heartily  in  accord  with  the  determination  to  estabHsh 
another  school. 

THE    NEW    rOST-GRADUATE    SCHOOL. 

This  led  in  1888  to  the  resignation  from  the  Policlinic  of  Dr.  H.  P.  New- 
man, Dr.  R.  H.  Babcock,  Dr.  R.  D.  MacArthur,  Dr.  Franklin  H.  Martin  and 
Dr.  W.  Franklin  Coleman,  who,  with  the  exception  of  Dr.  R.  D.  MacArthur, 
united  to  organize  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital  of  Chicago. 
A  preliminary  meeting  was  held  on  September  12,  1888,  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Frank 
Billings,  at  which  Drs.  Billings,  H.  T.  Byford,  H.  P.  Newman,  R.  H.  Babcock, 
F.  H.  Martin  and  W.  F.  Coleman  were  present. 

The  first  board  of  directors  was  elected  on  September  12  and  14,  and 
comprised  : 

Dr.  H.  P.  Newman,  President. 

Dr.  R.  H.  Babcock,  Vice-President. 

Dr.  W.  F.  Coleman,  Secretary. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Martin,    Treasurer. 

Dr.  Frank  Billings,  Chairman   of  Finance  Committee. 

In  December,  1888,  the  third  and  fourth  fioors  of  the  building  No.  31 
Washington  Street,  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  Marshall  Field  &  Co.  annex, 
were  secured  for  the  Post-Graduate  School  and  the  Chicago  Public  Dispensary. 
The  first  term  opened  for  students  on  April  i,  1889.  The  second  floor  of  a 
private  dwelling  on  State  Street  opposite  Polk  served  the  purpose  of  a  hospital. 

THE    FIRST    SCHOOL    BUILDING. 

In  April,  1890,  the  faculty  concluded  that  the  school  occupied  too  com- 
mercial a  center — that  it  required  a  home — and  it  was  decided  to  purchase 
a  lot  at  No.  59  Plymouth  Place,  twenty-five  by  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
feet,  and  to  erect  a  building.  During  its  construction  the  first  floor  of  a  build- 
ing opposite,  with  a  frontage  of  fifty  feet  and  running  to  Dearborn  Street,  was 
rented,  where  the  clinics  might  be  built  up.  In  September,  1890,  the  new 
school  building.  No.  59  Plymouth  Place,  was  completed  and  opened.  It  was 
very  substantially  built  of  brick,  having  four  stories  and  basement,  dimensions 
twenty-five  by  one  hundred  feet,  and  steam  heat  and  elevator  service.  The 
basement  contained  rooms  for  work  on  the  cadaver,  refrigerator,  steam  plant, 
etc.  The  first  floor  was  rented  for  commercial  purposes.  The  clinical  rooms, 
laboratory,  drug-room,  office,  patients'  waiting-room  and  physicians'  reading-room 
occupied  the  second  floor,  and  the  hospital  and  operating-room  and  amphi- 
theater the  third  and  fourth  floors. 


s 


POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  461 

After  twenty  months'  occupancy  of  the  above  building  the  process  of  evo- 
lution forced  the  conviction  upon  the  minds  of  the  staff  of  the  school  that  a 
better  clinical  center  might  be  selected.  A  lot  sixty-five  by  one  hundred  feet, 
covering  Nos.  819-823  West  Harrison  Street  and  adjoining  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  was  purchased.  During  the  erection  of  a  building  on  said 
lot,  temporary  quarters  were  secured  at  Nos.  757-759  West  Harrison  Street, 
just  east  of  Rush  Medical  College.  They  consisted  of  two  dwellings,  two 
stories  in  height.  The  first  floor  of  one  was  used  for  all  purposes  of  clinical 
teaching  and  the  remaining  space  as  a  hospital  and  operating-room.  The 
basement  was  utilized  for  operative  surgery  on  the  cadaver  and  for  laboratory 
work. 

THE    SECOND    PERMANENT    BUILDING. 

The  present  building  of  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital 
was  ready  for  occupancy  on  May  i,  1892,  the  structure  being  opposite  the 
west  end  of  Cook  County  Hospital  and  separated  by  an  alley  on  the  east  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  It  is  fifty-two  by  one  hundred  feet, 
built  of  brick,  with  terra  cotta  and  stone  trimmings,  and  contains  five  stories 
and  a  basement.  The  cost  of  the  building  was  $32,000,  the  lot  is  worth  $14,000, 
and  the  furnishings,  instruments,  apparatus  and  laboratory  outfit  $5,000,  making 
a  total  of  $51,000.  The  basement  contains  a  large  room  for  operative  work 
on  the  cadaver,  an  ice-room,  a  large  laboratory  for  classes  in  bacteriology  and 
urinalysis,  steam  plant,  etc.  On  the  first  floor  are  five  clinical  rooms,  recep- 
tion-room for  patients,  reading-room  for  students,  drug-room  and  office.  At 
present  the  hospital  occupies  the  second  and  third  floors,  which  are  divided 
into  six  single  and  seven  double  rooms  and  five  wards,  having  an  accommoda- 
tion for  seventy-five  patients. 

OFFICERS    AND    OFFICIAL    RECORD    OF    THE    SCHOOL. 

The  counselors  and  members  of  the  original  organization  of  the  school  were: 

N.  S.  Davis,  M.  D.,  LL.  D. ;  ^'A.  Reeves  Jackson,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.  ;  -=^-J.  Adams 
Allen,  M.  D.,  LL.  D. ;  John  H.  Hollister,  A.  M.,  M.  D. ;  Henry  Gibbes,  M.  D., 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.;  *Wm.  L.  Byford,  M.  D..  LL.  D. ;  Frank  Billings,  M.  D. ; 
E.  L.  Shurley,  M.  D.,  Detroit,  Mich.;  "^^'Chas.  T.  Parkes,  M.  D.  ;  W.  E.  Quine, 
M.  D. ;  Ephraim  Ingals,  M.  D. ;  *H.  A.  Johnson,  M.  D.,  LL.  D. ;  Edmund  Andrews, 
M.  D.,  LL.  D. 

The  faculty  of  the  school  annually  elected  the  Board  of  Directors  and  the 
Board  selected  the  officers,    as  follows: 

September,  1889  (first  annual  meeting):  Dr.  H.  P.  Newman,  President; 
Dr.  Boerne  Bettman,  Vice-President;  Dr.  W.  F.  Coleman,  Secretary;  Dr.  F.  H. 
Martin,  Treasurer;  Dr.  H.  T.  Byford,  Chairman  Finance  Committee. 

*Deceased. 


462  POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

October,  1890:  Dr.  H.  P.  Newman,  President;  Dr.  Boerne  Bettman,  Vice- 
President;  Dr.  W.  F.  Coleman,  Secretary;  Dr.  F.  E.  Waxham,  Treasurer;  Dr. 
F.  H.  Martin,  Chairman  Finance  Committee. 

May  7,  1 891:  Dr.  W.  F.  Coleman,  President;  Dr.  Bayard  Holmes,  Secre- 
tary; Dr.  F.  E.  Waxham,  Treasurer;  Dr.  F.  D.  Owsley;  Dr.  Sanger  Brown. 

April  3,  1892:  Dr.  W.  F.  Coleman,  President;  Dr.  Sanger  Brown,  Treasurer; 
Dr.  F.  H.  Martin,  Secretary;  Dr.  H.  P.  Newman;  Dr.  J.  B.  Bacon. 

April  12,  1893:  Dr.  W.  F.  Coleman,  President;  Dr.  F.  H.  Martin,  Secre- 
tary; Dr.  Boerne  Bettman,  Treasurer;  Dr.  H.  P.  Newman;  Dr.  J.  B.  Bacon. 

April  II,  1894,  3^i"ici  April  15,  1895:  Dr.  W.  F.  Coleman,  President;  Dr. 
F.  H.  Martin,  Secretary;  Dr.  Boerne  Bettman,  Treasurer;  Dr.  J.  B.  Bacon;  Dr. 
W.  L.  Baum. 

The  first  faculty  was  composed  of  Robert  H.  Babcock,  M.  D.,  Frank  John- 
son, M.  D.,  Medicine;  Weller  Van  Hook,  M.  D.,  L.  L.  McArthur,  M.  D.,  Surgery; 
Franklin  H.  Martin,  M.  D.,  H.  T.  Byford,  M.  D.,  H.  P.  Newman,  M.  D.,  Gyne- 
cology; Charles  Warrington  Earle,  M.  D.,  Junius  Hoag,  M.  D.,  Obstetrics;  W. 
Franklin  Coleman,  M.  D.,  Boerne  Bettman,  M.  D.,  Ophthalmology  and  Otology; 
J.  Zeisler,  M.  D.,  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases;  John  Marshall,  M.  D.,  Oral  Surgery. 

Subsequently  others  were  elected  to  various  chairs  and  positions  as  follows: 
January  5,  1889 — F-  E.  Waxham,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Rhinology  and  Laryn- 
gology,  and  Daniel  R.  Brower,  M.  D.,  Professor  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases. 

May,    1889 — Ludvig  Hektoen,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology. 

July  3,  1889 — Assistants,  W.  F.  Coy,  M.  D.,  Gynecology;  Dudley  C.  Trott, 
Surgery;  Edward  Pynchon,  M.  D.,  Nose  and  Throat;  A.  W.  Bigelow,  M.  D., 
Medicine,  and  J.  H.  Slayter,  M.  D.,  Nervous  Diseases;  Jacob  Frank,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Surgery. 

September,   1889 — Junius  C.  Hoag,  M.  D.,  resigned. 

December  2,   1889 — M.  H.  Lackirsteen,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Medicine. 

January,  1890 — Sanger  Brown,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Mental  and  Nervous 
Diseases. 

July,  1890 — W.  W.  Jaggard,  M.  D.  (deceased).  Professor  of  Obstetrics;  J. 
Fisher,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat;  Edward  Lackner, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children. 

September,    1890 — Dr.  W.  Doepp,  assistant  to  the  chair  of  Surgery. 

October,  1890 — Joseph  Zeisler,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Venereal  Diseases  and 
Dermatology;  Chas.  Purdy,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Renal  Diseases;  T.  J.  Watkins, 
M.  D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Gynecology;  Stanley  Black,  M.  D.,  Professor  of 
Medicine;  Rosa  Englemann,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children;  Frank 
Montgomery,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Dermatology. 

November,  1890 — Geo.  H.  Weaver,  M.  D. ,  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and 
Surgical  Anatomy;  W.  H.    Marble,    M.    D.,  Assistant  to  the  chair  of  Medicine; 


POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  463 

David  Wimermark,  M.  D.,  N.  E.  and  Jesse  B.  Brown,  M.  D.,  Assistants  in  Gyne- 
cology; A.  Ralph  Johnstone,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  chair  of  Surgery;  W.  F. 
Coy,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  the  chair  of  Ophthalmology. 

January,  1891 — B.  M.  Behrens,  M,  D.,  Professor  of  Otology;  Mr.  John 
Wesener,  Lecturer  in  Chemistry. 

March,  1891 — F.  D.  Owsley,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Laryngology  and  Otology; 
D.  A.  K.  Steele,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery  and  Otology. 

In  April,  1891,  was  held  an  examination  in  which  the  alumni  of  the  three 
regular  medical  schools  in  Chicago  competed  for  the  interneship  of  the  Post- 
Graduate  School  for  one  year,  the  position  being  secured  by  W.  M.  Tanquary, 
M.  D. ;  Dr.  Higgins  secured  the  position  of  Externe  Surgeon  and  W.  Fowler, 
M.  D.,  was  elected  Assistant  to  the  chair  of    Ophthalmology. 

June,  1 89 1 — Wm.  Cuthbertson,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine;  A.  H. 
Burr,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat;  W.  T.  Watkins, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

July,    1 89 1. — Byron  Robinson,    M.   D.,    Professor  of  Gynecology. 

August,  1891. — J.  B.  Murphy,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery;  R.  W.  Bishop, 
M.    D.,    Professor  of  Venereal  Diseases  and  Dermatology. 

November,  1891. — D.  J.  Hayes,  M.  D.  (Milwaukee),  Professor  of  Genito- 
urinary and  Rectal  Surgery.  H.  N.  Hall,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Pathology. 
Silas  T.  Yount,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Nervous  Diseases.  J.  A.  Robison,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Medicine.     J.   B.    Bacon,    M.  D.,    Professor  of  Rectal  Surgery. 

February,  1892 — George  Webster,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Nose  and  Throat. 
T.  J.  Watkins,  M.  D.,  and  J.  Lyons,  M.  D.,  Vk'cre  elected  Assistants  in  Gyne- 
cology; Casey  A.  Wood,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Ophthalmology,  and  T.  Melville 
Hardie,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Rhinology,  Laryngology  and  Otology. 

April  2,    1892.  —  Bayard  Holmes,    M.   D.,   resigned  his  chair. 

May,  1892.  —  Ernest  Lackner,  M.  D.,  resigned.  F.  H.  Greer,  M.  D., 
elected  Instructor  in  Gynecology.  W.  G.  Verity,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery. 
L.  J.  Mitchell.  M.  D.,  and  James  L.  McCollum,  M.  D.,  Instructors  in  Sur- 
gery. Robert  Dodds,  M.  D.,  F.  H.  Greer,  M.  D.,  and  C.  T.  Binkley,  M.  D.. 
Instructors  in  Gynecology.  Albert  Goldspohn,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecol- 
ogy. Frances  Dickinson,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Ophthalmology.  — .  — .  Ander- 
son, M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Surgery.  — .  — .  Winchester,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in 
Obstetrics.  Adolph  Gerhmann,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Bacteriology.  William 
Cuthbertson,    M.   D.,   resigned. 

March,  1893. — Sydney  Kuh,  M.  D.,  was  elected  Professor  of  Nervous 
Diseases;  Carl  Beck,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery;  I.  F.  Taylor,  M.  D.,  Assistant 
in  Rectal  Surgery;  Fenton  B.  Turck,    M.  D.,    Professor  of  Medicine. 

September,  1893.  —  Mr.  Neiswanger,  Instructor  in  the  Physics  of  Elec- 
tricity. 


464  POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

November,  1893.  — Richard  Dewey,  M.  D.,  Honorary  Professor  of  Neu- 
rology; A.  D.  Bevan,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery;  John  Ridlon,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery. 

February,  1894. — Byron  Robinson,  M.  D.,  was  elected  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy;  William  F.  Waugh,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  General  Medicine;  Charles 
W.    Purdy,    M.   D.,    Professor  of  Diseases  of  the   Kidney. 

August,  1894. — Maurice  Kraus,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Dermatology  and 
Syphilology. 

September,     1894. — Seth    Scott    Bishop,     M.     D.,     Professor    of    Otology; 

A.  McDiarmid,    M.    D.    (Winnepeg),    Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

March,  1895. — Ada  Phelps,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  Diseases  of  the  Ear; 
S.  J.  Boyd,  M.  D.,  Assistant  in  Medicine;  Dr.  Rice,  Interne;  Weller  Van  Hook, 
M.  D.,  resigned. 

June,  1895.  —  H.  R.  Elliott,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Demonstration  of  Anat- 
omy; Oscar  Dodds,  M.    D.,    Assistant  in  Ophthalmology. 

January,  1896. — Boerne  Bettman,  M.  D.,  resigned  as  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Directors;  Carl  Sandberg,  M.  D.,  appointed  Lecturer  on  Obstetrics; 
William  F.  Waugh  resigned. 

February,  1896.  —  Ernest  Hay  ford,  M.  D.,  was  elected  Lecturer  on  Phys- 
ical Diagnosis;  William  E.    Gamble,    M.   D.,    Lecturer  on    Diseases  of  the  Eye. 

The  present  faculty  is  as  follows  : 

Medicine:  John  A.  Robinson,  M.  D. ;  H.  W.  Gentiles,  M.  D. ;  Charles 
W.    Purdy,    M.    D. ;   M.  H.    Lackersteen,    M.    D. ;   M.   R.    C.    S.,    England. 

Surgery:  D.  A.  K.  Steele,  M.  D. ;  W.  P.  Verity,  M.  D. ;  Carl  Beck, 
M.  D. ;   J.  B.  Murphy,  M.  D. ;  L.    L.    McArthur,    M.  D.;  A.  H.  Ferguson,  M.  D. 

Orthopedic  Surgery  :     Frederick  S.    Coolidge,    A.    B.,    M.    D. 

Gynecology  :  Henry  T.  Byford,  M.  D. ;  Henry  P.  Newman,  M.  D. ;  Marie 
J.    Mergler,    M.    D. ;    F.    Byron    Robinson,     B.    S.,    M.   D. ;     Albert     Goldspohn, 

B.  S.,    M.   D. ;  Franklin  H.    Martin,    M.    D. 

Stomach  and  Intestines :     Fenton  B.    Turck,    M.   D. 

Eye:  W.  Franklin  Coleman,  M.  D. ;  M.  R.  C.  S.,  England;  Boerne 
Bettman,    M.   D.,    Casey  A.   Wood,    C.    M.,    M.    D. ;    Frances  Dickinson,    M.  D. 

Ear:     Norval  H.   Pierce,    M.   D. ;  Seth  Scott  Bishop,    M.   D. 

Nose  and  Throat:  T.  Melville  Hardie,  B.  A.,  M.  D. ;  George  Morganthau, 
M.  D.;  F.   D.   Owsley,    M.   D. 

Nervous  Diseases  :  Daniel  R.  Brower,  M.  D. ;  Sydney  Kuh,  M.  D. ;  Sanger 
Brown,    M.   D.;  Richard  Dewey,    M.   D. 

Electro-Physics :     C.   S.   Neiswanger. 

Obstetrics:     C.   E.   Paddock,    M.   D. ;    A.   McDiarmid,    M.   D. 

Diseases  of  Children:     Rosa  Englemann,    B.   A.;   M.   D. ;  J.  C.  Cook,   M.  D, 

Diseases  of  the  Rectum  :     Joseph  B.   Bacon,    M.   D. 


NEW    POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL, 


POST-GRADUATE   MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  467 

Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases  :     William  L.  Baum,  M.  D. 

Lecturers  :  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases,  Maurice  Kraus,  M.  D.  Pathology, 
W.   E.   Coates,   Jr.     Ophthalmology,   William  E.   Gamble,    M.   D. 

Instructors :  Surgery,  J.  L.  McCollum,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  Gynecology,  John 
A.  Lyons,  M.  D.  Therapeutics,  John  Kercher,  M.  D.  Ear,  Ada  W.  Phelps, 
M.  D.  Urinary  Analysis,  Arthur  R.  Elliott,  C.  M.,  M.  D.  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren,  W.   T.   Stewart,    M.   D. 

Assistants:  Surgery,  W.  Burrows,  M.  D. ;  E.  M.  Brown,  M.  D. ;  Emil 
F.  Baur,  M.  D.  Gynecology,  H.  E.  Lacy,  M.  D. ;  E.  M.  Brown,  M.  D. ;  W.  A. 
Tichenor,  M.  D. ;  Lucy  Waite,  M.  D.  General  Medicine,  E.  B.  Taylor,  M.  D. ; 
S.  J.  Boyd,  M.  D.  Ear,  D.  T.  Hollinger,  M.  D.  Nose  and  Throat,  Edwin 
Pychon,  M.  D.  Nervous  Diseases,  H.  W.  Burnard,  M.  D. ;  P.  L.  Holland, 
M.   D.     Eye,   Thomas  A.   Woodruff,    M.   D. 

House  Surgeons:  J.  George  Battell,  M.  D. ;  George  W.  Harding,  M.  D. ; 
Grant  Marchant,    M.   D. 

Medical  Superintendent  of  Hospital,  Louella  Smith. 

Pharmacist,    Miss  Mary  B.   Walker. 

Superintendent  of  School,    T.   M.   McClelland. 

House  Physicians,  1894-95:  L.  Brannon,  M.  D. ;  L.  E.  Rice,  M.  D. ; 
J.   George  Battell,  M.  D. 

"THE    NORTH    AMERICAN    PRACTITIONER." 

In  the  early  days  of  the  school  (December,  1888)  an  agreement  was  entered 
into  with  Messrs.  Truax  &  Co.  to  publish  a  medical  journal  under  the  title  TJic 
North  American  Practitioner,  the  journal  of  the  Post-Graduate  School  of  Chicago. 
Bayard  Holmes,  M.  D.,  was  elected  editor  and  Junius  Hoag,  M.  D.,  assistant 
editor.  In  October,  1890,  Bayard  Holmes,  M.  D.,  was  re-elected  editor  and  L.  J. 
Mitchell,  M.  D.,  assistant  editor,  Dr.  Hoag  having  resigned.  Sanger  Brown, 
M.  D.,  was  elected  editor  in  May,  1892,  succeeding  Dr.  Holmes,  resigned.  In 
June,  1893,  J-  ^-  Hollister,  M.  D.,  was  elected  editor  in  place  of  Dr.  Brown, 
who  had  resigned,  and  an  agreement  was  made  with  William  Harrison  White 
to  publish  the  journal  under  the  title  of    The  North  American  Practitioner. 

In  October,  1888,  Messrs.  Truax  &  Co.  furnished  five  hundred  dollars' 
worth  of  surgical  instruments,  with  the  understanding  that  the  stock  should  be 
kept  complete  by  the  school. 

HOSPITAL    AND    SCHOOL    CLINICS. 

The  members  of  the  faculty  are  also  connected  with  the  following  hospitals, 
to  which  the  students  of  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  are  admitted: 
Cook  County,  Presbyterian,  Alexian  Brothers',  St.  Luke's,  Woman's,  St. 
Elizabeth's  and   Illinois  Charitable   Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary. 


468  POST-GRADUATE  MEDICAL   SCHOOL. 

At  Cook  County  Hospital  clinics  are  held  by  Drs.  J.  B.  Murphy,  Casey  A. 
Wood,  Sanger  Brown,  W.  P.  Verity,  F.  D.  Owsley,  J.  B.  Bacon,  Fenton  B. 
Turck,  and  Carl  Beck;  at  the  Presbyterian,  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Robison;  at  St. 
Elizabeth's,  by  Dr.  Henry  P.  Newman;  at  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary,  by  Drs.  B.  Bettman  and  S.  S.  Bishop;  at  St.  Luke's,  by  R.  D.  Mc- 
Arthur,  M.  D. ;  at  the  Charity  Hospital,  by  Drs.  A.  H.  F'erguson,  W.  F.  Coleman, 
J.  B.  Bacon,  Robert  Dodds,  F.  H.  Martin  and  Byron  Robinson;  at  the  Woman's, 
by  Drs.  H.  T.  Byford,  F.  H.  Martin,  Marie  J.  Mergler,  Byron  Robinson  and 
J.  B.  Bacon. 

At  the  school  clinics  the  number  of  new  patients  in  attendance  during  the 
past  year  was  5,616  and  the  total  number  in  attendance  was    18,096. 

The  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  Hospital  contains  sixty  beds,  and  has 
eighteen  nurses  in  attendance.  During  the  past  year  there  were  540  patients  in 
the  hospital;  of  these  all,  except  thirty  medical  cases,    were  surgical. 

ATTENDANCE    BY    YEARS. 

The  total  attendance  of  matriculants  at  the  school  for  the  period  from 
April  I,  1889,  to  April  i,  1896,  has  been  1,036,  as  follows:  April  1889-October 
1890,  47;  October  1890-October  1891,  55;  October  1891-October  1892,  127; 
October  1892-October  1893,  206;  October  1893-October  1894,  220;  October 
1894-April  1895,   130;  April  1895-April  1896,  251. 

All  the  states  except  Maine,  Maryland,  Rhode  Island,  Delaware  and 
Connecticut  have  furnished  students,  and  Ontario,  Nova  Scotia,  Manitoba, 
Mexico,  Russia  and  the  Hawaiian   Islands  have  supplied  their  quota. 

LATEST    OFFICIAL    HOME. 

During  January,  1896,  it  was  resolved  that  the  President  and  Secretary  be 
empowered  to  consummate  a  sale  of  the  building  of  the  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School  of  Chicago  to  the  West  Side  Hospital  Association,  and  it  was  decided 
to  purchase  a  lot  twenty-five  by  one  hundred  and  five  feet,  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Dearborn  and  Twenty-fourth  streets.  The  board  of  directors,  Drs. 
Martin,  Baum,  Bacon  and  Coleman,  and  Dr.  A.  H.  Ferguson  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  consummate  plans  for  the  erection  of  a  school  and  hospital 
building. 

These  were  some  of  the  causes  which  led  to  the  sale  of  the  Post-Graduate 
School  building.  The  supply  of  patients  for  clinical  teaching  is  not  so  large  as  could 
be  desired,  owing  to  the  number  of  neighboring  medical  institutions  which  have  long- 
established  clinics.  While  the  Cook  County  Hospital  is  a  name  to  conjure  by, 
the  machinery  of  the  institution  is  so  hopelessly  political  that  there  seems  little 
prospect  of  the  doors  being  opened  wide  enough  to  furnish  opportunity  for  much 
useful  clinical  teaching.      Nearly  all  the  members    of   the    faculty    of    the   Post- 


POST-GRADUATE  MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  469 

Graduate  School  reside  on  the  South  Side;  Mercy,  St.  Luke's,  Woman's, 
Michael  Reese  and  Charity  hospitals  are  easily  accessible  from  Dearborn  and 
Twenty-fourth  streets,  and,  of  more  importance,  their  doors  are  wide  open  to 
students  of  medicine. 

The  Post-Graduate  School  has  therefore  leased  its  present  buildinj^  until 
September,  1896,  when  the  new  structure  will  be  ready  for  occupancy.  Mr. 
Dwight  Perkins  has  completed  plans  for  a  building  of  five  stories,  basement  and 
attic,  to  be  constructed  of  brick,  iron  and  wood,  and  to  be  fireproof.  It  will  be 
furnished  with  steam  heat,  electric  elevator,  gas  and  electric  li'diting;  with 
drug-room  and  waiting-room  for  patients;  room  for  operations  on  cadaver;  library, 
smoking-room,  and  lavatory  for  students;  five  clinic-rooms;  a  Bacteriological, 
a  Physiological  and  a  Chemical  Laboratory;  operating  amphitheater  to  seat  two 
hundred  and  fifty  students,  and  three  private  operating-rooms  of  marble,  iron 
and  glass.  The  hospital  has  accommodations  for  one  hundred  patients,  one 
half  in  private  rooms  and  the  other  half  in  wards.  There  is  a  diet  kitchen  on 
each  floor;  a  parlor  on  the  second  floor;  a  dining-room  on  the  fifth;  preparatory 
rooms  for  operations;  a  septic-room  for  operations  upon  dogs  and  rooms  for  dogs. 
The  clinic-rooms  and  laboratories  will  be  supplied  elaborately  with  appliances 
for  teaching. 

If  we  consider  the  splendid  success  of  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School 
of  New  York,  and  of  the  New  York  Polyclinic,  the  former  of  which  in  its  first 
four  years  had  an  attendance  of  five  hundred  and  seven,  and  in  1894- 1895,  its 
thirteenth  year,  had  a  class  of  five  hundred  and  fifty,  and  the  latter  in  1894-95, 
in  its  thirteenth  year,  a  class  of  three  hundred  and  fifty-one,  we  may  hope 
much  for  the  future  of  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  of  Chicago,  which 
during  the  first  four  and  a  half  years  of  its  history  attracted  to  itself  six 
hundred  and  fifty-five  students. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


W.  FRANKLIN    COLEMAN,   M.  D.,   M.  R.  C.  S.,  Eng. 

When  the  American  colonies  declared  their  independence  of  Great  Britain 
Dr.  Coleman's  great-grandfather  emigrated  to  Upper  Canada,  determined  to  live 
and  die  under  the  dominion  of  the  mother  country,  settling  at  what  soon  be- 
came known  as  Coleman's  Corners,  near  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  His  sturdy 
abilities  were  soon  recognized,  many  political  honors  coming  to  him,  and  before 
his  death  his  industry  and  broad  business  mind  had  transformed  this  locality 
into  an  important  manufacturing  center.  Brothers,  sons  and  grandsons  assisted 
in  establishing  various  industries,  continuing  them  far  beyond  the  limits  of  his 
days. 

The  grandson,  Billa  Coleman,  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  these  gen- 
erations of  manufacturers,  marrying  Ann  Eliza  Willson,  a  native  of  New  York 
and  of  English  descent.  A  few  miles  distant  from  Coleman's  Corners  (after- 
ward known  as  Lyn)  was  Brockville,  the  county  seat,  and  here  was  born  to  this 
substantial  couple  a  son  named  W.  Franklin  Coleman.  Two  weeks  after  his 
birth  the  mother  died,  beautiful  in  person  and  in  character,  and  universally  be- 
loved and  mourned.  In  early  infancy  he  was  removed  to  the  ancestral  town, 
where  he  imbibed  his  elementary  education.  Upon  this  was  afterward  grafted 
a  orrammar  school  and  academic  training  at  Brockville,  Canada,  and  at  Pots- 
dam,  across  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  a  few  miles  east,  in  St.  Lawrence 
County,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  Coleman's  medical  studies  were  begun  at  McGill  College,  Montreal,  and 
continued  for  three  years  at  that  institution  and  in  the  ofQce  of  Dr.  Reynolds, 
of  Brockville.  Overwork,  however,  both  in  his  studies  and  dissections,  brought 
on  a  severe  attack  of  typhoid  fever,  which  incapacitated  him  for  the  two  suc- 
ceeding years.  With  restored  health  he  earnestly  resumed  his  medical  course 
at  Queen's  College,  Kingston,  from  which  he  obtained  his  degree  with  honors  in 
1863.   •  . 

Locating  at  Lyn,  he  practiced  his  profession  for  seven  years,  during  which 
period  as  a  country  physician  he  had  run  the  gamut  of  about  all  the  ailments 
of  humanity  and  selected  as  his  future  specialty  the  treatment  of  eye  and  ear 
diseases.  The  first  step  taken  in  his  new  career  was  to  go  to  England  and 
spend  a  year  at  the  London  Hospital  and  at  Moorefield's  Eye  Hospital,   receiv- 

470 


POSr-GRADUATE   MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  471 

ing  such  benefit  from  the  lectures  and  cHnics  which  he  attended  that  in  1871 
he  passed  the  examination  by  which  he  was  enrolled  as  a  member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  England. 

Returning  to  Canada,  Dr.  Coleman  spent  seven  years  in  Toronto,  a  portion 
of  that  time  being  in  partnership  with  Dr.  A.  M.  Rosebrugh,  a  leading  oculist 
and  aurist,  and  serving  during  the  entire  period  as  Surgeon  to  the  Toronto  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary.  The  famous  clinics  of  Vienna  and  Heidelberg,  held  by  such 
masters  as  Jaeger,  Gruber,  Politzer  and  Schnabel,  were  next  attended  for  a 
year,  after  which  he  again  made  Canada  his  home,  locating  in  St.  John,  New 
Brunswick.  In  private  practice  and  as  Oculist  and  Aurist  to  the  Provincial  Hos- 
pital he  again  established  a  wide  reputation  during  the  seven  years  of  his  res- 
idence in  that  city,  but  still  longed  for  broader  professional   fields. 

Through  his  able  writings  in  the  medical  journals  of  the  country,  as  well 
as  commendatory  letters  from  his  professional  brethren  of  the  East,  Dr.  Cole- 
man's reputation  was  already  somewhat  established  before  he  settled  in  Chi- 
cago. He  at  once  saw  the  necessity  of  a  school  for  graduates  in  so  important 
a  medical  center  as  this — of  a  school  which  should  be  controlled  by  its  own 
faculty.  The  result  was  the  movement  which  finally  resulted  in  the  founding 
of  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School,  one  of  the  most  important  medical  insti- 
tutions of  the  city,  and  of  which  he  is  President  and  Professor  of  Ophthalmol- 
ogy. He  is  also  Oculist  and  Aurist  of  the  Chicago  Charity  Hospital,  being  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  Ophthalmological  Society,  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society  and  of   the  American  Medical  Association. 

During  his  comparatively  short  career  in  Chicago  Dr.  Coleman  has  come 
to  be  recognized  as  one  of  its  most  scientific  and  broad-minded  practitioners 
and  teachers,  and  as  head  of  the  Post-Graduate  School  he  has  raised  up  for 
himself  a  host  of  warm  friends  and  admirers  in  all  parts  of   the  country. 

Married  in  1882  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  to  Miss  Mary  Winniett  Hartt,  Dr. 
Coleman's  success  in  life  has  been  shared  and  is  not  a  little  attributable  to  the 
abilities  and  graces  of  his  wife.  Mrs.  Coleman's  family  has  numbered  among 
its  members  many  distinguished  characters.  Elizabeth  Yates,  one  of  its  repre- 
sentatives in  the  times  of  Charles  II,  sheltered  the  unfortunate  king  in  his  flight 
from  England,  and  her  descendants  still  enjoy  an  annuity  bestowed  by  loyalty 
for  the  act.  Mrs.  Coleman's  grand-uncle  on  the  maternal  side  was  Sir  William 
Winniett,  of  high  military  rank  in  the  British  service  and  at  one  time  Governor 
of  the  African  Gold  Coast.  Other  more  distant  relatives  were  connected  with 
the  famous  Wolseley  family,  and  her  maternal  grandfather  was  Benjamin 
Lester  Peters,  whose  sons  held  several  prominent  positions  in  the  provincial 
government  of   New  Brunswick.  .  -  . 


472  POST-GRADUATE   MEDICAL   SCHOOL. 

RICHARD    DEWEY,   M.  D. 

Dr.  Dewey  comes  of  stock  in  which  both  the  Revolutionary  and  Puritan 
elements  are  blended.  On  his  mother's  side  he  is  descended  from  a  noted 
British  soldier,  John  Mack,  who  married  a  daughter  of  the  Lord  of  London- 
derry in  opposition  to  her  father's  wishes,  came  to  America  and  settled  in 
the  New  Hampshire  town  of  the  same  name  (Londonderry)  in  1732.  One  of 
her  sons  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  being  the  maternal  grandfather  of  Dr. 
Dewey.  His  paternal  grandfather,  Elijah  Dewey,  Sr. ,  was  twice  a  volunteer  in 
the  Revolutionary  War,  and  while  stationed  at  West  Point  in  1780  attended 
the  execution  of  Major  Andre,  the  British  spy.  He  afterward  settled  at  Lisle, 
Broome  County,  N.  Y. 

Elijah  Dewey,  Jr.,  and  Sophia  Smith,  the  parents  of  Dr.  Dewey,  were 
both  natives  of  New  York,  being  married  at  Forestville,  Chautauc^ua  Couhty, 
that  State,  in  1830.  His  father  came  to  Chautauqua  from  Broome  County, 
N.  Y. ,  and  his  mother  from  Erie  County,  being  a  daughter  of  Richard  Smith, 
who  was  a  peace  magistrate  and  during  1817  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  New  York,  sent  from   Hamburg,  Erie  County. 

Richard  Dewey  was  born  at  Forestville,  on  December  6,  1845.  After 
attending  the  village  school  and  the  high  school  at  Clinton,  N.  Y. ,  at  the  age 
of  fifteen  the  youth  was  prepared  to  enter  Yale  College.  It  was  thought  best, 
however,  that  he  should  remain  at  home  for  a  while.  His  father  dying  when 
Richard  was  sixteen,  the  son  was  employed  in  a  drug  store  and  as  postofiice 
clerk  for  more  than  a  year.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  resumed  his  studies  at 
Clinton,  N.  Y.,  and  during  the  succeeding  year  (1864)  entered  Michigan  Uni- 
versity at  Ann  Arbor,  his  widowed  mother  having  preceded  him  to  Michigan, 
in  order  that  she  might  be  near  her  older  children.  He  spent  five  years  at 
the  university — two  in  the  classical-literary  department  and  three  in  the  medical — 
receiving  his  diploma  in  1869  and  then  going  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ,  and,  entering 
the  competitive  examination,  secured  a  hospital  appointment.  At  the  close  of 
one  year's  service  as  House  Physician  and  Surgeon  in  the  Brooklyn  City  Hos- 
pital, Dr.  Dewey  embraced  an  opportunity  to  enter  the  military  service  of 
Prussia  as  Volunteer  Assistant  Surgeon. 

At  that  time  (August,  1870)  the  Franco-Prussian  War  had  been  in  progress 
for  a  few  weeks,  and  the  unprecedented  number  of  wounded  in  the  great  battles 
that  immediately  followed  the  opening  of  hostilities  necessitated  such  an  increase 
in  the  German  surgical  force  that  the  Consul-General  in  New  York  of  the 
then  North  German  P^ederation  was  authorized  to  engage  American  surgeons 
who  could  speak  German  and  were  possessed  of  the  necessary  professional 
qualifications.  Dr.  Dewey's  application  for  this  service  was  accepted,  and  on 
August   13,  1870,    with  five  other  American  surgeons,  he  sailed  for  the  scene  of 


POST-GRADUATE  MEDICAL   SCHOOL.  473 

the  conflict.  The  party  arrived  in  Cologne  on  the  day  which  brought  the  news 
of  the  great  conflict  at  Sedan,  and  on  the  following  day  (Sunday)  the  journey 
was  continued  down  the  Rhine  into  France.  For  a  time  Dr.  Dewey  was 
stationed  in  a  field  hospital,  situated  at  Pont  a  Moussou  in  Lorraine,  on  the  Moselle 
River,  about  twenty-five  miles  from  Metz.  There  he  saw  the  onward  march  of 
the  German  armies  to  invest  Paris,  and  witnessed  the  effects  of  the  hard- 
fought  battles  of  Woerth,  Weissembourg,  Forbach  and  St.  Prioat  in  the  care 
of  the  wounded  in  the  hospital,  gaining  an  extensive  surgical  experience  at  the 
same  time.  At  the  virtual  conclusion  of  field-hospital  work  Dr.  Dewey  was 
transferred  to  the  reserve  hospital  in  Hessen  Cassel,  where  he  remained  during 
the  Winter  of  1870  and  1871.  It  was  at  this  point  that  Napoleon  was  held  a 
prisoner  for  several  months. 

Being  honorably  discharged  in  April,  1871,  Dr.  Dewey  located  at  Berlin, 
studying  at  the  university  under  the  famous  Virchow  and  other  members  of 
the  faculty.  Before  leaving  Germany,  he  in  common  with  some  others  of  his 
American  colleagues  was  awarded  a  bronze  medal  with  the  inscription,  "  Fiir 
Pflichtstreue  im  Kriege"("For  Fidelity  in  War"),  which  was  forwarded  to  him 
by  the   German  Government  after  his  return  home. 

On  arriving  in  New  York  the  talented  and  energetic  young  physician  was 
almost  immediately  engaged  as  assistant  medical  officer  in  the  State  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  Elgin,  111.,  remaining  in  that  position  until  1879,  when  he  was 
appointed  Medical  Superintendent  of  the  new  State  hospital  at  Kankakee.  For 
fourteen  years,  or  until  1893,  I-'r.  Dewey  was  the  guiding  power  of  that  institu- 
tion, and  under  his  administration  it  increased  in  capacity  from  seventy-five  to 
twenty-one  hundred  inmates,  the  hospital  being  then,  as  now,  the  largest  of  its 
kind  in  America. 

The  work  at  Kankakee  was  a  departure  from  the  previously  recognized 
style  of  providing  for  the  insane  in  immense  buildings,  constructed  to  receive 
several  hundred  under  one  roof.  Dr.  Dewey,  notwithstanding  the  disapproval 
of  many  of  his  more  conservative  confreres,  believed  in  the  "cottage"  or 
"detached  ward"  system,  looking  toward  more  domestic  and  homelike  con- 
struction for  the  insane.  Heartily  adopting  what  are  now  generally  known  as 
sound  ideas,  but  at  that  time  were  considered  "heterodox, "  he  co-operated  with 
the  State  authorities  in  constructing  the  first  cottages,  in  1880,  believing  that 
by  this  plan  the  insane  would  secure  more  homelike,  natural  and  beneficial 
surroundings.  The  plan  was  extended  at  Kankakee  from  year  to  year,  and 
has  since  been  adopted  in  the  construction  of  most  of  the  hospitals  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada  which  have  been  erected  since  that  time,  largely 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Kankakee  institution,  under  Dr.  Dewey's  manage- 
ment, made  a  practical  demonstration  of   its  utility. 


474  POST-GRADUATE   MEDICAL   SCHOOL. 

Dr.  Dewey  also  established  in  the  State  hospital  at  Kankakee,  in  1866,  one 
of  the  early  Training  Schools  for  Attendants  and  Nurses  of  the  Insane,  and  up 
to  1893,  when  he  retired  from  the  charge  of  the  hospital,  a  class  of  from 
thirty  to  forty  trained  nurses  graduated  yearly. 

Since  leaving  Kankakee,  in  1893,  Dr.  Dewey  has  been  in  private  practice 
in  Chicago.  He  is  Professor  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases  in  the  Post- 
Graduate  School  of  that  city,  where  he  holds  a  weekly  clinic  in  insanity  at  the 
Detention  Hospital — one  of  the  few  such  clinics  that  are  regularly  held  in  the 
United  States.  He  is  also  attached  as  Consulting  Neurologist  and  Alienist  to  the 
St.  Elizabeth's,  the  Augustana  and  the  Emergency  hospitals  of  Chicago,  and 
has  a  considerable  practice  as  expert  witness  in  cases  involving  insanity  and 
diseases  or  injuries  of  the  nervous  system.  Furthermore,  he  has  been,  since 
June  I,  1895,  Medical  Director  of  the  Milwaukee  Sanatarium  for  Nervous  and 
Mental  Diseases,  located  at  Wauwatosa,  on  the  outskirts  of  that  city.  Here 
he  virtually  resides,  giving  two  days  of  each  week  to  his  many  Chicago 
interests. 

Not  the  least  of  these  are  his  duties  connected  with  the  editorship  of  the 
American  Journal  of  Insanity,  which  after  being  published  for  fifty  years,  from 
1844,  at  the  State  Asylum,  N.  Y. ,  was  purchased  by  the  National  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association  in  1894.  This  association  at  the  same  time  made  Dr.  Dewey 
its  managing  editor  and  Chicago  the  place  of  its  publication.  Besides  his  con- 
tributions to  this  periodical.  Dr.  Dewey  has  read  numerous  papers  before  medical 
associations  which  have  been  widely  published  and  discussed.  He  is  President 
for  1895-96  of  the  American  Medico-Psychological  Association,  and  a  member 
of  the  American  Neurological  Association,  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society, 
of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine  and  of  the  Practitioners'  Club,  as  well  as 
an  honorary  member    of    the  Chicago  Medical   and   the    Medico-Legal  societies. 

Dr.  Dewey  has  been  twice  married — in  1873,  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  to  Lillian 
Dwight,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Rev.  Benjamin  Dwight  of  that  place,  and  grand 
daughter  of  Timothy  Dwight,  the  first  President  of  Yale  College.  His  first  wife 
died  in  Kankakee  in  1880,  leaving  two  children,  Richard,  born  in  1877,  who  is 
at  the  Morgan  Park  Academy,  the  Preparatory  School  of  the  Chicago  Univer- 
sity, and  Ethel  Lillian,  two  years  younger,  who  is  attending  the  Hyde  Park 
High  School. 

In  1886,  at  Chicago,  Dr.  Dewey  was  married  a  second  time  to  Mary  E. 
Brown,  of  that  city,  who  came  from  the  Training  School  at  Bellevue  Hospital, 
N.  Y.,  and  had  the  distinction  of  inaugurating,  in  1881,  the  Illinois  Training 
School  for  Nurses  in  Cook  County  Hospital,  the  first  training  school  established 
in  the  West.  Mrs.  Dewey  is  a  graduate  of  medicine  of  the  Women's  Medical 
College  of  Chicago,  but  has  never  engaged  in  practice.  The  children  of  the 
second  union  are  Ellinor,  born  in   1889,  and  Donald,  born  in   1891. 


POST-GRADUATE   MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  475 

ALBERT    GOLDSPOHN,    B.   S.,    M.   D. 

As  a  physician  of  more  than  ordinary  skill,  learning  and  repute  Albert 
Goldspohn  occupies  a  prominent  place  among  the  active  practitioners  of  the 
city,  and  has  done  not  a  little  to  advance  this  important  science  to  its  present 
degree    of    certainty    and    efficacy.  He    was    born     in    Dane    County,     Wis., 

on  September  23,  185 1,  and  is  the  son  of  William  and  Friderike  (Kohlmann) 
Goldspohn,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of  Germany,  where  they  were  educated, 
but  came  to  America  before  marriage.  His  paternal  grandfather  was  one  of 
the  few  survivors  of  the  cold,  famine  and  fatigue  of  the  memorable  retreat  of 
Napoleon  from  Moscow  in  18 12.  Very  wisely  his  parents  did  not  adopt  the 
English  language  in  their  domestic  circle,  nor  retain  any  of  the  German 
provincial  dialects,  but  taught  their  children  the  proper  German  ("  Hochdeutsch  ") 
as  their  mother  tongue.  This  was  of  great  value  to  Dr.  Goldspohn  while  pur- 
suing his  literary  and  professional  studies,  and  especially  while  taking  a  two 
years'  post-graduate  course  in   Germany. 

As  the  eldest  child  of  a  pioneer  farmer  his  boyhood  days  were  thoroughly 
schooled  to  industry.  He  cared  little  for  play  or  games,  taking  much  greater 
interest  in  his  books  and  in  observing  the  rules  of  school.  From  the  start  his 
tendencies  were  toward  a  thorough  scholarship,  which  natural  inclination  was 
augmented  by  his  parents,  who,  though  humble  and  poor,  were  earnest  and  in- 
telligent and  knew  well   the  great  value  of  an  education. 

In  due  time  he  attended  the  graded  schools,  where  he  still  further  ex- 
hibited his  scholarly  tendencies.  Afterward  he  was  engaged  for  about  two  and 
one  half  years  as  an  apprentice  in  a  drug  store,  where,  as  prescription  clerk 
and  as  student  of  drugs,  he  first  determined  upon  a  collegiate  course  and  the 
ultimate  study  of   the  profession  of  medicine. 

After  completing  his  preliminary  education  he  entered  Northwestern  College 
at  Naperville,  111.,  entering  the  Latin  Scientific  course  and  graduating  in  1875 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science.  Having  previously  made  up  his  mind 
to  study  medicine,  he  entered  Rush  Medical  College  of  Chicago  and  for  three 
consecutive  years  diligently  pursued  the  course  of  studies  required  by  that 
institution,  taking  the  full  Winter  and  optional  courses  in  each  year  and 
graduating  with  his  medical  degree  in  1878.  Dr.  Goldspohn  then  entered 
Cook  County  Hospital  as  interne,  and  this  was  to  him  a  position  of  vast  im- 
portance, opening  as  it  did  a  field  of  wide  and  vital  experience.  Knowing  the 
immense  value  of  this  practice,  the  energetic  young  physician  grasped  every 
advantage  offered  by  his  position  to  widen  his  knowledge  and  perfect  his  skill. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  required  term  of  service  (eighteen  months)  Dr. 
Goldspohn  determined  to  still  further  equip  himself  for  the  profession  and 
decided  on  post-graduate  studies  in  the  great  universities  of  Europe.      To  enable 


476  POST-GRADUATE   MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

him  to  do  this  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  enter  private  practice,  which  he 
did  in  the  town  of  Desplaines,  111.,  and  with  such  success  that  he  was  enabled 
to  take  the  coveted  trip  abroad  in  1885.  For  two  years,  with  characteristic 
thoroughness,  energy  and  ability.  Dr.  Goldspohn  pursued  his  studies  in  the 
famous  universities  of  Heidelberg,  Wurzburg,  Strassburg,  Halle  and  Berlin, 
directing  his  attention  generally  to  Surgery,  and  particularly  to  Gynecology,  in 
which  specialty  he  has  since  acquired  well-merited  distinction. 

Thus  strengthened  professionally  by  broad  experience  and  a  training  under 
masters  of  world-wide  fame,  in  October,  1887,  he  began  to  practice  in 
Chicago,  about  six  months  later  was  appointed  one  of  the  attending  surgeons 
to  the  German  Hospital  and  in  June,  1892,  Professor  of  Gynecology  in  the 
Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital  of  the  city,  a  flattering  recognition 
of  his  professional  skill  and  of  his  originality  and  ability. 

Dr.  Goldspohn  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society.  In 
politics  he  is  a  Republican  and  in  religion  he  is  a  Protestant,  being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Evangelical  Association.  He  is  a  careful  and  intense  student,  keep- 
ing abreast  of  the  best  medical  literature  of  the  day,  to  which  he  is  a  valued 
contributor,  especially  on  subjects  which  fall  within  the  field  in  which  he  has 
attained  such  prominence. 

On  October  27,  1879,  Dr.  Goldspohn  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss 
Victoria  E.  Escher,  who  was  his  constant  and  efficient  helpmate  until  her  death, 
which  occurred  on  June  29,  1885.  This  was  a  severe  blow  to  him,  but  hard 
work  in  the  European  universities  finally  healed  the  wound.  Just  prior  to  his 
return  to  America,  on  August  4,  1887,  he  was  happily  married  to  his  present 
wife,   formerly  Miss  Cornelia  E.  Walz,  of  Stuttgart.      They  have  no  children. 


WILLIAM  PORTER  VERITY,   M.  D. 

The  Veritys  are  of  English  descent,  the  immediate  ancestors  of  Dr.  Wm. 
P.  Verity  settling  in  Ohio  at  an  early  day.  Rev.  Jonathan  Verity  was  a  prom- 
inent evangelist  and  revivalist  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  and  William  Verity,  uncles 
both  of  the  subject  of  our  sketch,  was  a  brave  soldier  in  the  Civil  War,  during 
one  of  its  historic  engagements  he  being  the  first  to  scale  the  breastworks  of 
the    enemy. 

On  his  mother's  side  Dr.  Verity  is  descended  from  the  family  of  which  the 
eminent  jurist,  the  Hon.  Jeremiah  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  is  a  representative. 
The  Blacks  of  Ohio  had  numerous  children,  and  of  these  four  sons  also  saw 
honorable  service  in  the  War  of   the  Rebellion.      One,   a  flag-bearer,  was  killed 


I 


o^ 


POST-GRADUATE   MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  479 

in  action — shot  through  the  heart  while  leading  a  gallant  charge — and  another, 
a  cannoneer,  won  distinction  on  the  bloody  field  of  Gettysburg  for  bravery  and 
ability. 

It  was  in  1850  that  the  father  of  Dr.  Verity,  Matthias,  married  Miss  Cynthia 
Ann  Black,  of  Ohio,  the  couple  removing  to  Wisconsin  by  way  of  the  "prairie 
schooner."  On  their  journey  they  passed  through  the  muddy  and  unattractive, 
but  even  then  energetic,  city  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River.  Like  thou- 
sands of  others,  however,  they  failed  to  see  in  its  forbidding  exterior  any 
promise  of  its  phenomenal  future,  and  drifting  north  they  settled  on  the  sand 
hills  of  Outagamie  County,  Wis.  It  was  while  residing  in  the  village  of  Kau- 
kauna,  near  Appleton,  on  the  first  of  March,  1854,  that  the  parents  welcomed 
the  birth  of  their  son,  William  Porter  Verity.  After  receiving  a  district  and  a 
high  school  education  and  spending  one  year  as  a  teacher,  young  Verity,  who 
had  now  attained  the  age  of  twenty  years,  began  the  study  of  his  profession 
under  the  tutelage  of  Dr.  A.  H.  Levings,  of  Appleton.  Two  years  later,  in  1876, 
he    came    to  Chicago    to    pursue   a   systematic  course  at  Rush  Medical  College. 

Dr.  Verity  took  his  degree  from  the  above  named  institution  in  1879,  and 
upon  competitive  examination  received  the  appointment  of  interne  in  the  Cook 
County  Hospital.  He  completed  the  full  term  of  service — eighteen  months — 
and  this  experience,  invaluable  though  it  was,  nearly  ended  his  earthly  career, 
for  while  performing  an  operation  he  was  accidentally  poisoned  and  the  result 
was  a  serious  illness  of    fully  three  months. 

At  the  conclusion  of  his  interneship  Dr.  Verity  at  once  opened  an  office  on 
Chicago  Avenue.  This  was  in  1881,  and  for  fifteen  years  he  has  remained  in 
the  locality  where  he  originally  established  his  practice.  Although  this  has 
been  of  a  general  nature,  his  professional  business  has  drifted  largely  into  sur- 
gical channels,  in  which  specialty  he  is  among  the  most  prominent  practitioners 
on  the  North    Side. 

As  an  indication  of  his  standing  it  may  be  stated  that  Dr.  Verity  served 
for  three  years  as  Consulting  Surgeon  to  Cook  County  Hospital,  and  that  for 
some  time  he  has  held  the  position  of  Surgeon  to  the  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School  and  Hospital. 

Notwithstanding  his  busy  life  as  surgeon  and  physician.  Dr.  Verity  is  quite 
a  constant  contributor  to  such  standard  periodicals  as  \\\q  Journal  of  tlie  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  the  Illedical  Standard,  the  North  American  Practitioner 
and  the  Journal  of  Neurology  and  Mental  Diseases.  His  subjects  embrace  a 
wide  range  and  he  has  read,  also,  many  papers  before  various  medical  societies 
which  have  been  widely  and   favorably  commented  upon. 

Dr.  Verity  is,  furthermore,  a  well-known  member  of  such  professional  organ- 
izations as  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Cook 
County  Hospital  Alumni  Association,  the   Illinois  State  Medical  Society  and  the 


48o  POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

American  Medical  Association.  He  is  also  a  Mason  in  high  standing,  and,  all 
in  all,  a  busy,  able,  straightforward  man  and  physician,  a  representative  of  those 
who  have  made  Chicago  what  it  is. 

In    1890    Dr.    Verity    was    married    to    Miss    Hattie    Bunnell,   of    Chicago,  a 
granddaughter  of  William  A.  Goodrich. 


ROSA  ENGELMANN,    B.   A.,    M.   D. 

Born  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  on  the  thirteenth  of  January,  i860.  Dr.  Rosa  Engel- 
mann  is  a  noteworthy  product  of  splendid  German  blood  and  of  a  thorough 
American  education.  Her  father,  Michael  Engelmann,  came  to  this  country 
from  Bavaria  when  but  a  boy  of  fourteen  years.  Commencing  active  life  as  a 
laborer  in  the  pineries  of  Michigan,  by  his  industry  and  force  of  character  he 
became  in  years  one  of  the  most  prominent  lumber  merchants  and  ship  own- 
ers in  the  Northwest.  At  a  very  early  day  he  made  Milwaukee  his  home,  and 
was  ever  accounted  among  the  leading  and  most  respected  citizens  of  that 
metropolis. 

Dr.  Engelmann's  mother,  Sophie  Steinhart,  also  a  native  of  Bavaria, 
came  to  America  when  a  girl  of  eighteen,  and  during  her  long  residence  in 
the  Cream  City,  as  the  wife  of  Mr.  Engelmann  (or,  as  he  was  familiarly 
called,  "Captain"  Engelmann)  became  widely  known  in  social  and  charitable 
circles,  much  artistic  ability  being  also  displayed  on  the  mother's  side.  But 
the  name  Engelmann  is  perhaps  most  generally  recognized  by  the  public  of 
the  Northwest  in  its  application  to  the  famous  line  of  steamers,  both  passenger 
and  freight,  which  plied  between  the  ports  of  the  Great  Lakes,  pioneers  of 
their  kind,    and  were  owned  by  Michael  Engelmann. 

The  daughter,  Rosa,  was  first  educated  in  the  private  schools  of  her 
native  city  and  at  the  Milwaukee  College,  obtaining  from  the  latter  institution 
her  degree  of  B.  A.  Although  she  pursued  courses  in  the  classics,  in  art  and 
in  music,  studying  and  traveling  later  in  Europe,  the  bent  of  her  mind  was 
toward  some  more  practical  occupation — something  which  should  develop  not 
only  her  mind  but  her  entire  nature.  This  something  she  soon  discovered  in 
the  study  of  medicine,  into  which  she  entered  with  all  the  energy  of  her 
enthusiastic  nature,  becoming  a  student  of  Dr.  Senn  while  a  resident  of  the 
Cream  City. 

Coming  to  Chicago,  she  at  once  commenced  her  professional  career  as  a 
student  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College.  Graduating  in  1889,  Dr.  Engel- 
mann carried  with  her  the  prize  of  $50  in  gold  for  the  best  examination  in 
Pathology — the  first  money  she  had  ever  earned.  Much  of  the  credit  for  this 
preliminary  success  and    her  continued    love  for    her  chosen  pursuit  she  gener- 


■'s^«fl-  j^^t  ::3  CM'^y 


POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  483 

ously  attributes  to  Dr.  Nicholas  Senn,  a  Milwaukeean  himself,  and  who  not 
only  gave  her  free  access  to  his  rich  library  but  instruction  in  Histology,  Pathol- 
ogy and  Practical  Medicine. 

After  serving  a  short  interneship  at  Wesley  Hospital  and  the  Woman's 
Hospital  of  Chicago,  Dr.  Engelmann  spent  twenty  months  as  physician  in 
charge  of  the  women's  department  of  the  Cook  County  Insane  Asylum  and  the 
Cook  County  Infirmary,  at  Dunning,  111.  As  a  specialist  in  juvenile  diseases 
she  has  become  widely  and  favorably  known  in  Chicago,  serving  five  years  as 
Clinical  Assistant  to  the  children's  department  of  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
Northwestern  University,  and  in  1891  receiving  the  appointment  of  Professor 
of  Pediatrics  at  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  of  this  city,  of  which  she 
was  the  first  representative  of  her  sex.  Furthermore,  she  is  Attending 
Pediatrist  to  the  United  Hebrew  Charities  Dispensary,  caring  for  an  average 
of  3,500  children  annually,  and  Attending  Physician  to  the  Sheltering  Home 
and  Creche,  being  President  of  the  charitable  and  medical  association  named 
above. 

With  her  ability  and  temperament.  Dr.  Engelmann  must  necessarily  have 
been  attracted  by  the  aggressive  work  of  Chicago's  Civic  Federation  and  become 
a  part  of  the  movement,  especially  of  those  measures  which  are  peculiarly 
within  the  field  of  woman's  activities.  For  some  time,  in  fact,  she  has  been 
serving  upon  its  Public  Health  Committee,  being  also  a  member  of  its  central 
council.  She  is  especially  identified  with  the  work  which  has  resulted  in  the 
scientific  inspection  of  milk  and  has  done  so  much  for  the  cause  of  public 
hygiene.  Her  appointment  and  reappointment  on  the  emergency  staff  of  the 
City  Health  Department  also  make  her  the  pioneer  of  her  sex  as  a  member  of 
that  important  body. 

In  common  with  most  women  of  assured  standing.  Dr.  Engelmann  is 
identified  with  the  Woman's  Club  of  Chicago.  As  to  her  connection  with  pro- 
fessional organizations,  it  may  be  stated  that  she  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  and  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  as  well  as  a  Fellow  of 
the  Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Taking  into  consideration  her  large  private  practice  and  her  manifold  duties 
in  connection  with  the  various  public  institutions  with  which  she  is  identified, 
it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  Dr.  Engelmann  is  among  the  busiest  and  best 
known  medical  women  in  Chicago,  and,  withal,  it  is  surprising  to  know  that 
she  has  found  time  to  contribute  valuable  papers  to  such  standard  medical 
periodicals  as  the  North  American  Practitioner,  the  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  Medicine,  the  Archives  of  Pediatrics,  etc.  Amono-  her 
contributions  may  be  mentioned:  "A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  the  Acci- 
dents of  Vaccination;"  "A  Plea  for  Aseptic  Vaccine  Virus  and  Aseptic  Vac- 
cination,   with  a  Case  in  Point;"    "Scarlatina  and  the  Streptococcus   Infection;" 


484  POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

"The  Inter-Relation  of  Some  of  the  Local  Spasms  of  Early  Life;"  "The 
Etiology  of  the  Summer  Diarrheas  of  Children;"  "A  Case  of  Cerebral  Syphilis 
in  a  Ten-Months'  Old  Babe"  and  "Observations  and  Statistics  Upon  the  Use 
of  Antitoxin  in  One   Hundred  Cases  of  Diphtheria." 


NORVAL   H.   PIERCE,   M.  D. 

Although  a  young  man,  Dr.  Pierce  has  already  attained  an  enviable  position 
among  his  professional  brethren.  He  was  born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1863, 
and  is  a  son  of  Dr.  H.  Lindsley  Pierce,  U.  S.  A.  His  education  was  begun  in 
Christ  School,  Philadelphia,  and  continued  in  the  public  schools  of  that  city. 
He  commenced  his  medical  education  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Phil- 
adelphia, and  the  Pennsylvania  School  of  Anatomy  under  McClelland.  In  1883 
he  came  to  Chicago  to  continue  his  professional  studies  and  entered  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  where  he  graduated  in  1885. 

In  a  competitive  examination  for  Resident  Physician  of  St.  Luke's  Hospi- 
tal Dr.  Pierce  took  first  place.  After  leaving  St.  Luke's  he  became  Assistant 
to  Professor  Fenger  at  the  Surgical  Clinic  of  his  Alma  Mater  and  in  his  hos- 
pital practice.  This  connection  continued  three  years,  and  has  had  a  greater 
influence  on  the  formation  of  his  medical  mind  than  any  other  circumstance  in 
his  life.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  to  the  position  of  Surgeon  to  Michael 
Reese  Hospital  Dispensary. 

In  1889  he  went  abroad  to  realize  the  dream  of  his  ambition — the  study  of 
medicine  in  the  foreign  universities.  He  spent  one  semester  at  Wurzburg  at 
the  Royal  University,  under  Leube,  Rindfleish  and  Michel,  studying  Pathology 
and  Internal  Diagnosis.  From  Wurzburg  he  went  to  Berlin  to  study  the  throat 
and  ear.  Before  leaving  America  the  character  of  his  practice  had  compelled 
him  to  pay  special  attention  to  diseases  of  the  ear  and  respiratory  pas- 
sages. This  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  he  had  paid  considerable  atten- 
tion to  the  cultivation  of  a  natural  voice,  and  hence  he  had  been  brought  in 
contact  with  many  amateur  and  professional  singers,  actors  and  speakers. 
From  Berlin  he  went  to  Vienna,  where  he  continued  his  studies  in  these  special 
lines  under  Politzer,  Bing,  Griiber,  Stoerk,  Chiari,  Nothnagle,  etc.  Having  the 
opportunity  to  become  the  assistant  to  Professor  Moritz  Schmidt  in  Frankfurt- 
am-Main  he  repaired  thither,  after  a  stay  of  nearly  a  year  in  Vienna.  He  re- 
mained with  Professor  Schmidt  through  one  Winter  as  his  assistant  in  his 
private  clinic,  and  the  great  advantage  of  this  position  cannot  be  overestimated. 

In  1891  Dr.  Pierce  returned  to  Chicago  and  established  a  department  for 
the  Diseases  of  the  Throat,  Nose  and  Ear  at  the  Michael  Reese  Hospital  Dis- 
pensary, which  has  become  one  of    the  largest    attended  clinics  in  the  city,  the 


62^o^     /!?'Vd 


'^oodsp.ee/i BToih&rs.PubUskers  Chicaao. 


\ 


POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL.  487 

number  of  patients  treated  yearly  increasing  by  hundreds.  His  practice,  which 
is  one  of  the  largest,  is  confined  to  special  work  on  the  nose,  throat  and  ear. 
He  has  also  written  many  articles  and  theses  which  have  been  read  before  the 
National,  State  and  local  medical  organizations. 

Dr.  Pierce  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Illinois 
State  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Medical  Association,  the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society,  the  Chicago  Ophthal- 
mological  and  Otological  societies  and  the  American  Laryngological  and  Oto- 
logical  Association.  He  is  Professor  of  Otology  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School  and  Hospital,  receiving  his  appointment  in  1893,  ^"d  is  Past  Surgeon  to 
Cook  County  Hospital  in  the  department  for  Throat,  Nose  and  Ear  Diseases. 
He  is  Attending  Laryngologist  and  Rhinologist  to  the  Michael  Reese  Hospital 
and  to  the  Dispensary,  and  to  the  Emergency  Hospital,  Chicago,  being  also  a 
member  of  the  Union  Club. 

In  1895  he  married  Drusilla,  daughter  of  Louis  Wahl,  and  it  may  perhaps 
be  unnecessary  to  add  that  Dr.  Pierce's  prospects  for  a  happy  life  and  a  bril- 
liant professional  career  are  of    the  brightest. 


SETH    SCOTT   BISHOP,    M.  D.,   LL.  D. 

Seth  Scott  Bishop  was  born  in  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.,  on  February  7,  1852, 
his  parents,  who  left  New  York  to  become  pioneers  in  the  West,  being  of 
English  and  Scotch  extraction.  The  boy  obtained  his  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city,  subsequently  receiving  an  academic  and  partial 
collegiate  training.  In  his  youth,  besides  attending  school  and  studying  music, 
he  mastered  the  printer's  trade,  working  at  it  in  the  office  of  the  Fond  du  Lac 
ComrnomvcaltJi.  During  this  digression  from  his  too  close  application  to  books, 
which  had  injured  his  health,  he  printed  the  first  successful  daily  paper  on  the 
first  power  press  that  ever  appeared  in  that  city.  After  returning  to  his 
academical  studies  he  edited  and  published  a  paper  called  The  Pen,  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  school,  setting  the  type  and  printing  it  out  of  school  hours. 
About  this  time  he  began  to  read  medicine,  in  addition  to  pursuing  his  school 
course. 

Having  prosecuted  his  studies  as  far  as  they  could  be  carried  at  home, 
he  went  to  New  York  and  attended  two  courses,  a  preliminary  and  a  regular  one, 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1871-72. 
He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  S.  S.  Bowers,  for  several  years  mayor  of  Fond  du 
Lac,  and  graduated  from  the  Northwestern  University  Medical  School  in  Chi- 
cago in   1876. 


488  POST-GRADUATE    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Dr.  Bishop  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  his  native  city, 
but  in  a  short  time  he  was  prompted  to  try  the  fortunes  of  a  country  doctor. 
In  Midwinter,  therefore,  he  drove  from  his  old  home  to  a  location  on  the  prairies 
of  Minnesota,  where  he  practiced  until  the  Fall  of  1879,  when  he  decided  that 
professional  life  in  a  city  was  preferable  to  that   in  the  country. 

Dr.  Bishop  accordingly  settled  in  Chicago,  promptly  identifying  himself 
with  various  medical  charities.  In  1881  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  medi- 
cal staff  of  the  South  Side  Free  Dispensary,  where  he  served,  first  in  the 
Children's  and  afterward  in  the  Eye  and  Ear  department,  for  a  number  of  years. 
Later  he  conducted  clinics  in  the  West  Side  Free  Dispensary,  and  has  held 
the  appointment  of  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Illinois  Masonic  Orphans'  Home 
from  its  foundation.  He  is  an  Attending  Surgeon  to  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary,  where  he  has  been  in  active  service  ever  since  1882.  Dr.  Bishop 
is  the  discoveror  of  camphor-menthol,  and  is  the  inventor  of  numerous  surgical 
instruments. 

He  is  the  author  of  the  following  monographs,  most  of  which  he  has  read 
at  the  conventions  of  various  medical  associations  :  "Hay  Fever,"  the  first  prize 
essay  of  the  United  States  Hay  Fever  Associati(jn;  "Cocaine  in  Hay  Fever,"  a 
lecture  delivered  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College;  "The  Pathology  of  Hay 
Fever,"  read  at  the  Ninth  International  Congress;  "A  Statistical  Report  of 
Five  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  Cases  of  Diseases  of  the  Ear, "  read  at  the 
same  place;  "The  Treatment  of  Suppurative  Inflammation  of  the  Middle  Ear;" 
"Operations  on  the  Drum  Head  for  Impaired  Hearing,"  with  report  of  cases; 
"Operations  for  Mastoid  Disease;"  "Compressed  Air  and  Sprays  in  Diseases 
of  the  Nose,  Throat  and  Ear;"  "  Atresia  of  the  External  Auditory  Canal, "  read 
at  the  Tenth  International  Congress,  in  Berlin;  "The  Rational  Treatment  of 
Common  Aural  Catarrh;"  "Menthol  in  Diseases  of  the  Respiratory  Organs;" 
"Lessons  from  Fatal  Mastoid  Disease;"  "Camphor-Menthol  in  Catarrhal 
Diseases;"  "The  Treatment  of  Cold  in  the  Head  and  Nervous  Catarrh,"  and 
many  others. 

Among  the  surgical  instruments  invented  or  devised  by  Dr.  Bishop  are 
the  following:  A  pneumatic  otoscope,  an  adjustable  lamp  bracket,  an  improved 
tonsillotome,  a  middle  ear  mirror,  a  caustic  applicator,  a  middle  ear  curette,  a 
light  concentrator,  a  cold  wire  snare,  a  nasal  speculum,  a  camphor-menthol 
inhaler,  a  pocket  powder  blower,  an  office  powder  blower,  a  nasal  knife,  an 
automatic  tuning  fork,    double   retractors,    etc. 

The  Doctor  has  been  elected  to  membership  in  the  State  medical  societies 
of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Illinois,  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society,  the 
United  States  Hay  Fever  Association,  the  Mississijipi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  Ninth  and  Tenth  Intt'rnational  Medical  congresses,  the  American 
Medical    Association,    the   Knights  of    Honor,     the   A.    O.    U.    W.,    Odd  Fellows, 


POS'J -GRADUATE    JlfEDICAL    SCHOOL.  491 

Beta  Theta  Pi,  Beloit  College  Chapter,  and  the  highest  Masonic  bodies.  He 
is  Professor  of  Otology  in  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hos- 
pital, Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Nose,  Throat  and  Ear  in  the  Illinois 
Medical  College  (Chicago  Summer  School  of  Medicine)  and  Attending  Sur- 
geon to  the  Chicago  Commons  Free  Dispensary. 

Dr.  Bishop's  family  consists  of  his  wife,  Jessie,  daughter  of  the  late  Peter 
Button,  the  well-known  contractor  and  builder,  and  two  children,  Jessie  and 
Mabel.  In  1890  the  Doctor  and  his  wife  took  a  trip  to  Europe,  attending  the 
meetings  of  the  British  Medical  Association  in  Birmingham  and  the  Tenth 
International  Congress  in  Berlin. 


i 


Harvey  Medical  College 


i 


HISTORY  OF  ^HARVEY  MEDICAL  a)LLli(;E 


By  FRANCES  DICKINSON,  M.  D.,  Secrhtary. 


A   DEMAND    MET. 

Evening  instruction  in  law,  medicine  and  other  branches  of  knowledge  has 
become  an  educational  factor  in  large  cities.  The  evening  school  not  only 
offers  an  opportunity  for  a  special  course,  fitting  the  student  for  any  calling, 
but  enables  him  to  obtain  a  liberal  education  while  engaged  in  some  other  avo- 
cation. In  every  large  city  there  is  an  increasing  class  of  ambitious  men  and 
women  who  find  it  impossible  to  spend  the  day  in  the  class-room,  and  evening 
instruction  offers  them  opportunity  for  self-culture  during  the  only  time  at  their 
command.  It  is  evident  from  the  rapid  growth  of  the  Harvey  Medical  College 
that   this  demand  is  being   met  and  appreciated. 

ORGANIZATION    (1891). 

Organized  in  1891,  it  struggled  during  the  first  three  years.  In  1894  the 
college  was  purchased  and  completely  reorganized  by  Dr.  Frances  Dickinson, 
the  present  Secretary.  She  made  a  departure  in  location  Ijy  immediately  re- 
moving the  school  to  the  most  thickly  populated  district  in  the  city  and  one 
richest  in  clinical  material,  and  established,  under  one  roof,  at  the  corner 
of  South  Halsted  and  Van  Buren  streets,    a  medical   settlement  containing  the 

o 

following  departments  ;  Harvey  Medical  College,  Harvey  Hospital,  Harvey  Free 
Dispensary,  Harvey  Training  School  for  Nurses,  Harvey  Dime  Drug  Store 
and  Harvey  "Out  Practice." 

RAPID     GROWTH. 

In  seven  months  the  school  increased  its  number  of  students  five-fold, 
treated  over  two  thousand  persons  in  the  disj')ensary,  cared  for  seventy-four  in 
the  hospital,  the  majority  of  whom  were  capital  surgical  cases,  with  but  three 
deaths,  and  answered  seventy  calls  through  the  "Out  Practice."  Ample  oppor- 
tunities are  thus  furnished  the  student  for  the  study  of  disease,  the  practice  of 
medicine,    obstetrics  and  surgery.     The  number  of  teachers  was  doubled,  and  at 

*An  Evening   School  of   Medicine  and  Surgery,  Co-Educational  and   of  the   Regular  School 
of   Medicine. 

495 


496  HARVEY  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

the  completion  of  the  year's  work  the  school  was  visited  by  the  Illinois  State 
Board  of  Health  and  added  to  the  list  of  recognized  colleges.  In  less  than 
another  year's  time  more  commodious  quarters  became  necessary,  and  in  the 
Spring  of  1896  the  college  moved  to  its  present  quarters,  the  Harvey  Building, 
No.    169  South  Clark  Street. 

GENERAL    PLAN. 

One  of  the  principal  aims  of  Dr.  Frances  Dickinson  was  to  establish  a 
co-educational  regular  school  of  medicine  where  women  would  receive  the  same 
surgical  as  well  as  medical  instruction  given  to  men  in  all  departments;  as  a 
rule  this  training  can  only  be  had  in  a  few  universities.  The  teaching  faculty 
of  the  college  includes  many  of  the  best  teachers  in  the  city,  which  fact,  together 
with  the  latest  and  best  equipment  in  the  chemical,  anatomical,  histological  and 
bacteriological  laboratories,  has  already  placed  the  Harvey  in  the  list  of  high 
class  colleges.  The  increase  of  the  students  from  nine  to  over  one  hundred  in 
two  years  is  ample  proof  of  the  appreciation  of  the  almost  herculean  efforts  of 
two  officers  of  the  institution  to  place  the  college  among   the  best. 

The  faculty  realize  the  necessity  of  thorough  clinical  training,  and  believ- 
ing that  the  medical  teaching  of  the  future  will  be  largely  objective,  have  inau- 
gurated a  new  feature  to  fill  this  demand — an  all-day  course  of  clinical  instruc- 
tion. The  hours  from  9  a.  m.  to  9  p.  m.  are  designed  to  be  used  for  the 
clinical  teaching  of  the  students  of  the  third  and  fourth  year  classes.  Each 
student  has  his  own  microscope  and  equipment  and  is  required  to  use  and  in- 
vestigate with  it  during  the  four  years  of  study.  Students  are  to  examine, 
diagnose  and  treat  medical  cases  and  to  perform  surgical  operations,  give 
treatments  and  make  dressings  under  the  direction  of  the  attending  clinical 
professor. 

The  Training  School  for  Nurses  endeavors  to  give  a  practical  and  thorough 
course  of  instruction  to  women  in  the  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  that  they 
may  become  skillful  and  efficient  nurses  in  the  home  and  the  hospital  wards. 
The  Harvey  Dispensary  and  "Out  Practice"  furnish  them  ample  opportunities 
for  practical  experience,    under  the  direction  of  an  able   corps  of  physicians  and 

eons. 

A  special  feature  of  the  Harvey  Medical  Settlement  is  its  Dime  Drug  Store, 
which  furnishes  two-ounce  mixtures  to  the  dispensary  and  "Out  Practice" 
patients  for  one  dime.  Students  are  given  instructions  in  pharmacy  by  the 
druggist,  who  is  a  registered  pharmacist  and  who  teaches  them  the  practical 
as  well  as  the  theoretical   compounding  of  drugs. 

The  curriculum  of  the  Harvey  Medical  College  covers  four  terms,  of  nine 
months  each,  giving  the  student  more  hours  of  class-room  drill  than  many  of 
the  older  colleges.  Final  examinations  and  credits  are  given  as  fast  as  the 
work  is  accomplished. 


i),ii  .iiuiiismiiseiv 


THE    PRESENT    BUILDING. 


i 


HARVliV    iMEDICAL    COLLUGE.  499 

PRESENT    OFFICERS    AND    FACl'I/fW 

Following;  are  the  Directors  and  Officers  of  the  Corporation: 

F.  D.  Marshall,  M.  D.,  President.  '     •     ' 

J.  A.  Clark.  M.  D..  Vice-President. 

E.  L.  Lobdell,  M.  D.,  Treasurer. 

Frances  Dickinson,  M.  D.,  Secretary. 

J.  Elizabeth  Tompkins. 

The  Teaching  Facult)^  for    1895-96  is  as  follows: 

Byron  Robinson,  B.  S.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecology  .and  Abdominal 
Surgery. 

William   F.  Waugh,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Applied  Therapeutics. 

J.  J.  M.  Angear,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Prefessor  of  Nervous  and  Mental 
Diseases. 

Frederick  D.  Marshall,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics. 

W.  P.  Verity,   M.  D.,  Professor  of  Joints,  Ligaments  and  Deformities. 

Charles  Pague,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

R.  FI.  Vickers,  B.  A.,  J.  C.  D.,  LL.  B.,  Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

W.  H.  Knapp,  M.  D.,  Professor  and  Demonstrator  of  Biology  and  Histology 
and  Demonstrator  of   Physiology. 

W.  T.  Eckley,  M.  D.,  Professor  and   Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

J.  VV.  Meek,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistr}-,  Toxicology  and  Urinary 
Analysis.  .     ■ 

Wm.  A.  Evans,  Professor  of  Pathological   Histology. 

J.  A.  Clark,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

J.  Chase  Stubbs,   M.  D.,  Professor  of  Therapeutics. 

J.  Homer  Coulter,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Rhinology  and 
Laryngology. 

H.  VV.  Scaife,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children  and 
Hygiene. 

W.  C.  Ohlendorf,  Ph.  G.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Materia 
Medica. 

Lucy  Waite,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Gynecology. 

George  M.  Silverberg,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Chest. 

J.  M.  Auld,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Rectal  Surger}-. 

George  Warren  Reynolds,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physical  Diagnosis  and 
Diseases  of  the  Chest. 

John  Galbraith,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy — Osteology. 

J.  Charles  Brydges,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Minor  Surgery. 

VV.  E.  Coates,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  Professor  and  Demonstrator  of  Bacteriology  and 
I'athology. 


500  HARVEY  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

Emma  L.   Benham,    M.    D.,    D.   D.  S.,    Professor  of  Dental  Pathology  and 
Surgery. 

J.  F.  Oaks,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Otology. 

F.   Eldredge    Wynekoop,    B.    S.,    M.   D.,    Professor    and    Demonstrator    of 
Embryology. 

Janet  Gunn,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children. 

J.  S.  M.  Wylie,   C.   M.,    M.   D.,    Professor  of  Biology  and  Zoology,    Physics 
and  Electricity. 

Amy    T.    Mace,     Registered     Pharmacist,      Professor     of     Pharmacy     and 
Prescription  Writing. 

Geo.  McConnell,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Dermatology. 

Chas.  J.  Lewis,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology. 

Belle  C.  Eskridge,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Minor  Surgery. 

J.  M.  Sloan,  C.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases. 

Isabel    Montgomery    Davenport,    M.    I).,    Professor  of    Nervous  and    Mental 
Diseases. 

Harry  P.  Pratt,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Electro-Therapeutics. 

Henry  A.  Norden,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

Alice  Ewing,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Otology. 

Katharyn  Keith,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy — Circulatory  System. 

Joseph  R.  Noel,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Therapeutics. 
■       A.  A.  O'Neil,  Professor  of  Physical  Diagnosis. 

Isadore  L.  Green,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy — Nervous  System. 

Chas.   L.   Webster,    A.  B.,    B.   D.,   A.    M.,    M.   D.,    Professor     of     Medical 
Terminology. 

Marie  White,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anesthetics. 

Julia  Ross  Low,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Stomach  and  Intestinal 
Tract. 

J.  H.  Eskridge,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Operative  Surgery. 

J.  Elizabeth  Tompkins,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Dermatology. 

William  Bonnar,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practical  Surgery. 
-     .  Frances  Dickinson,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Ophthalmology. 

J.  Grinker,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Pathology. 

Chas.  Sterling,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology. 

E.  R.  Findley,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Bacteriology. 

A.  S.  Warner,  Professor  of  Muscles  and  Ligaments. 

The  Clinical  Professors  are: 

Lucy  Waite,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Gynecology  and  Abdominal  Surgery. 

J.  A.  Clark,  M.  D.,  Gynecology  and  Abdominal  Surgery. 

J.  Chase  Stubbs,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  Gynecology. 


HARVEY  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  .  501 

Effie  L.  Lobdell,  M.  D.,  Assistant  to  Gynecology. 

J.  H.  Eskridge,  M.  D.,  General  Surgery. 

Belle  C.  Eskridge,  M.  D.,  General  Surgery. 

J.  Chas.  Brydges,  M.  D.,  General   Surgery. 

F.  D.  Marshall,  M.  D.,  General  Medicine. 

Geo.  M.  Silverberg,  Throat  and  Chest. 

J.  Homer  Coulter,  M.  D.,  Nose  and  Throat. 

Frances  Dickinson,  M.  D.,  Diseases  and  Surgery  of  the  Eye. 

Miss  Kaas,  Dental  Surgery. 

J.  N.  Sloan,  M.  D.,  Dermatology. 

J.  W.  Meek,  M.  D.,  Venereal. 

J.  Elizabeth  Tompkins,  M.  D.,  Dermatology. 

Effie  L.  Lobdell,  M.  D.,  General  Medicine. 

George  McConnell,  M.  D.,  Dermatology. 

Chas.  L.  Webster,  Assistant  to  Gynecology.  ' 

H.  W.  Scaife,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  Diseases  of  Children. 

W.  E.  Coates,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  Diseases  of  Children. 

Chas.  J.  Lewis,  M.  D.,  Diseases  of  Children. 

William  Bonnar.  M.  D.,  General  Surgery. 

J.  M.  Auld,  M.  D.,  Disepses  and  Surgery  of  the  Rectum. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


FRANCES    DICKINSON.   M.   D. 

A  product  of  Chicago  and  the  vigorous  West,  Dr.  Dickinson  is  an  embodi- 
ment of  well-directed  energy  and  of  untiring  zeal  in  a  score  of  good  causes, 
some  of  them  connected  directly  with  her  profession  and  others  bearing  upon 
the  progress  of  her  sex,  or  of  humanity  as  a  whole.  By  those  who  have  known 
of  her  work  and  followed  her  career  for  the  past  decade  she  is  recognized  not 
only  as  one  of  the  most  prominent  women  of  the  West,  intellectually,  but  as 
one  of  the  leading  oculists  in  this  section  of  the  country. 

Born  in  Chicago,  on  the  nineteenth  of  January,  1856,  Dr.  Dickinson 
inherited  those  substantial,  persevering  traits  of  character  which  are  typical  of 
the  good  old  Quaker  stock.  Her  parents  were  natives  of  Massachusetts,  her 
mother,  Ann  Eliza  Anthony,  being  the  first  woman  to  organize  a  Society  of 
Friends  in  this  city.  Mrs.  Dickinson — an  aunt,  by-the-way,  of  the  famous  Susan 
B.  Anthony — was  a  woman  of  strong  character  and  was  unostentatiously  active 
in  much  charitable  work  both  East  and  West. 

The  father  of  Frances,  Albert  Franklin  Dickinson,  was  a  prominent  busi- 
ness man,  and  a  gentleman  as  well  of  broad  character  and  decided  convictions 
as  to  the  ability  of  women  to  succeed  in  that  profession  wherein  intuition, 
sympathy  and  delicacy  of  feeling  play  so  prominent  a  part.  Firmly  believing 
that  the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  was  a  field  for  which  they  were  par- 
ticularly fitted,  when  his  daughter  showed  a  decided  bent  in  this  direction  he 
encouraged  her  in  every  way  possible. 

After  receiving  a  thorough  education  in  the  grammar  and  high  schools  of 
Chicago,  graduating  from  the  Central  High  School  in  1875,  Frances  first  adopted 
teaching  as  a  profession.  After  an  experience  of  four  years  in  the  public  schools 
she  became  convinced  that  the  field  of  activity  was  not  broad  enough  to  satisfy 
her.  During  her  last  year  of  teaching  she  attended  a  course  of  lectures  on 
physiology,  given  by  Dr.  Sarah  Hackett  Stevenson,  at  the  Chicago  Woman's 
Medical  College,  her  original  intention  being  to  qualify  herself  as  an  instructor 
in  that  branch.  When  her  independent  determination  to  acquire  a  full  medical 
education  and  plans  were  made  known,  her  brother  Charles  insisted  that  she 
should  at  once  commence  her  course  and  he  and  the  other  members  of  the 
family  would  meet  the  expenses  which   would  be  incurred. 

502 


HARVEY   MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  503 

In  1880,  therefore,  she  matriculated  for  the  full  medical  and  sur,L:;ical  course 
at  the  Woman's  Medical  College  in  this  city,  serving  as  interne  in  the  Women's 
and  Children's  Hospital,  under  Dr.  Mary  Harris  Thompson,  and  graduating 
with  honors  in  1883.  In  the  Fall  of  that  year  she  went  abroad  with  her  brother 
Charles.      Her  father  had  died  two  years  previous. 

Dr.  Dickinson  spent  fourteen  months  in  studying  and  traveling  in  Scot- 
land, England,  France,  Algiers,  Tunis,  Sicily,  Switzerland  and  Germany.  Before 
going  abroad  she  determined  to  make  Ophthalmology  her  specialt}-,  taking  the 
course  given  in  that  branch  at  the  Illinois  State  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  of 
Chicago.  In  London  she  stuched  under  the  celebrated  surgeon,  Dr.  Cooper,  in 
the  Royal  Ophthalmic  HosjMtal,  at  Moorfields,  attending  also  the  ophthalmic 
clinics  at  the  Royal  Free  Hospital,  in  Gray's  Inn  Road.  In  Darmstadt,  Ger- 
many, under  the  private  tutorship  of  Dr.  Adolph  Weber,  to  whom  Von  Graefe, 
the  father  of  Ophthalmology,  willed  his  instruments.  Dr.  Dickinson  spent  five 
months,  thus  laying  the  foundation  for  the  carefulness,  thoroughness  and  accuracy 
which  have  always  been  characteristic  of  her  wcrk.  Dr.  Weber  had  a  large 
private  clinic  and  hospital  of  sixty  beds  attached   to  his  home. 

On  returning  to  Chicago  she  entered  her  chosen  field  of  jnactical  labor 
with  the  same  enthusiasm  which  marked  her  study  and  preliminary  work.  She 
rose  rapidly  to  prominence,  being  now  considered  the  leading  woman  practi- 
tioner in  her  specialty  in  the  West.  Dr.  Dickinson  bears  the  distinction  of 
being  the  only  woman  post-graduate  instructor  in  ophthalmology,  occupying  a 
chair  in  her  special  branch  in  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate  School  of  Medicine. 
She  is  also  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  and  Secretary  of  the  Harvey  Medical 
College,  a  co-educational  school,  with  evening  sessions,  of  comparatively  recent 
organization,  which  promises  to  be  one  of  the  flourishing  institutions  of  the  West. 

In  1887,  when  the  Ninth  International  Aiedical  Congress  convened  at 
Washington,  no  woman  had  been  admitted  to  the  membership  of  that  august 
body.  Dr.  Dickinson  broke  down  the  barriers  of  prejudice,  was  received  into 
its  ranks,  and  prepared  the  way  for  her  sisters  East  and  West.  Since  that 
year  women  have  not  been  debarred  from  membership,  although  the  meetings 
of  the  congress  have  been  held  in  foreign  cities  as  before,  where  the  sex  is  not 
received  by  the  universities  on  an  ecjual  footing  with   men. 

Dr.  Dickinson  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  Chicago 
Medical  Society,  Chicago  Ophthalmological  Society,  the  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science  and  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.  As  a 
member  of  the  Woman's  Federal  Labor  Union,  No.  2,703,  and  of  the  Chicago 
Woman's  Club,  she  has  been  prominent  in  the  industrial  and  civic  reforms 
which  for  the  past  decade  have  agitated  the  cit}'. 

When  she  cannot  see  her  way  clear  to  assist  in  the  correction  of  an  evil, 
or  the  alleviation  of    suffering  through  some  existing  organization,  she  does  not 


504  HARVEY  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

hesitate  to  bring  one  into  existence,  or  to  make  the  work  an  individual  labor. 
For  instance,  at  the  time  of  the  Johnstown,  Pa.,  calamity,  with  the  assistance 
of  Dr.  Lucy  Waite,  the  well-known  woman  surgeon,  she  formed  the  first  medical 
union,  composed  of  women  of  the  various  schools  of  medicine.  This  Illinois 
Medical  Women's  Sanitary  Association  immediately  dispatched  Dr.  Kate  Bush- 
nell  to  the  scene  of  the  terrible  suffering,  and  later  Dr.  Alice  Ewing.  They 
were  among  the  first  to  reach  the  victims  of  the  disaster  and  administer  to 
their  wants  and  sufferings,  remaining  for  seven  weeks  upon  the  scene  of  the 
casualty. 

Dr.  Lucy  Waite  and  Dr.  Dickinson  were  the  originators  of  the  Queen  Isa- 
bella Association,  the  organization  formed  to  do  justice  to  the  great  queen 
whose  patronage  of  the  Columbian  discoveries  entitled  her  to  be  called  the 
Mother  of  America.  The  noble  statue  executed  by  Harriet  G.  Hosmer  is  the 
material  result  of  the  work  of  the  association,  and  when  the  splendid  creation 
is  cast  in  bronze  will  be  as  truly  a  lasting  memorial  to  the  self-sacrificing 
enthusiasm  of  these  women  as  a  monument  to  the  genius  of    the  sculptor. 

During  the  Columbian  Exposition  Dr.  Dickinson  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers,  being  an  active  and  untiring  worker  for  its  best 
interests. 

In  youth  she  was  associated  with  the  Methodist  denomination,  her  work 
among  the  young  people  of  the  Centenary  M.  E.  Church  continually  bearing 
good  fruit — wholesome  and  plentiful.  Although  her  religion  is  kept  in  the 
background,  rather  as  an  incentive  to  practical  good  than  an  end  in  itself,  Dr. 
Dickinson  has  still  many  leanings  toward  the  faith  of  her  parents. 


LUCY   WAITE,    M.  D. 


The  Van  Valkenburghs  were  members  of  a  substantial  Dutch  family,  many 
of  whom  in  Holland  were  landed  proprietors  and,  both  intellectually  and 
materially,  substantial  people.  Of  those  who  settled  in  Canada  and  New  York, 
the  genealogical  records  indicate  that  not  a  few  were  descended  from  former 
residents  of  the  historic  Ghent.  They  were  stanch  supporters  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary cause,   several  of  them  holding  high  positions  in  New  York  commands. 

Dr.  Waite  is  a  daughter  of  Ex-Judge  Burlingame  Waite  and  Catharine 
Van  Valkenburgh  Waite.  Her  father  is  a  native  of  New  York,  but  was 
admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar  when  a  young  man  and  was  long  a  legal  practi- 
tioner in  Chicago  before  President  Lincoln,  in  1862,  appointed  him  to  the 
position  of  Assistant  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Utah.  In  1865  he 
resigned  his  position,  after  making  a  national  record  in  the  various  complica- 
tions between  the  Supreme  Judiciary  and  the  Mormon  Church.      In  1865  Judge 


'U^ijy^f.^^i 


iT-yty 


HARVEY   MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  507 

Waite  became  District  Attorney  for  the  Territory  of  Idaho,  but  one  year  later 
returned  to  Chicago,  where  he  has  for  years  been  engaged  in  hterary  pursuits. 

Dr.  Waite's  mother  was  born  in  Canada  West,  as  Catharine  Van  Valken- 
burgh,  her  parents  being  natives  of  Holland  and  members  of  that  good  old 
family  to  which  reference  has  been  made.  After  graduating  from  Oberlin 
College  she  married  Mr.  Waite,  and  while  a  resident  of  Chicago  established  the 
Hyde  Park  Seminary,  graduated  from  the  Union  College  of  Law,  was  admitted 
to  the  Illinois  bar  and  founded  and  published  the  Chicago  Law  Times.  At 
the  International  Council  of  Women,  held  at  Washington,  in  1888,  Mrs.  Waite 
was  elected  President  of  the  Woman's  International  Bar  Association,  and  both  as 
a  writer  and  a  pioneer  lawyer  among  women  she  has  achieved  a  national  fame. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  a  daughter  of  such  parentage  and  such  lineage 
should  have  a  decided  intellectual  tendency  and  be  blessed  with  the  stamina 
to  become  thorough  in  whatever  she  undertook.  A  native  of  Chicago,  after 
becoming  grounded  in  all  the  studies  which  common  and  high  schools  could 
offer,  Lucy  Waite  entered  the  Chicago  University  and  graduated  in  1880. 
Being  irresistibly  drawn  toward  the  medical  profession,  she  then  received  two 
decrees  of  M.  D. — one  from  Hahnemann  and  a  second  from  the  Harvey 
Medical  College.  Deciding  now  upon  Gynecology  and  Abdominal  Surgery  as 
her  specialties,  she  spent  two  years  in  Vienna  and  Paris  in  study  and  practice. 
First  she  entered  the  school  of  midwifery  which  is  a  branch  of  the  Vienna 
Medical  University.  Carl  and  Gustav  Braun  were  her  immediate  preceptors, 
and  before  obtaining  her  degree  she  was  obliged  to  pass  an  examination  before 
the  great  authority,  Dr.  Spath.  Not  only  were  her  studies  here  comprehensive 
and  thorough,  but  she  labored  in  the  hospital  day  and  night  to  master  all  the 
practical  details.  At  the  private  hospital  in  Paris  Dr.  Waite  had  the  benefit 
of  instruction  at  the  hands  of  Drs.  Apostoli  and  Amedee  Doleris.  Under  the 
former  she  pursued  a  special  course  in  Electro-Therapeutics  as  applied  to 
Gynecology,  the  general  range  of  her  study  and  clinical  experience  covering 
the  specialties  of  Gynecology  and  Abdominal  Surgery,  to  which  she  is  devot- 
ing her  life.  Since  her  return  from  Europe,  in  1887,  she  has  persistently  con- 
fined herself  to  her  chosen  province,  in  which  she  is  now  one  of  the  acknowl- 
edged authorities. 

For  about  four  years  Dr.  Waite  was  House  Surgeon  in  the  Chicago 
Gynecological  Institute  and  is  at  present  Professor  of  Gynecology  and 
Abdominal  Surgery  in  the  hospital  connected  with  Harvey  Medical  College. 
She  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  of  the  Chicago  Medical 
and  Pathological  societies  and  of  the  Woman's  Club  of  this  city.  Although 
her  time  is  almost  entirely  devoted  to  the  duties  of  her  practice,  she  finds 
opportunity,  now  and  then,  to  contribute  to  medical  literature  upon  the  sub- 
jects to  which  she  has  given  so  much  study. 


5o8  HARVEY  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

In  1893  Dr.  Waite  was  married  to  Dr.  Byron  Robinson,  but,  in  accord- 
ance with  her  husband's  earnest  request,  she  retains  her  maiden  name.  It  is 
quite  remarkable  that  both  have  devoted  themselves  with  unusual  success  to 
the  same  specialty,   that  of  Abdominal  Surgery. 


GEORGIA   SACKETT    RUGGLES,   M.   D. 

Born  at  Terra  Haute,  Ind.,  on  the  12th  of  September,  1856,  Dr.  Ruggles 
is  a  representative  of  that  unassuming,  industrious  and  able  class  of  practi- 
tioners which  is  the  real  substance  of  the  profession.  For  the  past  eleven 
years  she  has  faithfully  and  successfully  pursued  her  chosen  calling,  making  the 
South  Side  her  home  and  Gynecology  her  specialty.  Although  she  has 
enjoyed  an  extensive  general  practice,  she  has  devoted  most  of  her  attention 
to  this  branch  of  medicine  and  surgery. 

Dr.  Ruggles'  brother,  Leon  N.  Sackett,  is  a  prominent  physician  of  Indiana, 
and  her  uncle,  Dr.  Spencer  Ward,  was  a  leading  surgeon  of  New  York  City. 
This  fact  had  much  to  do  with  the  adoption  of  her  profession,  the  early  years 
of  her  life  being  passed  as  a  school  teacher.  Graduating  from  the  high  school 
when  only  fifteen  years  of  age,  she  taught  school  for  a  time,  but  was  married 
when  nineteen  years  old  to  Hubert  A.  Ruggles,  a  business  man  of  Terra  Haute. 

Ambitious,  however,  to  make  her  mark,  Mrs.  Ruggles'  thoughts  were 
directed  more  and  more  toward  the  study  of  medicine  as  a  profession  which  was 
both  scientific  and  practical  in  its  tendencies.  She  therefore  entered  the  office 
of  Dr.  T.  S.  Galbraith,  of  Seymour,  Ind.,  where  she  remained  one  year.  Being 
then  prepared  to  pursue  a  regular  course  to  advantage,  she  came  to  Chicago 
and  matriculated  at  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  from  which  institution  she 
graduated  in  1883.  Not  yet  satisfied  with  her  practical  acquirements,  she 
served  in  the  hospital  as  an  interne  for  fourteen  months,  and  then  commenced 
the  active  practice  of  her  profession.  Since,  she  has  not  only  prospered  in  a 
business  sense,  but  has  reached  such  a  standing  in  the  ranks  of  the  profession 
that  three  years  ago  she  was  placed  upon  the  hospital  staff  as  Professor  of 
Gynecology.  For  the  past  eleven  years  Dr.  Ruggles  has  also  served  as 
Physician  in  Charge  of  the  Young  Women's  Refuge,  and  for  two  years  has 
held  a  position  on  the  staff  of  the  Charity  Hospital. 

Although  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  the  Chicago 
Medical  Society,  Dr.  Ruggles,  as  a  rule,  has  eschewed  all  connection  with 
organizations  outside  of  her  profession,  preferring  to  pursue  ^  womanly, 
modest  and  dignified  course  in  the  faithful  discharge  of  her  duties  as  a  practi- 
tioner; and  her  present  standing  is  certainly  a  justification  of  her  wise  resolve 
and  her  consistent  and  progressive  career. 


N-^- 


I 


Chicago  Ophthalmic  College 


CHICAGO  OPHTHALMIC  C0LLE(;F.. 


None  but  physicians  and  ophthalmic  practitioners  who  have  devoted  special 
study  to  the  subject  fully  appreciate  the  vast  amount  of  injury  that  may  be 
done  to  the  eye  by  imperfectly  correcting  its  muscular  and  optical  defects.  It  is 
not  alone  sufficient  that  those  who  prescribe  ophthalmic  lenses  should  know  what 
combination  to  give  in  every  case.  They  should  know  that  in  many  instances 
some  obscure  ocular  or  other  disease  affecting  the  eye  is  present,  and  the 
sufferer  should  be  referred  to  a  competent  physician  for  treatment.  One  good 
work  that  the  Chicago  Ophthalmic  College  has  accomplished,  which  has  now 
been  in  charge  of  Dr.  Hiram  M.  Martin  for  about  ten  years,  is  to  furnish  phy- 
sicians and  educated  men  with  the  scientific  knowledge  which  will  enable  them 
to  decide  what  defects  of  vision  can  be  remedied  by  the  use  of  suitable  oph- 
thalmic lenses  and  those  requiring  ocular  and  general  treatment.  The  students 
in  this  college  are  taught  enough  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Pathology  and  see 
enough  of  eye  diseases  to  enable  them  to  decide  positively,  by  the  intelligent 
use  of  the  ophthalmoscope,  when  lenses  are  needed.  The  faculty  of  the  col- 
lege, therefore,  includes  professorships  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Clinical 
Ophthalmology  (held  by  Dr.  Martin),  Optics  and  Optical  Technics  Physi- 
ology, Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,  Clinical  Optics  and  Ophthalmoscopy, 
Descriptive  and  Pathological  Anatomy,  Diseases  of  the  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat 
and  Materia  Medica  and  Special  Therapeutics.  During  the  year  there  were 
given  six  courses  of  lectures,  the  subjects  taught  being  Physical  and  Physio- 
logical Optics,  Adjusting  of  Lenses  and  Spectacle  Eyeglass  Frames,  Anatomy, 
Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the  Eye,  Errors  of  Refraction  and  Accommodation 
and  Muscular  Enervations,  the  last  named  often  causing  functional  nervous  dis- 
eases; also  all  diseased  conditions  that  may  be  mistaken  for  defects  of  vision 
remediable  by  lenses.  Special  attention  is,  of  course,  given  to  the  practical  and 
ready  use  of  the  ophthalmoscope  and  to  teaching  the  scientific  application  of 
prisms  for  the  relief  of  muscular  weakness  and  enervations.  In  fact,  every 
modern  appliance  is  provided  to  illustrate  and  correct  all  refractive  errors  or 
defects  of  the  eye. 

Incorporated  in  March,  1886,  under  the  Illinois  State  Laws,  the  school  was 
originally  designed  for  graduates  in  medicine  only  who  desired  to  further  perfect 
their  knowledge  of  Ophthalmology,  Otology,  Laryngology  and  kindred  branches. 

513 


514  CHICAGO    OPHTHALMIC   COLLEGE. 

At  the  outset  the  promoters  had  in  view  the  necessity  of  such  an  institu- 
tion. By  their  thorough  and  systematic  efforts  the  school  has  been  made  an 
acknowledged  success  in  the  teaching  of  Theoretic  and  Applied  Ophthalmic  Optics, 
Ophthalmoloscopy  and  the  Technic  of  Ophthalmology,  and  assuredly  no  physician, 
much  less  an  oculist,  will  at  this  day  and  time  justly  claim  to  treat  eye  dis- 
eases   conscientiously    without  having  first  thoroughly  mastered  these  branches. 

From  a  small  beginning  the  increase  in  attendance  has  been  steady,  until 
for  some  years  past  the  college  has  been  recognized  as  second  to  no  post- 
graduate school  in  the  country.  At  present  it  has  graduates  in  all  the  States 
of  the  Union,  in  Canada,  Mexico,  England  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  the  entire 
alumni  numbering  over  i,ooo  and  the  average  annual  attendance  being  about 
150.  The  students  thus  located  in  all  parts  of  the  world  are  following  their 
profession  with  credit  both  to  themselves  and  their  Alma  Mater. 

The  college  hospital  is  thoroughly  equipped  for  the  medical  and  surgical 
treatment  of  all  eye  diseases,  giving  students  the  opportunity  of  seeing  the  most 
important  operations.  The  out-door  clinic,  or  dispensary  department,  is  well 
attended,  offering  the  advantage  of  furnishing  practical  experience  in  the 
treatment  of  minor  diseases  of  the  eye,  as  well  as  the  proper  adjustment  of 
lenses  and  the  various  methods  of  treating  the  ocular  muscles,  whether  medi- 
cally, surgically  or  optically.  It  is  perhaps  needless  to  add  that  the  dispensary 
is  provided  with  all  modern  instruments  and  appliances,,  thus  making  the 
college  as  a  whole,  with  its  lecture,  demonstration  and  clinical  rooms,  the  com- 
plete institution  which   it  is. 

HIRAM    M.   MARTIN,   P.  C,   M.  D. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch,  although  still  comparatively  a  young  man,  has 
been  for  years  Dean  of  the  Faculty  and  virtual  proprietor  of  the  Chicago 
Ophthalmic  College.  Born  at  Morris,  111.,  on  the  twenty-ninth  of  October, 
1859,  Hiram  M.  Martin  is  the  son  of  parents  who  were  substantial  English 
farmers  of  Devonshire,  and  came  to  Illinois  in  1846.  At  that  time  they  passed 
through  the  unattractive  young  city,  with  little  thought  of  its  great  destiny, 
and  along  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  to  their  destination.  William  Martin, 
the  father,  died  when  Hiram  was  about  four  years  of  age,  and  his  mother, 
Maria  Martin,  subsequently  married  William  Scofield,  a  prominent  resident  of 
Morris.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Scofield  are,  in  fact,  at  the  present  time,  among  the 
most  prosperous  and  respected  settlers  of  that  region.  Hiram,  with  his  brother 
Richard,  spent  his  early  boyhood  years  in  working  upon  the  old  farm  and 
attending  the  district  school.  Subsequently  he  attended  the  Morris  Normal 
School  and  the  College  at  Carthage,  Hancock  County,  and  withal  was  enabled, 
in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  to  clear  off  a  considerable  debt  which  rested  on 


CHICAGO    OPHTHALMIC    COLLEGE    AND    HOSPiTAL. 


I 


I 


CHICAGO    OPHTHALMIC    COLLEGE.  517 

the  homestead  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death.  Richard  Martin  is  still  a  well- 
to-do  and  highly  respected  farmer  near  Morris,  the  scene  of  so  many  struggles 
and  hardships  in  the  early  lives  of  the  two  brothers.  Before  the  debt  had 
been  cleared  from  the  old  farm,  however,  by  their  joint  efforts,  Hiram  had 
conceived  a  liking  for  the  medical  profession,  leaving  his  collegiate  studies, 
after  completing  an  elective  course,  to  enter  the  office  of  Dr.  A.  E.  Palmer  of 
Morris. 

In  1876,  then  only  in  his  eighteenth  year.  Dr.  Martin  commenced  system- 
atically his  professional  studies  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Michigan,  from  which  he  graduated  in  June,  1879,  and  in  the  Fall  of  that 
year  removed  to  Chicago  and  shared  an  office  with  Dr.  D.  A.  K.  Steele.  This 
connection  he  continued  one  year,  his  location  being  on  the  corner  of  State  and 
Eighteenth  streets,  afterward  engaging  in  lucrative  practice  alone  at  Bridgeport 
and  other  points.  During  this  period  Dr.  Martin  also  served  as  Assistant 
Surgeon  at  the  dispensary  of  the  Chicago  Medical  College. 

He  was  also  Attending  Surgeon  to  the  Eye  and  Ear  department  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  to  the  Battle  Creek  Sanitarium,  holding 
the  latter  position  during  1 890-1 891.  He  is  now  the  Surgeon  in  Charge  of  the 
Chicago  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  and,  as  stated,  its  President  and  Professor  of 
Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Clinical  Ophthalmology;  also  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
the  Eye  and  Clinical  Ophthalmology  in  the  Harvard  Medical  College  of 
Chicago. 

In  January,  1887,  Dr.  Martin  obtained  control  of  the  college  with  which  he 
has  since  been  identified  and  to  which  he  has  given  his  best  energies  and 
talents.  Associated  with  him,  also,  for  a  number  of  years  past,  both  in  the 
general  superintendence  of  his  hospital  and  in  the  instruction  of  his  classes 
(as  quiz-master),  has  been  his  half-sister,  Hattie  A.  Scofield,  a  young  lady  of 
fine  literary  training  as  well  as  of  professional  education. 

In  addition  to  the  large  income  derived  from  this  institution.  Dr.  Martin 
has  a  profitable  private  practice,  the  combined  profits,  which  have  steadily 
increased,  year  by  year,  being  judiciously  invested  in  West  Side  and  suburban 
real  estate    and  in  real  estate  mortgages. 

Naturally  he  is  a  busy  man,  being  furthermore  identified  with  various 
organizations,  both  of  a  professional  and  secret  nature.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  also  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity — Blue  Lodge,  No.  508,  Wiley  M.  Egan  Chapter,  Chicago 
Commandery  (K.  T. ),  No.  19,  and  of  Butler  Chapter,  O.  E.  S.,  No.  36.  Dr. 
Martin  is,  furthermore,  associated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  as  a  member  of 
Banner  Lodge,  No.  219. 

Although  his  professional  activities  have  been  such  that  he  has  been  able 
to  devote  but  little  time  to  the  cause  of    medical   literature,   his   high    standing 


5i8  CHICAGO    OPHTHALMIC   COLLEGE. 

has  been  recognized  by  no  less  an  authority  than  Gustavus  Hartridge,  F.  R. 
C.  S.,  the  noted  Enghsh  speciaHst,  whose  volume  on  "The  Refraction  of  the 
Eye"  has  passed  through  eight  editions  and  is  one  of  the  standard  works  upon 
this  subject.  To  the  last  edition  of  this  book  Dr.  Martin  has  contributed  a 
valuable  illustrated  paper  describing,  as  stated  therein,  the  most  modern  trial 
cases  and  instruments  for  diagnosing  errors  of  refraction,  measuring  lenses,  etc. — 
appliances  that  shall  be  suitable  to  the  wants  of  the  optician  and  to  those 
physicians  who  make  the  eye,  not  an  exclusive  specialty,  but  part  of  their 
practice. 


I 

[ 


ILLINOIS  MEDICAL  COLLEGE 


THE  ILLINOIS  MEDICAL  COLLLGi; 

(CHICAGO   SUMMER   SCHOOL   OF   MEDICINE). 


Originally  the  Chicago  Summer  School  of  Medicine,  this  is  one  of  the 
recently  organized  medical  colleges  of  the  city.  It  was  founded  in  the  belief 
that  the  enormous  clinical  material  of  Chicago  ought  to  be  utilized  during  the 
Summer  months  for  the  instruction  of  students.  The  Summer  is  the  season  of 
the  greatest  mortality,  and  there  are  important  groups  of  diseases  only  to  be 
seen  during  that  season;  moreover  the  problems  of  medicine,  surgery  and  obstetrics 
are  presented  under  peculiarly  difficult  conditions  during  the  heated  term.  But 
these  have  been  heretofore  lost  to  the  medical  student,  as,  while  the  Winter 
colleges  nominally  keep  up  their  clinics  all  the  year,  in  reality  neither  faculty  nor 
students  attend  to  any  great  extent  outside  the  regular  college  term.  Of  the 
great  American  cities,  Chicago  alone  enjoys  a  Summer  climate  that  permits 
continuous  study  during  this  season.  The  others  are  too  hot  for  such  work,  or 
too  small  to  supply  the  wealth  of  clinical  material  required  for  the  needs  of 
a  medical  course. 

The  Illinois  Medical  College,  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State,  is 
co-educational,  believing  that  as  women  are  universally  recognized  as  reputable 
members  of  the  medical  profession  they  have  the  right  to  the  best  education 
accessible. 

The  first  annual  Commencement  of  the  college  was  held  at  the  Schiller 
Theater,  in  September,  1895.  Professor  J.  J.  M.  Angear  delivered  the  doctorate 
address  and  the  President,  Professor  Randolph  N.  Hall,  conferred  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  upon  nine  graduates. 

The  matriculates  of  1895  numbered  fifty-six.  Students  matriculating 
previous  to  January  i,  1896,  were  allowed  to  come  up  for  graduation  at  the  end 
of  their  third  term  of  lectures,  provided  they  had  completed  four  years  of 
medical  study.  Those  who  matriculated  after  the  close  of  1895  were  required 
to  attend  four  annual  courses  of  lectures,  in  accordance  with  the  regulations  of 
the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Health. 

Besides  its  medical  courses,  the  college  furnishes  clinical  instruction  at  its 
own  dispensary,  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  Cook  and 
County  Hospital,   other  hospitals  of  the  city  being  accessible  to  its  students. 

523 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


JOHN   JAMES   MAY  ANGEAR,    A.   M.,    M.   D. 

John  J.  M.  Angear  was  born  on  September  5,  1829,  near  the  city  of 
Plymouth,  England.  The  name  suggests  that  the  family  is  ot  French  origin. 
Samuel  Angear,  grandfather  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  a  native  of  the 
village  of  Loe,  in  Cornwall,  England,  and  was  a  teacher  in  Plymouth.  His  son, 
John  Walter  Angear,  was  a  native  of  Plymouth  and  an  instructor  there  in  Latin 
and   mathematics. 

On  the  maternal  side,  Dr.  Angear  is  descended  from  James  May,  of  St. 
Johns,  Cornwall,  whose  daughter,  Ann  May,  a  woman  of  ability  and  decision, 
in  whose  veins  was  the  blood  of  the  ancient  Britons,  became  the  wife  of  John 
W.  Angear. 

The  family  came  to  America  in  1845  '^"d  settled  in  Racine  County, 
Wis.  Young  Angear,  having  received  an  excellent  preparatory  course 
under  the  able  instruction  of  his  father,  began  teaching  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
two  years.  Soon  after  its  organization  he  passed  the  examination  in  Racine 
College,  and  graduated  in  1857,  having  taught  several  terms  in  the  meantime. 
He  then  went  to  Berlin,  Wis.,  where  he  remained  ten  years.  His  interest  in 
teaching  anatomy,  physiology  and  chemistry  very  naturally  led  him  to  adopt 
the  profession  of  medicine,  and  entering  Rush  Medical  College  he  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  i860.  He  at  once  began  the  practice  of  medicine  at 
Berlin,  Wis.,  continuing  there  until  1863.  Dr.  Angear  was  then  commissioned 
by  President  Lincoln  as  Surgeon  and  was  made  Quarantine  Surgeon  at 
Pensacola  Harbor  and  Post  Surgeon  at  Fort  Pickens,  Fla. ,  where  he  remained 
until  the  end  of  the  Civil  War. 

Returning  to  Berlin,  he  sold  his  home,  disposed  of  his  business  there 
and  settled  in  Lee  County,  Iowa,  in  1866.  There  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
medicine  and  was  appointed  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Pathology  and  General 
Therapeutics  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Keokuk,  Iowa,  which 
position  he  filled  eleven  years.  He  was  also  President  of  the  Lee  County 
Commission  of  Insanity  for  thirteen  years  and  Surgeon  for  the  Iowa 
penitentiary  for  four  years.  He  became  interested  in  microscopy  and  founded 
the    Microscopic    Section   of    the    Iowa    State    Medical    Society,    serving   as    its 

524 


i 


^'-'ord  r„Mid<  insi  (^ 


ILLINOIS  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  527 

President  during  his  residence  in  that  State.  He  is  the  owner  of  several 
microscopes,  one  of  which  is  among  the  finest  in  the  State,  and  gives  much 
attention  to  histological  work.  During  the  past  year  he  has  mounted  over  one 
thousand  specimens. 

In  the  year  1882  Dr.  Angear  resigned  his  position  in  Iowa  and  moved  to 
Chicago,  to  take  the  chair  of  Principles  of  Medicine  in  the  newly  organized 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Chicago,  from  which  he  resigned  three 
years  later.  In  1878  he  was  delegate  from  the  American  Medical  Association 
to  the  British  Medical  Association,  and  after  the  sitting  of  that  body  visited 
the  hospitals  of  London  and  other  European  cities  to  further  his  researches 
with  the  microscope  in  aid  of  his  studies  of  the  brain  and  nervous  diseases. 
The  Doctor  has  been  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Medical  and  the  Chicago  Pathological 
societies,  and  was  President  of  the  last  named  for  two  years.  He  is  also  a 
Mason,  and  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  of  the  Con- 
gregational Club.  He  was  President  of  Harvey  Medical  College  of  Chicago  and 
is  Professor  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases  in  that  school,  and  a  contributor  to 
various  medical  journals.  In  1890  he  was  recalled  by  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  Keokuk  to  fill  the  chair  of  Physiology  and  Nervous  and  Mental 
Diseases,  but  he  resides  in  Chicago.  The  Doctor  is  also  Professor  of  Nervous 
and  Mental  Diseases  and  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  Illinois  Medical  College 
(Chicago  Summer    School  of  Medicine). 

In  1855  Dr.  Angear  married  Miss  Sophia  L.  Smith,  a  daughter  of  Benjamin 
E.  Smith,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Racine,  Wis.  Mr.  Smith  is  almost  ninety- 
four  years  of  age,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Doctor's  family.  Mrs.  Angear  was 
born  in  1837,  and  is  one  of  the  first  native  white  children  of  Eastern  Wisconsin. 
They  have  two  sons,  William  John  Smith  Angear  of  Chicago  Heights  and 
Benjamin  Horace  Smith  Angear  of  Chicago.  Both  are  graduates  of  pharmacy 
and  are  engaged  in  the  drug  business. 

Born  in  a  family  in  which  teaching  has  been  a  profession  for  generations. 
Dr.  Angear  is  a  teacher  by  inheritance,  and  his  long  services  in  this  profession 
attest  his  ability  and  success  as  an  instructor.  In  his  lectures  he  is  careful  to 
be  correct,  and  such  is  his  reputation  for  strict  authenticity  that  his  statements 
are  taken  without  question.  He  is  able  to  draw  rapidly  and  correctly  upon  the 
blackboard  any  subject  which  he  desires  to  use  in  illustration,  a  most  valuable 
accomplishment  in  a  teacher.  He  has  strict  principles  and  decided  opinions, 
and  does  not  hesitate  to  express  them.  He  is  a  very  strong  advocate  of 
Temperance,  and  thinks  that  prescribing  alcoholic  stimulants  is  unnecessary 
and  detrimental  alike  to  good  health  and  good  morals.  He  is  a  Republican  in 
politics  and  a  member  of  the  Congregational  Church. 


528  ILLINOIS  MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

BYRON    ROBINSON,    B.   S.,    M.   D. 

If  there  is  any  one  thing  which  in  years  gone  by  has  been  held  up  by  the 
medical  fraternity  of  Europe  as  detrimental  to  the  standing  of  American  phy- 
sicians it  is  that  the  latter  have  given  to  the  world  comparatively  few  original 
investigators.  It  is  only  within  a  recent  period  that  it  has  been  considered  as 
almost  indispensable  to  the  prestige  of  the  ambitious  physician  that  he  should 
secure  a  partial  training  either  in  the  great  medical  universities  of  Europe,  or 
under  the  direct  tutelage  of  some  of  the  Old-World  masters.  To  this  growing 
custom  is  greatly  due  the  spirit  of  experimentation  and  original  research  that 
is  becoming  more  and  more  pronounced  among  the  younger  generation  of 
American  physicians,  which  in  the  future  is  to  give  direction  to  the  national 
medical  life. 

There  are  few  of  his  years  who  have  done  more  to  encourage  this  spirit 
than  Dr.  Robinson.  Both  by  precept  and  example  is  he  a  stanch  advocate  of 
experimental  research  and  the  adoption  of  a  specialty,  whether  in  medicine  or 
surgery. 

Byron  Robinson  is  the  son  of  William  and  Mary  Robinson,  who  still  live 
on  the  old  homestead  in  Wisconsin.  The  boy  acquired  his  primary  education 
in  a  log  schoolhouse,  afterward  attending  the  Mineral  Point  Seminary  and  the 
State  University  at  Madison.  During  his  senior  year  he  was  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry,  graduating  in  1878,  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.  His  ability 
was  at  once  recognized  by  local  educators  and  he  was  appointed  to  the  prin- 
cipalship  of  the  high  school.  This  position  he  held  for  two  years,  but  he  was 
already  laying  the  foundations  for  a  broader  career  than  that  of  a  teacher, 
having  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  under  a  private  preceptor.  At  the 
conclusion  of  his  term  of  service  as  principal  of  the  Madison  High  School,  in 
1880  he  entered  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  for  "a  regular  medical  course. 
He  had  already  made  such  progress  in  his  studies  that  he  graduated  in  1882, 
locating  in  Grand  Rapids,  Wis.  Until  1884  he  was  a  partner  of  Dr.  G.  F. 
Witter,  devoting  himself,  as  one  must  in  a  comparatively  small  community,  to 
a  general  practice.  About  this  time,  however,  his  active  mind  was  diverted 
into  special  channels,  and  he  determined  upon  a  trip  to  Europe  for  the  pur- 
pose of  studying  Gynecology  and  Surgery.  During  1884-85  he  pursued  his 
studies  and  investigations  at  Heidelberg,    Berlin  and  London. 

At  the  conclusion  of  his  studies  in  London  Dr.  Robinson  returned  to  Grand 
Rapids  and  resumed  practice,  now  devoting  himself,  when  possible,  to  the 
specialties  which  he  had  adopted  as  his  life  study  and  which  may  be  included 
under  the  term  Abdominal  Surgery.  After  about  a  year  spent  in  practice  and 
investigation,  in  1887  he  made  a  second  trip  to  Europe  for  the  purpose  of 
studying  Gynecology  in  the  University  of  Vienna. 


ILLINOIS   MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  531 

In  1889  Dr.  Robinson  removed  from  Grand  Rapids  to  accept  the  chair  of 
Anatomy  and  CHnical  Surgery  in  the  Toledo  (O.)  Medical  College  and  to  estab- 
lish himself  in  his  chosen  specialties.  He  continued  his  experiments  in  intestinal 
anastomosis,  using  first  for  his  plates  the  cartilage  from  the  scapula  of  a  steer. 
It  seems  that  he  had  occasion  to  pass  a  butcher  shop  daily  and  noticed  that 
that  part  of  the  scapular  was  cartilaginous.  His  experiments  with  dogs,  how- 
ever, proved  that  the  plates  absorbed  too  quickly,  the  artificial  channel  was 
broken  down  and  the  animals  died  of  fecal  fistula.  The  idea  of  providing  an 
artificial  fistula  connecting  the  bowels  above  and  below  any  intestinal  obstruc- 
tion, thus  maintaining  the  fecal  current,  originated  with  the  French.  But  as 
the  first  operation  was  fatal  it  fell  into  disrepute,  the  opinion  gaining  ground 
that  the  portion  of  the  excluded  bowel  would  necessarily  become  the  seat  of  a 
fatal  obstruction  in  the  accumulated  feces.  For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
the  strength  of  this  serious  objection  to  the  operation  Dr.  Robinson  conducted 
a  series  of  experiments  on  dogs,  with  the  result  of  proving  that  the  cases  were 
very  rare  indeed  in  which  the  feces  accumulated  in  the  excluded  bowel  —  that 
the  fecal  current  always  takes  the  shortest  route.  The  result  of  his  experiments 
has  been  to  make  intestinal  anastomosis  a  recognized  surgical  operation  with 
an  unlimited  future. 

Having  thus  proven  the  general  feasibility  of  the  operation,  the  next  step 
was  to  provide  some  means  by  which  the  serous  surfaces  of  the  bowel  to  be 
joined  should  be  safely  held  together  until  healed  and  the  mechanical  device 
be  absorbed  in  the  proper  manner  and  at  the  proper  time.  We  have  already 
seen  how  the  experiments  to  solve  this  problem,  undertaken  by  Dr.  Robinson 
in  1889,  resulted  in  the  abandonment  of  the  cartilage  plate  as  being  too  quickly 
absorbed.  During  subsequent  experiments  he  tried  many  kinds  of  material,  such 
as  decalcified  bone,  rawhide,  leather,  catgut  and  rubber,  and  finally  fixed  upon 
rawhide  and  segmented  rubber  plates  as  the  most  convenient,  accessible,  easily 
and  quickly  made  and  suitably  absorbable.  He  holds  them  to  be  superior  to 
rings,  because  they  coapt  more  extensive  serous  surfaces.  They  press  equally 
in  all  directions,  cause  no  sloughing  or  gangrene  and  produce  fixation  and  physi- 
ological rest.  The  rawhide  plates  absorb  in  from  two  to  eight  days,  while  the 
segmented  rubber  plates  can  be  built  up  so  as  to  be  absorbed,  when  desired, 
at  periods  ranging  from  one  day  to  ten  days.  The  latter  is  recognized  as  one 
of  the  most  important  products  of  intestinal  technique  as  it  is  one  of  the  latest. 

It  may  be  added  that  Dr.  Robinson  is  a  firm  advocate  of  discarding  circular 
enterorrhaphy,  or  the  sewing  together  of  the  divided  edges  of  the  intestines.  Many 
varieties  of  sutures  have  been  employed,  the  needle  in  some  processes  pene- 
trating the  mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine.  Besides  the  dangers  of  fecal 
fistula  and  gangrene,  the  operation  also  consumes  much  time — sometimes  fully 
an  hour.      Anastomosis   can  be  performed  in  one-third    of   the    time,    and    with 


532  ILLINOIS    MEDICAL    COL.LEGE. 

this  operation  he  would  displace  that  of  enterorrhaphy.  To  obviate  the  difficul 
ties  of  the  more  dangerous  and  tedious  operation,  Dr.  Robinson  experimented 
with  different  methods.  One  of  the  first  tried  was  to  invaginate  the  distal 
bowel  end  and  then  insert  the  proximal  end  into  it  about  one-half  an  inch, 
after  which  the  Lembert  suture  (which  does  not  pass  through  the  mucous 
membrane)  was  applied  with  scarification.  Eventually  the  operation  consisted 
of  pushing  the  proximal  bowel  into  the  distal  an  inch  and  circular  suturing  with 
Lembert  stitch,  thus  avoiding  invaginal   sutures. 

Dr.  Robinson  remained  in  Toledo  for  two  years,  after  which  he  went  to 
Birmingham,  England,  for  the  special  purpose  of  studying  under  the  renowned 
Lawson  Tait,  Professor  of  Gynecology  in  Queen's  College  and  an  author  of  high 
standing  on  "Diseases  of  Women  and  Abdominal  Surgery."  After  a  six  months' 
course  of  invaluable  study  and  clinics  under  this  master,  in  1891  he  came  to  Chicago 
to  assume  the  chair  of  Gynecology  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School.  As 
previously  intimated,  his  experimental  work  has  embraced  the  comparative 
anatomy  of  the  female  genital  organs  and  demonstrated  the  "automatic  men- 
strual ganglia,"  situated  along  the  tubes  and  uterus;  also  that  the  liver  and  the 
spleen  are  ruled  respectively  by  the  "automatic  hepatic  ganglia"  and  the  "auto- 
matic splenic  ganglia."  It  appears,  further,  that  he  has  been  the  first  in  America 
to  demonstrate  the  existence  of  inflammation  of  the  seminal  vesicles,  or  sper- 
matocystitis,  and  that  this  disease  is  similar  to  inflammation  of  the  fallopian 
tubes. 

Since  coming  to  Chicago  Dr.  Robinson  has  presistently  followed  the  course 
which  he  laid  out  for  himself  many  years  ago.  He  has  a  growing  private  prac- 
tice and  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  professor  at  the  Post-Graduate  School  has 
assumed  those  of  Attending  Gynecologist  to  the  Woman's  Hospital  and  the 
Chicago  Charity  Hospital.  He  is  also  Professor  of  Gynecology  and  Clinical 
Gynecology  at  the  Illinois  Medical  College,  Professor  of  Gynecolgy  and 
Abdominal  Surgeon  at  the  Harvey  Medical  College,  an  honorary  member  of 
several  societies  and  an  active  member  of    many  others. 

During  his  career  as  a  practitioner  and  experimenter  Dr.  Robinson  has  per- 
formed three  hundred  human  post-mortems  and  several  hundred  dissections  of  ani- 
mals. One  result  of  this  work,  which  has  not  heretofore  been  noted,  is  a  life-size 
chart  of  the  Sympathetic  Nerve — in  other  words,  a  graphic  representation  in 
black  and  white  of  the  nervous  system  of  the  female.  Although  the  actual 
drawing  was  made  from  a  dissected  female  cadaver  preserved  in  alcohol  for 
ten  mi^nths,  the  chart,  as  a  whole,  is  the  result  of  five  years'  labor,  involving  the 
dissection  of    fully  thirty  human    bodies. 

In  November,  1895,  Dr.  Robinson  also  contributed  a  long  illustrated  article  to 
the  New  York  IMcdical  Record,  on  "The  Appendix  and  Cecum  in  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-eight  Adult  Post-Mortems,  with  a  New  Theory  as  to  the  Cause  of  Appendi- 


ILLINOIS    MEDICAL    COLLEGE.  533 

citis. "  The  paper  was  based  upon  autopsies  performed  mostly  in  Cook  County  dur- 
ing the  past  two  years,  and  created  much  discussion  and  favorable  comment. 
Briefly  stated,  the  author's  theory,  based  upon  an  imposing  array  of  original  data, 
was  that  more  than  seventy  per  cent  of  peritonitis  cases  occur  in  adults  around  the 
CEeco-appendicular  apparatus,  which  may  be  termed  the  major  region  of  the 
intestinal  inflammation.  The  main  factor  which  induces  peritoneal  adhesions  in 
that  region  is  the  psoas  (loin)  muscle,  and  the  greater  frequency  of  cases  in 
male  subjects  is  due  to  the  fact  that  this  muscle  is  much  more  active  in  man 
than  in  woman  and  is  therefore  more  liable  to  act  upon  the  appendix.  The 
danger  is,  furthermore,  increased  from  the  fact  that  in  man  the  appendix  is 
much  longer  on  an  average  than  in  woman,  and  the  male  pelvis  is  less  spacious 
than  the  female.  Finally,  when  favorable  conditions  arise  in  the  bowel  contents, 
the  motion  of  the  psoas  muscle,  whether  upon  the  appendix,  cecum,  ilium  or 
ascending  colon,  produces  inflammation  and  adhesions  around  that  portion  of  the 
bowel  which  lies  in  contact  with  the  highest  range  of  action  of    that  muscle. 

But  perhaps  the  most  thorough  exposition  of  Dr.  Robinson's  researches 
and  views  upon  the  specialty  to  which  he  devotes  the  bulk  of  his  time  and 
strength  is  to  be  found  in  the  text-book  lately  published  by  him  entitled, 
"Landmarks  of  Gynecology."  In  this  work,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred 
for  details.  Dr.  Robinson  gives  due  credit  for  valuable  suggestions  to  his  able 
wife  and  co-worker  in  the  same  field.    Dr.  Lucy  Waite. 

From  all  of  which  it  will  be  correctly  inferred  that  Dr.  Robinson's  busy 
and  successful  professional  life  is  confined  to  surgery  and,  as  a  rule,  to  Abdom- 
inal Surgery. 

HEMAN    H.    BROWN,    M.   D. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  among  the  growing  surgeons  of  Chicago  who 
are  adopting  specialties  in  the  broad  field  of  their  profession  and  thus  wisely 
concentrating  their  energies  and  abilities. 

Dr.  Brown  is  the  son  of  George  R.  and  Elizabeth  G.  Brown,  and  was 
born  at  Jersey  Shore,  Pa.,  on  the  eighth  of  July,  1863.  From  boyhood  he 
was  studiously  inclined  and  his  musical  tastes  were  pronounced.  His  higher 
education  was  acquired  at  the  University  of  Michigan,  both  in  the  literary  and 
medical  departments. 

After  receiving  his  degree.  Dr.  Brown  removed  to  Ohio  to  practice  his  pro- 
fession, the  expenses  attending  his  collegiate  course  having  somewhat  involved 
him  in  debt.  Within  the  succeeding  five  years  he  not  only  cleared  himself  of 
these  financial  responsibilities,  but  established  a  good  and  growing  practice, 
during  most  of  this  period  being  United  States  Pension  Examining  Surgeon 
under  the  Harrison  administration. 


534  ILLINOIS   MEDICAL    COILEGE. 

Coming  to  Chicago,  Dr.  Brown  at  once  took  up  the  specialty  in  which  he 
is  acquiring  such  prominence,  both  as  educator  and  practitioner.  At  present 
he  is  Instructor  in  Ophthahiiology  in  the  Chicago  PohcHnic,  Assistant  Surgeon 
to  the  Ihinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  Professor  of  Didactic  and 
Clinical  Ophthalmology  in  the  Illinois  Medical  College. 

As  tersely  expressed  by  the  Doctor  himself,  he  is  a  high-tariff,  limited- 
coinage  Republican.  He  has  been  too  busy,  however,  to  either  actively  engage 
in  politics,  to  affiliate  with  societies  or  to  indulge  in  extensive  travels. 


PRIVATE  INSTITUTIONS 


PUBLIC  HOSPITALS 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS 


PRIVATE  INSTITUTIONS. 


COLUMBUS    MEDICAL    LABORATORY. 

When  Mr.  H.  J.  Furber  planned  the  Columbus  Memorial  Buildinf;;,  largely 
for  members  of  the  medical  profession,  he  realized  that  it  should  be  made  to 
appeal  to  their  judgment  as  well  as  their  fancy.  When  the  establishment  of  a 
medical  laboratory  in  the  building  was  proposed  to  him,  he  therefore  entered  into 
the  plan  with  enthusiasm,  and  has  lent  the  enterprise  substantial  aid  during  its 


COLUMBUS    MEDICAL    LABORATORY 


first  two  years  of  life.  While  the  field  of  specialization  met  by  the  laboratory  is 
not  new,  the  method  of  accomplishment  is  believed  to  be  unique.  A  number 
of  physicians,  competent  to  carry  on  investigations  in  the  various  departments 
of  Bacteriology,  Chemistr}',  Pathology  and  Microscopy,  have  associated  them- 
selves in  the  work.  Nearly  all  the  members  devote  their  entire  time  to  labora- 
tory work,  and  l)y  its  liberal  patronage  the  medical  profession  has  evinced  its 
hearty  aj^proval  of  the  enterprise. 

Established  in  1893,  with  a  broad  field  before  it,  it  has  already  witnessed 
a  great  expansion  in  laboratory  work.  Its  chief  object  has  been,  and  perhaps 
always  will  be,  to  assist  in  the  work  of    accurate    diagnosis;  yet    the  laboratory 

537 


538  PRIVATE   INSTITUTIONS. 

is  becoming  largely  a  factor  in  therapeutics.  There  is  always  a  gulf  between 
first  offerings  and  an  acceptance  on  the  part  of  the  profession  complete  enough 
to  warrant  commercial  houses  in  supplying  the  demand.  This  breach  the 
Columbus  Medical  Laboratory  helps  to  fill. 

The  necessity  for  the  institution  has  been  largely  a  matter  of  education — 
an  education  in  which  there  have  been  many  factors.  Not  the  least  of  these 
has  been  the  demand  on  the  part  of  the  laity  that  these  new  sciences  of  which 
they  hear  so  much  be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  riddles  of  their  individual 
cases;  the  most  important,  however,  has  been  the  desire  of  the  physician  to 
know  what  these  sciences  can  do  to  aid  him  and  his  patients. 

The  laboratory  has  gradually  added  to  its  space,  its  equipment  and  its 
force,  and  during  the  last  two  years  it  has  given  a  number  of  courses  in 
Laboratory  Medicine  for  the  benefit  of  practitioners.  Many  of  the  foremost 
physicians  in  Chicago,  as  well  as  members  of  the  profession  outside  the  city, 
appreciate  the  advantages  of  the  laboratory  and  are  its  stanch  patrons. 

The  present  staff  is  as  follows: 

Adolph  Gehrman,  President. 

Wm.   M.    Harsha,    Secretary. 

John  A.  Wessner,  Chemist. 

Wm.  A.  Evans,  Pathologist. 


STREETER   HOSPITAL. 

In  1888  "^'Dr.  John  W.  Streeter  founded  the  hospital,  at  No,  2646  Calumet 
Avenue,  in  which  his  professional  abilities  are  now  mainly  centered.  His  natural 
aptitude  and  long  experience  have  given  him  unusual  skill  in  pelvic  and  abdo- 
minal surgery.  Naturally  conservative,  he  avoids  the  knife,  if  possible,  believing 
that  all  other  reasonable  means  should  be  used  first.  All  diseases  peculiar  to 
women  and  all  rectal  complications  are  treated  by  the  most  approved  methods. 

The  hospital  building  is  pleasantly  situated,  massive  in  construction,  fire- 
proof and  perfectly  appointed  as  a  surgical  and  lying-in  hospital.  Every  room 
has  a  south  exposure.  The  building  (a  four-story  structure)  is  heated  by  hot 
water,  lighted  by  electricity,  furnished  with  an  hydraulic  elevator,  ventilated  by  a 
system  of  electric  fans,  and  is  in  every  respect  as  complete  as  skill,  experi- 
ence and  money  can  make  it.  The  operating-room  has  been  pronounced  to 
be  the  most  aseptic  room  ever  constructed,  and,  although  the  entire  hospital  is 
surgically  clean,  it  is  remarkably  free  from  what  have  been  termed  "hospital 
odors,"  and,  as  has  already  been  stated,  has  a  wonderfully  home-like  appear- 
ance— this  latter  desideratum  being  often  sadly  lacking  in  institutions  of  this 
kind,  especially  in  those  of  a  public  character. 

*See  Chicago  Homeopathic  College. 


STREETER    HOSPITAL. 


PUBLIC   HOSPITALS. 


^- MERCY  HOSPITAL. 

"Although  Mercy  Hospital  is  a  Roman  Catholic  institution  conducted  by  the 
Sisters  of  Mercy,  attended  by  the  Franciscan  Fathers  as  chaplains  and  under 
the  patronage  of  Most  Rev.    P.  A.    Feehan,  Archbishop  of  Chicago,    yet  no  suf- 


MERCY    HOSPITAL, 


ferer  is  excluded  on  account  of  diftercnce  in  creed.  The  only  passport  needed 
is  sickness  in  any  form  except  contageous  diseases,  for  which  there  are  no  sep- 
arate departments;  hence  the  admission  of  such  would  be  an  injustice  to  the 
other  patients." 

In  brief,  the  above  is  an  official  statement  of  the  relation  in  which  Mercy 
Hospital  stands  to  the  Church  and  to  the  public.  It  may  be  added  that  the 
medical  affairs  of  the    institution  are  managed    by  a  strong  staff  of    physicians 

*See  history  Northwestern   University  Medical   School  and  biographies  of   Drs.  N.  S.  Davis 
and  Edmund  Andrews. 

541 


542  PUBLIC   HOSPITALS. 

and  surgeons  who  are  professors  or  graduates  of  the  Northwestern  University 
Medical  School, 

Almost  from  the  beginning  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  have  had  active  charge 
of  the  institution,  which  was  re-chartered  in  June,  1852,  as  Mercy  Hospital. 
The  corner-stone  of  the  present  building,  however,  was  not  laid  until  July  25, 
1869,  which,  with  various  additions,  will  now  accommodate  more  than  three 
hundred  beds. 

Besides  the  Sisters  attending  the  hospital  a  regular  training  school  for 
nurses,  which  has  been  in  successful  operation  for  many  years,  is  connected  with 
this  great  institution.  The  building  formerly  owned  and  occupied  by  the 
Chicago  Medical  College  and  adjoining  the  hospital  has  been  purchased  by 
the  latter  and  is  to  be  refitted  as  a  nurses'  home. 


UNITED  STATES   MARINE  HOSPITAL. 

*J()HN   B.    HAMILTON,    M.  1).,    LL.  D.,   Surgeon-in-Command. 

The  Marine  Service  of  the  United  States  was  established  in  1798.  Its 
extension  to  Western  waters  was  required  by  the  act  of  1837,  and  the  United 
States  Marine  Hospital  at  Chicago  was  founded  by  reason  of  an  appropriation 
act  of  1854.  Plans  for  the  construction  of  the  buildings  were  made  by  Robert 
Mills,  Architect  of  the  Treasury,  but  it  was  not  until  1854-55  that  an  appro- 
priation was  passed  for  their  actual  construction. 

A  portion  of  the  old  Fort  Dearborn  Reservation  was  set  apart  by  the 
Government  for  a  hospital  site,  and  remained  in  its  possession  devoted  to  that 
purpose  until  sold,  shortly  before  the  great  fire.  The  hospital  was  opened  for 
patients  in  185 8,  Dr.  Daniel  Brainard,  the  noted  professor  of  Rush  Medical 
College  and  then  perhaps  the  leading  surgeon  of  the  Northwest,  being  the  Sur- 
geon-in-Charge.  It  was  not  long,  however,  befoire  commerce  commenced  to 
encroach  upon  grounds  and  building,  leaving  the  hospital  with  little  light  or 
ventilation  and  making  its  final  abandonment  a  foregone  conclusion.  Antici- 
pating its  sale.  Congress  passed  an  act  in  1867  providing  for  the  erection  of  a 
new  hospital  and  commissioners  were  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  of  which  the  Collector  of  the  Port  was  chairman,  to  select  a  site. 
The  location  finally  chosen  was  the  one  now  occupied,  midway  between  Chi- 
cago and  Evanston. 

The  tract  was  in  the  town  of  Lake  View,  a  portion  of  the  school  section, 
and  it  is  quite  certain  that  the  commendable  desire  of  the  commission  to 
replenish  the  school  funds  largely  governed  their  action  in   this  matter.      As  to 

*See  Dr.  Hamilton's  biography  and  history  of  Rush  Medical  College. 


PUBLIC   HOSPITALS. 


543 


healthfulness,  the  site  was  all  that  could  be  desired,  but  being  six  miles  from 
the  business  center  of  the  city,  the  institution  is  too  far  away  to  be  either  con- 
veniently or  economically  administered,  and  this  inconvenience  of  access  has 
been  the  constant  complaint  of  the  ofiicers  in  charge. 

Contracts  for  the  erection  of  the  new  building  were  let  in  1869,  but  it  was 
not  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  until  'four  years  thereafter.  In  the 
meantime  came  the  great  fire  of  1871  and  destroyed  the  old  building,  the 
inmates  being  transferred  to  Mercy  Hospital,  then  on  Twenty-second  Street, 
and  cared  for  under  contract  with  the  Government.  Dr.  E.  O.  F.  Roler  was 
then  the  Superintending    Surgeon,    the    immediate    successors  of    Dr.    Brainard 


UNITED    STATES    MARINE    HOSPITAL, 


being  Drs,  E.  C.  Rogers  and  N.  T.  Quales.  Dr.  Ralph  N.  Isham  succeeded 
Dr.  Roler.  When  the  Marine  Service  was  re-organized  in  1876  officers  were  de- 
tailed by  the  Government  to  superintend  the  affairs  of  the  hospitals.  Dr.  Tru- 
man W.  Miller  being  the  first  incumbent  of  the  position  at  Chicago  under  the 
new  regulations.  He  resigned  in  1885,  being  succeeded  by  various  officers  from 
the  general  service. 

Although  last  year  (1895)  Congress  appropriated  $10,000  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  general  operating  room  in  connection  with  the  hospital,  the  work 
has  not  yet  been  commenced,  although  plans  are  finished.  As  it  now  stands 
the  building  is  upon  the  pavilion  plan,  four  stories  and  basement,  consisting  of 
a  central  administration  building  and  two  wings.      Built  at  a  cost  of  $450,000,  of 


544  PUBLIC   HOSPITALS. 

cut  Joliet  stone,  with  dimensions  of  three  hundred  1)}'  thirty  feet,  and  surrounded 
by  spacious,  well-kept  i^rounds,  the  Marine  Hospital  at  Chicago  presents  such 
imposing  appearance  as  befits  the  most  important  institution  of  the  kind  in  the 
country.  Its  maximum  capacity  is  two  hundred  and  fifty  inmates,  with  an 
average  attendance  of  about  one-third  that  number.  Connected  with  the  hospital 
is  a  dispensary  for  out-patients,  which  is  located  at  the  Custom  House  and 
which  annually  treats  more  than  two  thousand  patients. 


ILLINOIS    CHARITABLE    EYE    AND    EAR    INEIRMARY. 

In  May,  1858,  an  association  was  organized  in  Chicago,  mainly  through 
the  efforts  of  Dr.  Edward  L.  Holmes,  which  established  an  eye  and  ear  dis- 
pensary on  North  Clark  Street,  and  in  July,  1864,  an  infirmary  was  added, 
being  located  at  Nos.  16-18  East  Pearson  Street.  During  the  succeeding  year 
the  promoters  of  the  institution  secured  a  legislative  charter,  and  from  1867  to 
1869  small  appropriations  were  made  in  aid  of  the  enterprise,  which  up  to  this 
time  had  been   purely  of  a  private  character. 

Upon  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  1870  the  Legislature  transformed 
the  establishment  into  a  State  institution.  After  the  destruction  of  its  building 
by  the  great  fire  of  187 1  temporary  quarters  were  occupied  until,  by  the  grant 
of  funds  which  was  received  from  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society  in  1872, 
it  was  enabled  to  purchase  the  fine  site  now  occupied  on  the  corner  of  Peoria 
and  Adams  streets.  The  Assembly  of  1873  also  made  an  appropriation  for  the 
erection  of  the  present  building,  other  sums  being  granted  by  the  State  as 
additions  to   the  original  structure   were  required. 


PASSAVANT    MEMORIAL    HOSPITAL 

(EMERCiENCV    HOSPITAL). 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Institution  of  Protestant  Deaconesses  of 
Alleghany  County,  Pa.,  held  at  its  hospital  in  Pittsburg,  on  February  16,  1865, 
the  director,  the  late  Rev.  W.  A.  Passavant,  D.  D.,  introduced  the  project  of 
establishing  a  similar  hospital  in  Chicago.  The  Board  adopted  the  project, 
and  in  July,  1865,  the  hospital  was  opened  in  a  frame  building,  formerly  a 
private  house,  which  had  been  purchased  by  Dr.  Passavant  and  was  located 
on  Dearborn  Avenue,  near  Ontario  Street.  Its  equipment  was  very  primitive 
and  capacity  limited  to  fifteen   beds. 

Incorporated  in  1867,  it  was  only  through  a  long  series  of  trials  and 
reverses,    among  which   was  the  fire  of    1871,    that    the  hospital  was   enabled  to 


P  UBL IC    ITOSPI TA  L  S. 


545 


occupy  the  present  building'  in  December,  1885.  Until  shortly  after  the  death 
of  Dr.  Passavant,  in  June,  1894,  it  bore  the  name  of  "Emergency  Hospital," 
but  since  the  corporation,  in  memory  of  its  founder,  has  given  it  the  name 
"The  Passavant  Memorial  Hospital."  The  hospital  has  now  a  capacity  of 
sixty-five  beds. 


ST.   LUKE'S    HOSPITAL. 

The  founder,  and  at  this  writing  the  Honorary  President  and  Chaplain  of 
this  splendid  institution,  is  the  Rev.  Clinton  Locke,  D.  D.,  mainly  through 
whose  eflorts  it  was  established  during  1864  in  a  small  wooden  house  on  State 


T  If*'  JjT  }^ frfSwW       ' 


^     1 


i" 


t»s 


.r^ffrf^'*  i™ 


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ST.   LUKE'S    HOSPITAL. 


Street,  near  Eldridge  Court.  After  several  changes  of  location,  m  1881  the 
hrst  steps  were  taken  toward  the  erection  of  a  permanent  building,  it  being 
chiefly  through  the  generosity  of  N.  K.  Fairbank,  ever  a  consistent  friend  of 
the  enterprise,  that  an  ample  site  was  obtained  at  the  present  location  —  on 
Indiana  Avenue,  between  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  streets.  More  than  $150,000 
were  subsequently  raised  for  the  erection  of  the  present  building,  the  corner- 
stone of  which  was  laid  on  All  Saints'  Day,  1882.  This  was  occupied  in 
January,  1885,  and  with  additions  and  improvements — most  notable  of  which 
was  the  Samuel  Johnston  Memorial  —  now  constitutes  the  structure  so  well 
known  as  St.  Luke's  Hospital.  By  this  addition,  made  in  1890,  the  capacity 
of  the  hospital  was  increased  to  one  hundred  and  fifty   beds. 


546 


PUBLIC   HOSPITALS. 


MARY  THOMPSON  HOSPITAL  FOR  WOMEN  AND  CHILDREN. 

The  above,  one  of  the  noteworthy  institutions  of  Chicago,  was  founded  in 
February,    1865,    mainly  through  the  exertions  of    Dr.    Mary  Harris  Thompson. 

As  the  Chicago  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children  it  passed  through  many 
trials,  including  the  Great  Fire,  after  which  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid 
Society,  out  of  its  surplus  funds,  purchased  the  splendid  site,  150x80  feet  on 
the  corner  of  Adams  and  Paulina  streets,  now  occupied  by  the  hospital.  The 
imposing  building,  a  five-story  basement  brick  and  stone  structure,  was  com- 
pleted in  December,    1885,    and    has  accommodations  for  eighty  patients.      The 


MARY    THOMPSON    HOSPITAL    FOR    WOMEN    AND    CHILDREN. 


classes  admitted  are  confinement  cases  and  women  and  children  who  apply  for  sur- 
gical operations,  or  for  the  treatment  of  diseases  neither  contagious  nor  incurable. 

The  hospital  was  founded  to  provide  medical  and  surgical  aid  by  female 
physicians  for  women  and  children;  also  to  assist  women  physicians,  by  clinical 
and  other  instruction,  to  a  more  thorough  preparation  for  professional  practice. 
In  the  building  are  complete  facilities  for  holding  clinics  and  a  thoroughly 
equipped  dispensary,  the  hospital,  furthermore,  being  an  invaluable  school  for 
the  practical  training  of  nurses. 

After  the  death  of  its  founder,  Dr.  Thompson,  in  May,  1895,  the  corpora- 
tion resolved  to  change  the  name  of  the  institution,  and  thus  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  her  who  had  been  for  so  many  years  its  head  physician. 


PUBLIC  HOSPITALS.  547 

COOK   COUNTY    HOSPITAL. 

In  January,  1866,  two  wards  in  the  old  City  Hospital  were  refitted  by  the 
Board  of  Supervisors  of  Cook  County  and  opened  for  the  reception  of  a  few 
patients  who  were  transferred  from  Mercy  Hospital,  where  the  county  had  boarded 
its  sick  for  several  years.  Thus  was  the  nucleus  of  the  present  magnificent 
institution  formed  in  an  old  structure  corner  of  Eighteenth  and  Arnold  streets, 
to  which  was  finally  built  an  addition,  as  the  demands  upon  the  county  out- 
stripped the  increasing  accommodations  of  the  then  primitive  hospital. 

With  the  growth  of  city  and  county  its  capacity  was  still  insufficient,  and 
in  1875  was  erected  the  main  structure  of  the  institution  known  as  the  Cook 
County  Hospital.  Its  general  object  is  to  render  medical  and  surgical  aid  to 
the  poor  of  Cook  County,  the  buildings,  with  grounds,  covering  thirteen  acres, 
or  an  entire  block,    bounded  by  Wood,  Harrison,    Lincoln  and  Polk  streets. 

The  Detention  Hospital  for  the  care  of  insane  and  children,  which  formerly 
was  in  the  Criminal  Court  building,  in  the  downtown  district,  now  occupies  a 
substantial  brick  structure  on  the  corner  of  Wood  and  Polk  streets. 

The  daily  average  of  patients  cared  for  at  the  Cook  County  Hospital  is 
about  eight  hundred.  More  than  two  hundred  doctors,  nurses  and  employes 
constitute  the  working  force,  about  one-third  of  this  number  being  represent- 
atives of  the   Illinois  Training  School  for  Nurses. 

The  following  figures  are  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Warden,  just  issued: 
Cases  admitted  during  the  year,  14,937;  cases  discharged,  13,705;  deaths,  1,205; 
cases  on  hand,  January  i,   1896,    752;  daily  average,  802. 


ALEXIAN    BROTHERS'    HOSPITAL. 

This,  one  of  the  leading  hospitals  in  the  city,  is  located  at  Nos.  559-569 
North  Market  Street,  and  represents  the  first  establishment  of  the  order 
of  the  Cellite  or  Alexian  Brothers  in  America.  In  1866  it  was  founded 
in  a  small  frame  building  corner  of  Dearborn  and  Schiller  streets,  and  during 
1868  a  larger  structure  of  wood  was  erected  on  the  present  site.  It  was  not 
until  after  the  fire  of  1871,  however,  that  the  nucleus  of  the  present  hospital 
building  was  erected — a  structure  which  accommodates  about  one  hundred  and 
eighty  patients.  The  scope  of  the  hospital  is  well  expressed  in  the  objects  of 
the  order  itself — to  nurse  the  sick,  take  care  of  lunatics  and  bury  the  dead. 
Male  patients  only  are  admitted  to  the  hospital. 

On  account  of  the  construction  of  the  Northwestern  Elevated  Railroad  the 
hospital  authorities  have  agreed  to  vacate  the  present  building  in  the  Spring  of 
1898,  and  grounds  have  been  purchased  for  the  erection  of  a  larger  and  mag- 
nificent edifice,    or  group  of  edifices,  at  Belden  and  Racine  avenues. 


548  PUBLIC  HOSPITALS. 

MICHAEL    REESE    HOSPITAL. 

In  1866  the  parent  of  this  hospital  was  erected  on  the  corner  of  La  Salle 
and  Schiller  streets,  the  origin  of  the  present  establishment  being  a  fund  of 
$125,000  provided  by  the  estate  of  the  late  Michael  Reese.  The  generous 
donor  lived  for  many  years  in  California,  where  he  accumulated  a  fortune,  dying 
in  Europe  and  leaving  many  relatives  in  Chicago. 

The  original  building  was  swept  away  by  the  great  fire  of  1871,  and  during 
the  succeeding  decade  the  United  Hebrew  Relief  Association,  which  from  the 
first  has  controlled  the  institution,  distributed  the  patients  among  the  other  hos- 
pitals of  the  city.  In  October,  1881,  however,  the  structure  now  occupied  was 
completed,  on  the  corner  of  Twenty-ninth  Street  and  Groveland  Avenue.  Com- 
posed of  a  main  central  building,  with  two  wings,  it  is  of  brick,  three  stories  in 
height,  accommodates  between  eighty  and  ninety  patients  and  is,  all  in  all,  one 
of  the  most  complete  establishments  of  the  kind  in   the  city. 


ST.    JOSEPH'S    HOSPITAL. 

Located  on  Garfield  Avenue,  near  Halsted  Street,  this  hospital  is  conducted 
by  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  It  was  founded  by  Sister  Walburga,  in  Lake  View, 
in  1869,  but  owing  to  the  inconvenience  of  the  location  was  transferred  to  its 
present  site  in  1871.  As  it  now  stands  the  hospital  is  one  of  the  most  imposing 
in  its  outward  appearance  and  among  the  most  complete  in  its  internal 
arrangements.  The  building  is  constructed  of  heavy  masonry,  is  five  stories 
in  height  and  accommodates  two  hundred  patients.  The  hospital  staff  consists 
of  seventeen  prominent  specialists  and  two  internes,  with  a  full  staff  for  the 
dispensary.  There  are  also  sixteen  Sisters  of  Charity  and  twenty  trained 
nurses,  under  control  of  the  Sister  Superior. 


ILLINOIS   TRAINING    SCHOOL    FOR   NURSES. 

Incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  in  1880,  the  Illinois  Training 
School  for  Nurses  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  successful  institutions  of  the 
kind  in  the  country.  It  is  attached  to  Cook  County  and  Presbyterian  hospitals, 
having  their  patients  in  charge,  so  far  as  nursing  is  concerned.  Besides 
supplying  the  nurses  for  these  great  institutions,  for  several  years  the  school 
has  used  the  interest  of  the  money  bequeathed  to  it  by  John  Crerar  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  families  who  are  unable  to  pay  the  regular  charge  for  the 
services  of  a  nurse. 


PUBLIC  HOSPITALS.  55 1 

The  office  of  the  school  is  at  Cook  County  Hospital,  the  massive  building 
for    the    nurses'  home  on   Honore  Street  being  erected  in   May,    1890. 

During  the  past  year  the  course  of  instruction  has  been  extended  to  three 
years,  the  two  years'  course  being  the  one  in  vogue  in  nearly  every  training 
school  in  the  country.  As  now  arranged,  the  curriculum  embraces  practical 
work  in  the  wards,  theoretical  work  in  class  and  lecture  room,  lessons  in  cookery 
and  instruction  in   trainincr  school  administration. 


AUGUSTANA    HOSPITAL   AND    DEACONESS    INSTITUTE. 

Organized  in  1882,  as  a  charitable  institution  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Swedish  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church,  by  a  charter  from  the  State  of  Illinois, 
granted  in  February,  1892,  the  scope  was  enlarged  so  as  to  include  the  following 
objects:  "The  training  of  well  qualified  nurses,  the  establishment  and  support 
of  a  hospital,  the  care  of  the  aged,  the  education  of  the  young  and,  in  general, 
the  exercise  of  mercy  among  the  suffering." 

The  stately  building  now  occupied,  corner  of  Lincoln  and  Cleveland  avenues, 
was  erected  in  1894  and,  with  grounds,  is  valued  at  two  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  It  has  accommodations  for  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  patients,  being 
a  structure  six  stories  in  height,  with  basement,  the  superstructure  being  of  stone, 
the  main  building  of  brick. 


*  PRESBYTERIAN    HOSPITAL. 

Occupying  about  two-thirds  of  a  square  block  on  Congress  and  Wood 
streets  and  Hermitage  Avenue,  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  complete  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  It  was  founded 
largely  through  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Joseph  P.  Ross,  one  of  the  city's  most  eminent 
physicians,  who  had  already  become  prominent  as  a  military  surgeon  during 
the  war  and  as  the  organizer  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  and  by  the 
liberality  and  executive  ability  of  such  business  men  and  financiers  as  Tuthill 
King  (Dr.  Ross'  father-in-law)  and  Daniel  K.  Pearsons,  both  of  whom,  moreover, 
were  stanch  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  The  institution  was  chartered, 
in  July,  1883,  and,  while  under  the  control  of  this  denomination,  no  patient  is 
ever  refused  admission  to  the  hospital  on  account  of  creed,  color  or  nationality. 

The  hospital  consists  of  the  Daniel  A.  Jones  Memorial,  fronting  on  West 
Congress  Street,  and  erected  in  1888-89;  the  Tuthill  King  wing,  the  older  portion, 
which  was  opened  to  the  public  in  1884,  and  a  number  of  separate  buildings 
representing  such  isolated  departments  as    the   Maternity    Home,    the    Hospital 

*See  History  of  Rush  Medical  College. 


552  PUBLIC  HOSPITALS. 

for  Convalescents  and  the  Throat  and  Chest  Department.  The  hospital  has 
now  accommodations  for  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  patients,  and  the 
nursing  is  under  the  auspices  of  the  Illinois  Training  School  for  Nurses.  The 
medical  board  consists  of  some  thirty  eminent  practitioners  and  specialists,  and 
the  house  staff  of  a  superintendent  and  six  internes. 


GERMAN    HOSPITAL  OF   CHICAGO. 

Incorporated  in  December,  1883,  to  "do  the  general  work  of  a  charitable 
hospital, "  and  having  no  religious  affiliations,  the  above  institution  was  first 
opened  for  the  admission  of  patients  on  August  5  of  the  succeeding  year.  It 
was  then  located  at  No.  242  Lincoln  Avenue,  the  use  of  the  building  being  gen- 
erously given  by  Frank  F.  Henning  free  of  charge.  He  has  since  been  at 
the  head  of  its  affairs,  being  now  its  President  and  Treasurer.  The  building 
at  present  occupied  by  the  hospital,  Nos.  754-756  Larrabee  Street,  was  com- 
pleted in  April,  1888.  It  is  four  stories  in  height,  constructed  of  brick,  and  has 
accommodations  for  about  eighty  patients. 


ST.  ELIZABETH    HOSPITAL. 

Opened  to  the  public  in  1886,  this  hospital  is  situated  on  the  corner  of 
Davis  and  Le  Moyne  streets.  West  Side.  It  is  conducted  in  a  large  three- 
story  brick  building  which  will  accommodate  two  hundred  and  fifty  patients. 
The  institution  is  in  charge  of  the  Catholic  order  known  as  the  Poor  Hand- 
maids of  Jesus  Christ,  founded  in  Germany  in  1849,  its  members  being  banded 
together  to  "nurse  the  sick  and  poor  in  private  houses  and  hospitals."  The 
superintendent  of   the  hospital  is  a  Sister  Superior. 


*WESLEY   HOSPITAL. 

In  October,  1888,  the  institution  above  named  was  incorporated,  the  build- 
ing being  located  on  the  corner  of  Dearborn  Avenue  and  Ohio  Street.  Under 
the  auspices  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  its  object  is  the  gratuitous  treatment  of  the 
medical  and  surgical  diseases  of  the  sick  poor,  irrespective  of  race,  creed  or 
nationality.  At  first  the  hospital  had  accommodations  for  only  about  thirty 
patients,    but    demands    upon  its  capacity  so  increased  that  in    1892    a  site  was 

*See  history  of  Northwestern  University  Medical  School. 


PUBLIC  HOSPITALS. 


553 


obtained,  through  the  Northwestern  University,  on  the  corner  of  Dearborn  and 
Twenty-fifth  streets.  When  entirely  completed,  according  to  the  plans  adopted 
by  the  management,  there  will  be  three  six-story  buildings,  connected  by  a 
corridor  in   the  rear,  with  a  capacity  of    two  hundred  and  fifty  beds. 


CHICAGO    BAPTIST  HOSPITAL. 

The  Chicago  Baptist  Hospital  was  incorporated  on  January  26,  1892,  its 
management  being  primarily  in  the  hands  of  the  Chicago  Baptist  Hospital 
Association.  Any  person  may  become  a  member  of  this  association  upon  the 
payment  of  one  dollar  annually,  or  a  life  member  upon  the  payment  of  twenty- 
five  dollars.      The     direct    management    of   the    hospital  is,    by  this  association, 


CHICAGO    BAPTIST    HOSPITAL. 


vested  in  a  board  of  directors,  twelve  in  number,  elected  from  th.e  Baptist 
Churches  of  Chicago  and  vicinity,  assisted  by  a  board  of  lady  managers,  con- 
sisting of  two  ladies  from  each  of    the  Baptist  churches  of  the  city  and  vicinity. 

The  officers,  staff  and  hospital  attendants  are  elected  by  the  board  of 
directors.  The  superintendent  is  the  executive  head  of  the  hospital,  subject 
only  to  the  instructions  of  the  board  of  directors.  The  nurses  are  furnished 
by  the  Chicago  Baptist  Training  School,  though  under  separate  management,  this 
institution  being  essentially  a  part  of    the  hospital    organization. 

The  hospital  passed  through  many  vicissitudes  during  the  first  year  of  its 
existence,  owing  chiefly  to  a  lack  of  money  for  sufficient  equipment  and  sup- 
port. In  April,  1893,  the  present  officers  were  elected  and  the  hospital  staff 
reorganized  and  made  to  include  some  of  the  most  distinguished  and   successful 


554  PUBLIC  HOSPITALS. 

physicians  and  surgeons  in  Chicago  of  both  schools  of  practice.  All  schools 
are  recognized  upon  an  equality,  and  no  "  pathy  "  or  system  of  practice  has 
any  preference  over  another.  This  hospital  is  now  one  of  the  successful  insti- 
tutions of  the  city.  It  has  in  fact  so  increased  in  influence  and  usefulness  that 
it  has  become  recognized  as  one  of  the  standard  hospitals  of  the  Northwest. 
The  institution  was  moved  to  its  new  quarters,  at  Thirty-fourth  Street  and 
Rhodes  Avenue,  in  May,  1896,  and  is  now  provided  with  buildings  and  equip- 
ments second  to  but  few  hospitals  in  the  country. 

The  officers  of  the  board  are:  Rev.  R.  H.  Austin,  President;  J.  W.  Thomp- 
son, M.  D.,  Vice-President;  B.  A.  Robinson,  Secretary;  J.  C.  Moore,  Treasurer; 
E.  E.  Vaughn,  M.  D.,  Financial  Agent. 

The  officers  of  the  hospital  are  :  A.  C.  Cowperthwaite,  M.  D.,  Superin- 
tendent; J.  M.  Auld,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Supermtendent;  L.  M.  Ousley,  M.  D.,  Resi- 
dent Surgeon. 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 


CHARLES    GILBERT    DAVIS,    M.   D. 

Intuition,  education  and  experience  combine  to  form  the  character  of  the 
ideal  physician  of  to-day.  It  is  impossible  that  any  one  of  these  elements  of 
strength  should  be  omitted,  and  there  are  few  more  forcible  illustrations  of  this 
truth  than  may  be  found  in  the  person  of  Dr.  Charles  Gilbert  Davis,  of  Chicago. 

In  a  wonderful  degree  does  he  possess  the  faculty  of  reading  at  a  glance 
the  general  condition  of  a  patient,  the  mental  and  physical  traits  of  the  human 
mechanism  upon  which  he  is  called  to  operate,  and  how  each  influences  the 
other,  and  is  influenced  in  turn  by  another.  Then  comes  the  swift  conclusion 
as  to  treatment  and  remedies,  which  is  again  partly  intuitive,  propelled,  as 
it  were,  and  reinforced  by  a  professional  education  and  experience  both  broad 
and  deep.  Armed  as  he  is  with  these  elements  of  strength,  combined  with  a 
rare  personal  magnetism,  an  unfailing  courtesy,  a  self-possession  and  a  bal- 
anced individuality  which  at  once  inspire  hope  and  confidence,  it  is  little 
wonder  that  he  has  been  the  recipient  of  the  veneration  not  only  of  the  exalted 
but  of  the  humble  to  an  extent  not  often  accorded  to  either  merit  or  celebrity. 

The  intuition,  the  magnetism,  the  natural  healing  powers,  have  often  been 
noted  by  those  who  have  come  in  contact  with  the  personality  of  Dr.  Davis. 
They  have  noted,  wondered  and  remarked,  without  knowing  perhaps  that  both 
his  father  and  mother  were  physicians.  Thus  has  his  eminence  come  to  him 
partly  by  right  of  inheritance. 

Dr.  Davis  was  born  in  Clay  County,  Mo.,  on  the  fourteenth  of  October, 
1849.  His  father.  Dr.  George  W.  Davis,  who  but  recently  died,  was  for  thirty 
years  a  leading  physician  of  that  region.  Moreover,  he  was  a  Greek  and  Latin 
scholar  and  a  mathematician  —  in  all  a  man  of  profound  learning,  with  many 
other  remarkable  qualities  of  mind.  He  loved  quiet  and  meditation,  a  home 
life,  and  practiced  a  modest  behavior.  He  became,  with  time,  an  extensive 
land-owner  in  the  region  of  Sedalia.  In  the  stirring  days  of  the  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  troubles,  before  the  Civil  War,  the  elder  Dr.  Davis  took  an  honor- 
able and  dangerous  part,  looking  to  the  extinction  of  human  slavery,  and  being 
a  friend  of  John  Brown,  was  forced  to  leave  Missouri,  and  the  young  Charles 
Gilbert  Davis  himself  heard  the  guns  of  the   Marais  des  Cygnes  massacre. 

555 


556  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

Dr.  George  W.  Davis,  the  father  of  Charles  Gilbert,  married  Mary  W. 
Brooks.  Her  people  were  the  Gilberts  of  Cleveland,  whose  ancestors  fought 
in  the  war  for  the  freedom  of  the  United  States.  Her  grandfather  was  slain 
in  battle.  Deeply  interested  in  the  labors  of  her  husband,  this  noble  lady 
attended  a  course  of  medical  lectures  in  Cincinnati,  and,  so  far  as  the  profes- 
sional conventions  of  those  days  would  permit,  became  a  practicing  physician, 
aiding  her  husband  for  twenty  years.  Together  these  parents  were  consulted 
over  five  counties  in  Western  Missouri.  It  is  to  be  seen  that  the  mother  of 
Dr.  Davis  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  American  women  to  achieve  and  enjoy 
the  rights  which  are  now  liberally  accorded   to  her  sex. 

At  the  age  of  six  months  the  subject  of  our  sketch  went  to  Marlboro, 
Stark  County,  Ohio,  where  three  years  passed.  On  the  return  of  his  parents  to 
Bates  County,  Mo.,  eight  years  were  spent  in  childhood.  At  Ottumwa,  Coffey 
County,  Kan.,  whither  the  parents  were  compelled  to  remove  during  the  troubles 
of  the  time,  the  lad  attended  the  common  schools,  and  entered  the  Western 
Christian  University  at  Ottumwa,  a  college  of  the  Christian  Church.  Graduat- 
ing from  this  institution  at  seventeen,  he  spent  his  eighteenth  year  teaching 
school  in  Bates  County  near  his  early  home,  and  during  the  next  two  years 
studied  medicine  in  his  father's  office.  At  twenty  he  entered  the  Cincinnati 
Eclectic  Medical  Institute,  the  most  prominent  establishment  of  that  school  in 
America,  and  graduated  in  two  years.  Returning  home,  he  practiced  as  a 
partner  of  his  father  for  a  year,  and  was  then  entered  for  a  finishing  term  at 
th2  University  of  Virginia,  Charlottesville,  Va.,  where  he  graduated  with  high 
honors.      We  quote  the  testimonials  afterward  bestowed  by  his  preceptors: 

University  of  Virc^inia,  December  8,  1873.  Dr.  Charles  G.  Davis  was 
a  member  of  the  medical  class  in  this  institute  throughout  the  session  of  1872-73. 
Uniformly  conspicuous  for  worth  of  character,  propriety  and  deportment,  strict 
attention  to  his  duties  and  intelligent  industry,  he  graduated  with  honor  at  the 

J.  S.  Davis,  Professor  Anatomy  and  Materia  Medica. 

University  of  Virginia,  December  9,  1873.  We  certify  that  Dr.  Charles 
G.  Davis  was  a  student  of  medicine  in  this  institution  and  graduated  with 
distinction  at  the  close  of  the  session  of  1872-73.  Daring  the  entire  period  of 
his  connection  with  the  institution,  he  exhibited  an  earnest  zeal  and  industry 
in  the  prosecution  of  his  studies,  and  was  so  successful  as  to  graduate  with 
high  honors  and  to  give  promise  of  future  usefulness  in  the  profession. 

J.  L.  Cabell,  M.  D.,  Professor  Physiology  and  Surgery. 

J.  S.  Davis,    M.   D.,    Professor  Anatomy  and  Materia  Medica. 

J  as.  F.  Harrison,  M.  D.,  Professor  School  of  Medicine. 

Leaving  the  University  of  Virginia,  Dr.  Davis  received  the  appointment  of 
Assistant    Physician    at    the    Quarantine    Hospital    in    St.    Louis,    and    during  a 


C'-i:=J^iC= 


t-TyVl^S 


^s.  7c4^ 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  559 

year's  residence  in  that  city  he  took  the  ad  cjtndcni  degree  at  the  Missouri 
Medical    College.       Following    this    he    practiced    for   a    year   at    Mulberry,    Mo. 

His  marriage  with  Belle  Braden,  of  Lawrence,  Kan.,  a  graduate  of  the 
State  University  at  Bloomington,  111.,  took  place  on  January  19,  1876,  and 
after  a  few  months  the  newly  wedded  pair  settled  upon  the  City  of  Chicago 
as  a  proper  field  for  their  life  and  arrived  here  in  October.  Through  nearly 
twenty  years  of  accumulating  fortune  and  business,  Mrs.  Davis  has  taken  the 
burden  of  the  family's  financial  and  real  estate  interests,  showing  an  acumen, 
precision  and  determination  equaled  by  but  few  women.  During  this  busy 
period  she  has  also  been  a  leader  in  many  works  of  charity  and  benevolence. 
During  the  long  pastorate  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  W.  T.  Melvy,  of  the  F'irst  United 
Presbyterian  Church,  both  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Davis  have  contributed  zealously  to 
the  success  of  his  ministrations. 

Returning  to  Dr.  Davis'  brilliant  professional  career  in  Chicago,  it  may  be 
stated  that  it  commenced  with  his  arrival  here  in  1876,  and  that  within  ten 
years  his  practice  had  reached  a  stage  that  was  oppressive  to  his  health  and 
personal  comfort.  To  stay  the  tide  of  callers  he  abandoned  his  offices  for  a 
trip  to  Colorado,  and  established  a  health  resort  at  the  Waunita  Hot  Springs 
in  Gunnison  County,  a  nook  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  twenty-three  miles  from 
Gunnison.  These  springs  he  is  still  developing.  He  also  practically  established 
the  National  Temperance  Hospital  on  Cottage  Grove  Avenue,  recently  removed 
to  Diversey  Street,  where  he  was  the  principal  surgeon.  In  speaking  of  the 
achievements  in  office  practice  of  Dr.  Davis,  unaided  by  adventitious  events 
or  the  public  press,  we  may  relate  that  his  labors  have  at  times  reached  the 
enormous  number  of  one  hundred  office  consultations  and  prescriptions  in  one 
day,  beside  visits  to  the  hospital;  and  it  is  at  these  full  periods  in  his  practice 
that  relief  has  only  come  with  temporary  abandonment  of  his  rooms — thus, 
to  Colorado  several  times;  to  the  South  in  1889;  to  Europe  in  1892  and  again 
in    1894. 

As  matters  of  deep  interest,  aside  from  his  daily  consultations  and  general 
practice,  we  may  mention  surgery  and  psychology.  Especially  in  Gynecologi- 
cal Surgery  has  he  risen  to  a  high  standing,  and  he  was  also  the  first  of  Chi- 
cago's practitioners  to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  hypnotism  and  show  its 
application  to  the  practice  of  medicine.  He  has  lived,  fortunately,  to  behold  the 
scientific  demonstration  and  adoption  by  the  greatest  men  in  the  world  of  views 
which  had  their  earliest  Western  exponent  in  him.  Before  the  Psychical  Science 
Congress  of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary,  at  the  Art  Institute,  Chicago,  on 
August  24,  1893,  during  the  World's  Fair,  Dr.  Davis  delivered  an  address  on 
"Hypnotism,  With  Special  Reference  to  Hypnotic  Suggestion."  It  is  in  this 
direction  that  he  has  figured  as  a  progressive  and  triumphant  thinker,  events 
solacing  him  daily  with  the  corroboration  of  his  original  views. 


56o  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

In  1892  he  received  the  appointment  of  Surgeon-in-Chief  of  the  Chicago 
Baptist  Hospital,  corner  of  Racine  Avenue  and  Center  Street,  on  the  North  Side. 
He  has  also  acted  as  Examining  Physician  of  the  Royal  League  and  A.  O.  U.  W. 

During  this  year  (1892),  accompanied  by  his  pastor.  Dr.  Melvy,  he  made 
the  tour  of  Europe,  returning  in  the  Fall.  The  particulars  of  this  voyage  are 
charmingly  related  in  Dr.  Melvy 's  "Wanderings  in  Europe,"  of  which  book  the 
Chicago  Herald  says  that  there  was  "not  a  dull  line  on  its  pages."  The  twain 
also  acted  as  the  correspondents  of  TJic  Ilhistratcd  U^orld's  Fair,  Dr.  Davis' 
many  friends  being  much  gratified  at  the  facility  with  which  he  wielded  his  pen 
when  dealing  with  matters  quite  without  the  pale  of  his  profession.  Those  who 
knew  hini  best,  however,  were  well  aware  that  he  had  already  not  only  con- 
tributed many  papers  which  marked  him  both  as  a  ready  and  instructive  writer 
for  the  standard  medical  periodicals  of  the  country,  but  as  a  charming  and 
forceful  essayist  on  literary  and  popular  subjects. 

Returning  to  Chicago  in  1892,  Dr.  Davis  found  that  the  World's  Fair  was 
recalling  to  his  office  an  increasing  number  of  his  patients.  He  was  not  able 
to  see  the  Fair  in  the  daytime,  and  the  Fall  of  1893  found  him  broken  under 
the  greatest  strain  of  his  life.  With  his  wife  he  started  abroad  in  November, 
but  the  serious  illness  of  his  son  Charles  at  Chicago  so  distressed  the  parents 
that  Mrs.  Davis  came  back  to  Chicago  in  March,  leaving  her  husband  almost 
ill  in  Paris.  Returning  with  her  two  sons,  the  now  happy  and  reunited  family 
made  the  tour  of  Marseilles,  Genoa,  Pisa,  Rome,  Naples,  Florence,  Venice, 
Milan,  Lakes  Como  and  the  beautiful  Maggiore,  Switzerland,  Vienna,  Dresden, 
Berlin,  the  Hague,  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  Antwerp,  Brussels,  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, returning  to  Chicago  in  the  Autumn  of  1894.  We  shall  especially  refer 
to  the  foreign  course  of  surgical  study  which  the  Doctor  took  upon  himself  in 
1893-94.  At  Norway  he  for  a  month  attended  the  hypnotic  clinics  of  Bernheim; 
at  Vienna  he  attended  the  clinics  of  the  Allgemeiner  Krankenhausen;  at  Ber- 
lin he  attended  the  Royal  Clinics;  finally  at  Paris  he  spent  no  less  than  six 
months  at  the  International  Hospital,  with  the  clinics  of  Dr.  Peau,  celebrated 
as  one  of  the  greatest  of  living  surgeons,  where  Dr.  Davis  acquired  new  and 
valuable  knowledge  in  that  field  of  research  and  beneficence.  A  few  days  before 
leaving  Paris,  in  1894,  Dr.  Davis  was  called  to  Fontainebleau,  about  fort}-  miles 
from  Paris,  and  there  performed  a  successful  surgical  operation  on  a  former 
Chicago  patient,  who  had  recognized  him  on  the  streets  of  the  French  capital. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  stated  that  the  generations  of  the  Davis  family 
which  have  been  represented  by  members  of  the  medical  fraternity  are  not  to 
end  with  the  professional  life  of  Dr.  C.  G.  Davis.  His  two  sons,  Charles  Brader, 
born  at  Chicago  on  October  9,  1877,  and  George  Gilbert,  born  at  Chicago  on 
January  4,  1879,  are  now  taking  the  full  course  of  the  Chicago  University,  and 
at   the  completion  of  a  broad  education  are  to  become  physicians. 


PROMINENT  PRACTiriONERS.  561 

JAMES    P.    BUCK,    M.   D. 

Born  in  Cambria  County,  Pa.,  on  the  nineteenth  of  February,  1856,  Dr. 
Buck  is  descended  from  the  German  pioneers  of  that  picturesque  region,  inherit- 
ing from  them  not  only  an  active,  sturdy  brain  but  a  splendid  physique.  His 
parents  were  John  and  Rachael  (Sherry)  Buck,  his  father  being  long  recognized 
as  one  of  the  most  stanch  and  trustworthy  citizens  of  Southwestern  Pennsyl- 
vania, holding  many  positions  of  honor  among  them.  For  three  years  he  filled 
the  office  of  sheriff:  of  his  county  and  in  1874  was  elected  a  representative  to 
the  State  Assembly,   serving  his  constituents  for  two  terms. 

Thus  it  was  that  the  son  James  early  showed  a  sturdy  and  studious  bent 
of  mind,  easily  mastering  whatever  came  before  him.  After  passing  through 
the  district  schools  he  was  sent  to  Latrobe,  Pa.,  and  entering  St.  Vincent  Col- 
lege,   located  at  that  point,    finished  a  classical  course,   graduating  in    1876. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  chosen  his  life  profession,  and  although  he  taught 
school  for  two  seasons  after  graduating  from  college,  he  steadfastly  pursued  a 
course  of  medical  reading  and  was  finally  matriculated  at  Jefferson  Medical 
College,   graduating  therefrom  in   1879. 

During  the  next  five  years  he  followed  his  chosen  profession  in  the  western 
part  of  his  native  State,  attaining  good  success  and  a  large  and  constantly 
increasing  practice.  In  spite  of  his  success,  however,  his  ambition  had  gradu- 
ally outgrown  the  possibilities  of  his  surroundings,  and  in  1884  he  left  the  scene 
of  his  first  professional  labors  and  went  to  Europe,  to  complete  and  perfect  his 
education  preparatory  to  again  taking  up  his  chosen  life-work  in  a  larger  field. 
Going  first  to  Germany,  he  studied  for  some  time  in  the  universities  of 
Vienna  and  Heidelberg,  subsequently  spending  some  months  in  Berlin  and 
Prague,  practicing  his  profession  in  the  hospitals  of  these  cities  and  studying 
their  methods. 

Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  war  between  Servia  and  Bulgaria-Roumania,  in 
1885,  Dr.  Buck  accepted  a  Surgeon's  position  in  the  Servian  army,  with  the 
rank  and  title  of  Captain.  During  the  continuation  of  hostilities,  in  company 
with  Dr.  Bridge  he  remained  in  the  military  hospital  service,  thereby  adding 
to  his  skill  that  practical  surgical  experience  which  only  the  emergencies  of 
battle  afford. 

Dr.  Buck  retired  from  the  service  not  only  with  an  invaluable  experience 
in  his  chosen  specialty  of  surgery,  but  honored  by  many  tokens  of  esteem  from 
his  immediate  superiors  and  those  of  even  higher  rank.  He  retired,  moreover, 
with  a  most  enthusiastic  opinion  of  the  ability,  bravery,  womanly  tenderness 
and  philanthropy  of  Queen  Natalie.  Dr.  Buck  saw  much  of  her  work  both  in 
the  hospitals  and  on  the  battlefields,  having  an  especial  admiration  for  her 
work  there  and  for  her  labors  in  behalf  of  poor  girls  and  the  industrial  classes 
in  general. 


562  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

At  the  conclusion  of  his  service  as  a  mihtary  surgeon  Dr.  Buck  returned 
to  Vienna,  where  he  remained  for  a  year  as  first  assistant  to  Professor  Hock- 
in  the   Eye  Department  of  the  Vienna  Pohclinic. 

While  at  the  University  of  Vienna  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Amer- 
ican Club  of  Physicians,  composed  of  members  of  the  profession  then  visiting 
in  that  city.  It  was  organized  to  promote  the  interests  of  American  students, 
but  as  it  was  not  amenable    to    the  rules  of    the    university  it    was    disbanded. 

After  completing  this  extended  and  profitable  season  in  Europe,  in  the 
Autumn  of  1887  he  located  in  Chicago  for  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Since 
that  time  he  has  continued  in  general  practice,  which  has  constantly  increased,  the 
bulk  of  his  time,  perhaps,  being  occupied  with  surgical  cases.  Not  only  is  Dr. 
Buck  considered  one  of  the  leading  operators  of  the  city,  but  he  has  invented 
many  improvements  upon  surgical  instruments,  some  of  which  have  been  adopted 
by  various  members  of  the  profession  and  others  are  employed  solely  by  himself 
in  his  private  practice.  It  is  an  evidence  of  his  high  standard  of  medical  ethics 
that  he  refuses  to  patent  any  of  his  inventions  of  a  professional  nature,  believ- 
ing that  if  he  can  do  anything  to  simplify  and  facilitate  surgical  operations, 
make  them  safer  or  less  painful,  he  should  give  the  profession  and  suffering 
humanity  the  benefit  of  his  ideas  without  claim  or  hope  of  financial  reward. 

Dr.  Buck's  inventive  genius  does  not  rest  within  the  confines  of  medicine,  as 
he  has  made  improvements  in  the  mechanism  of  the  modern  bicycle  and  has  per- 
fected seVeral  electrical  devices  which  are  highly  spoken  of  by  experts  in  that  line. 

Dr.  Buck  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Ger- 
mania  Msennerchor,  and  other  organizations,  and  is  not  only  popular  in  all 
circles  for  his  varied  abilities,  but  because  of  the  great  amount  of  work  which 
he  cheerfully  does  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  need  the  services  of  the  physi- 
cian but  are  not  financially  able  to  recompense  him.  In  fact,  he  brings  to  the 
practice  of  his  profession  not  only  the  ability  and  enthusiasm  necessary  for  suc- 
cess but  the  courtesies  of  a  gentleman  and  the  sympathies  of  a  large-souled  man. 


ALEXANDER  STUART  McLENNAN,  M.  D. 

Although  blue  blood  is  not  always  good  blood,  in  the  case  of  Dr.  McLen- 
nan it  certainly  is.  The  misfortunes  and  adventures  of  the  two  Charleses  in 
the  time  of  Cromwell  are  fresh  in  the  minds  of  historical  students,  it  being 
from  their  house  that  the  subject  of  this  sketch  is  descended.  The  Doctor's 
paternal  grandmother,  Charlotte  Stuart,  was  descended  from  the  famous  Gen- 
eral Stuart,  of  Garth,  who  wrote  a  history  of  the  Scottish  regiments,  and  whose 
progenitors  were  of  the  royal  house.  Its  vigorous  and  able  representative,  who 
is  now  a  resident  of  Chicago,  is  the  product  of  many  strains  of  blood,  many 
climes  and  vicissitudes. 


i 


f 


PRO  MINE  NT  PRACriTIONERS.  565 

Born  in  Geor^^etovvn,  Demerara,  British  Guiana,  in  the  year  i(S46,  both  of 
his  parents  died  when  he  was  only  three  years  of  a(,^e.  His  father,  John 
McLennan,  was  the  third  of  seven  sons,  his  grandparent  being  Roderick  McLen- 
nan, Esq.,  of  Kilhlan,  Rosshire,  Scotland,  who  in  turn  was  a  descendant  of  John 
McLennan,  of  the  "Banner,"  a  distinguished  character  during  the  wars  of 
Montrose.  Dr.  McLennan's  mother,  Catherine  Taylor,  also  a  native  of 
British  Guiana,  was  of  English  extraction,  so  that,  although  born  in  that  far- 
away colony,    a  true  British  constitution  is  his  by  right  of    inheritance. 

Upon  the  death  of  his  parents  the  little  boy  was  sent  to  his  paternal  grand- 
father in  Scotland,  whose  wife  was  of  the  house  of  Stuart,  as  above  mentioned. 
He  was  educated  in  the  best  schools  which  the  country  afforded,  and,  as  is 
generally  admitted,  Scotch  schools  are  preeminent  for  their  good  discipline  and 
thoroughness.  Finishing  his  preliminary  education  in  the  Free  Church  Institu- 
tion at  Inverness,  he  graduated  therefrom  with  the  first  prize  in  classics  and 
honors  in  all  other  branches. 

Realizing  that  now  the  real  battle  of  life  was  before  him,  he  turned  toward 
the  American  West,  where  he  knew  that  his  opportunities  were  greater  and  his 
achievements  would  be  more  gratifying  to  his  ambitious  nature.  With  his 
uncle,  therefore,  he  emigrated  to  Canada,  but,  like  many  other  young  men 
of  active  mind  and  body,  for  several  years  he  wavered  as  to  the  life 
course  which  he  should  pursue.  For  some  time  he  was  a  teacher.  He  also 
took  a  course  in  the  Kingston  Military  School,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1868.  Upon  leaving  that  institution  he  was  appointed  Lieutenant  and  after- 
ward Captain  in  the  Eighteenth  Battalion,  Army  of  the  Dominion,  and  saw 
active  service  during  the  Fenian  raids  of    1870. 

Being  by  disposition  and  education  of  a  reverential  nature  and  a  firm 
believer  in  the  Scriptures  of  both  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  the  young 
man  felt  strongly  drawn  toward  theology,  and  entered  Queen's  University  with 
a  view  of  studying  for  the  ministry.  He  took  a  course  in  Arts,  but  being 
unable  to  reconcile  the  logic  and  liberality  of  his  mind  with  sectarianism  and 
ministerial    plans,    turned    his    attention    to    the    secular  profession  of    medicine. 

Entering  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he  took  a  full 
course  and  graduated  with  honors  in  1873.  Two  years  later  Dr.  McLennan 
moved  to  Chicago,  having  been  in  active  practice  here  for  the  past  two  decades. 
Although  previous  to  his  advent  to  this  city  he  had  crowded  an  unusual  number 
of  changes  into  his  young  life,  since  coming  here,  so  pronounced  has  been  his 
success  in  his  chosen  profession,  that  he  has  no  desire  to  wander  further. 

An  eminent  city  physician  thus  bears  testimony  to  his  sterling  character, 
professional  and  otherwise:  "I  have  been  intimately  acquainted  with  Dr. 
McLennan  for  the  past  eighteen  years  and  consider  him  one  of  the  foremost 
physicians  of    the  West.      His  entire  professional  career  has  been  characterized 


566  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

by  innumerable  charities  and  his  many  noble  traits  have  endeared  him  to  a 
host  of  friends.  His  scholarly  features  and  soldierly  bearing  have  made  him  a 
familiar  feature  among  prominent  Chicagoans,  and  the  lucrative  practice 
he  enjoys  abundantly  testifies  to  his  thorough  knowledge  of  the  profession  he 
adorns. " 

Another  event  should  be  recorded  before  closing  this  imperfect  sketch,  and 
one  indicative  of  the  Doctor's  characteristic  enterprise,  viz.,  his  marriage  to 
Catherine  Anglin,  of  Kingston,  in  1866,  when  he  had  not  yet  reached  his  twenty- 
first  year. 

CHARLES  MERRILL  CLARK,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Clark  is  the  son  of  Thomas  J.  and  Cordelia  (Whiting)  Clark,  both 
natives  of  New  York  State,  and  was  born  at  Moulins  Square,  Onondaga 
County,  N.  Y. ,  on  the  eighth  of  October,  1834.  His  paternal  grandparents  were 
also  born  in  the  Empire  State,  Christopher  Clark,  his  grandfather,  having  raised 
and  fitted  out  a  regiment  during  the  War  of  181 2,  of  which  he  became  its 
Colonel,  serving  with  distinction  until  the  close  of  hostilities. 

Dr.  Clark's  mother  was  of  the  numerous  and  historic  Whitney  family,  whose 
ancestry  can  be  traced  back  to  the  time  of  King  Arthur  of  England.  The 
genealogy,  however,  has  only  been  satisfactorily  followed  from  1649,  when  Henry 
Whitney,  her  great-grandfather,  emigrated  from  England  to  America,  locating 
first  on  Long  Island.  Soon  afterward  he  removed  to  Norwalk,  Conn.,  where  he 
erected  a  grist  mill  and  served  as  one  of  the  principal  town  officers. 

Her  grandfather  on  her  mother's  side  was  Moses  Raymond  of  Norwalk, 
Conn.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  was  wounded  and  pensioned. 
Her  father's  parentage  was  David  Whitney  and  Elizabeth  (Hyatt)  Whitney, 
the  former  serving  in  the  war  of  1776,  as  also  did  his  three  sons,  Ebenezer, 
Timothy  and  David  Hyatt  Whitney.      The  latter  became  her  father. 

The  grandfather,  David  Whitney,  owned  and  commanded  a  sloop  during 
the  war,  and  performed  much  gallant  service  in  carrying  dispatches  and  supplies 
for  the  Continental  Government,  even  under  the  very  guns  of  the  British  ships. 
At  one  time,  while  being  boarded  by  British  officers,  he,  with  his  dispatches, 
was  put  by  his  men  into  a  large  cask,  which  was  then  headed  up,  and  here  he 
remained  while  the  officers  were  searching  his  vessel.  At  another  time,  in  1779, 
when  the  British  were  advancing  to  occupy  Norwalk,  he  ran  out  of  Norwalk 
harbor  with  his  sloop  loaded  with  the  families  and  goods  of  his  neighbors, 
escaping  the  enemy  and  safely  reaching  Stamford. 

An  account  of  his  adventures  was  published  a  few  years  ago  in  the 
Nczv  York  Sunday  Dispatch,  under  the  title  of  "Revolutionary  Scenes,"  by 
T.  R.  Whitney. 


PROMINENT  PRACrniONERS.  569 

In  1S37  Dr.  Clark's  parents  removed  to  Western  New  York,  k)catin<^'  at 
Gaines,  Orleans  County,  where  his  schooling  commenced  at  the  Gaines  Academy, 
being  continued  up  to  1848,  when  he  entered  the  academy  at  Albion,  N.  Y. 
In  1 85 1  he  left  school  and  resolved  to  follow  the  profession  of  medicine.  His 
father  desired  him  to  learn  a  trade,  and  his  mother,  who  at  his  baptism  had 
dedicated  him  to  the  ministry,  wished  him  to  study  theology,  but  his 
predilection  was  for  the  practice  of  medicine.  He  therefore  entered  the  office 
of  Dr,  William  Noble  at  Albion  and  commenced  his  professional  studies. 

After  being  thus  engaged  for  two  years,  in  1853  he  removed  to  New  York 
City  and  took  a  position  in  a  prescription  drug  store.  He  faithfully  performed 
the  duties  of  his  clerkship  until  September,  1855,  when  he  entered  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  graduating  therefrom 
on  March  4,  1857,  and  receiving  with  his  diploma  a  certificate  of  honor  for 
having  attended  an  extra  session  of  lectures. 

Close  application  and  hard  work  so  impaired  his  health,  however,  that  he 
was  obliged  to  return  to  Albion,  but  soon  afterward  he  started  for  Portage 
City,  Wis.,  where  his  father  was  in  business.  After  a  few  months  of  rest  he 
associated  himself  with  Dr.  Hanshaw,  and  entered  into  practice  at  Horicon, 
Wis.;  but  a  country  practice  soon  became  tiresome  and  chstasteful  to  him,  and 
in  the  Winter  of  1858  he  went  to  Chicago  and  took  charge  of  a  drug  store  on 
the  corner  of  State  and  Adams  streets. 

In  i860,  in  company  with  his  father  and  brother.  Dr.  Clark  went  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  in  search  of  wealth  and  health,  walking  from  St.  Joseph,  Mo., 
to  California  Gulch  (now  Leadville),  and  returning  in  the  Fall  of  i860  with 
health  established,  but  no  fortune.  For  a  time  he  then  busied  himself  in 
writing  and  publishing  his  experiences  in  book  form,  the  volume  being  entitled 
"Trip  to  Pike's  Peak  and  Notes  by  the  Way,"  and  illustrated  with  sketches 
he  had  taken  on  the  trip. 

In  the  latter  part  of  April,  1861,  he  enlisted  in  a  company  then  being 
organized  for  the  Three  Months'  service,  but  it  failed  of  being  accepted  and  was 
disbanded.  His  attention  was  then  directed,  with  some  of  his  patriotic  friends, 
to  the  work  of  organizing  a  regiment  of  infantry.  The  regiment  was  organized, 
but  it  was  not  accepted  by  the  War  Department  until  the  latter  part  of  July, 
after  the  Bull  Run  disaster.  In  the  meanwhile,  being  very  desirous  of  getting 
into  the  service,  and  not  knowing  when  the  regiment  would  be  accepted,  he 
went  to  New  York  City  and  presented  himself  for  examination  before  the 
Medical  Examining  Board  of  the  Regular  Army,  but  before  learning  the  result 
of  the  examination  he  received  a  telegram  to  return  to  Chicago,  as  the  regiment 
had  been  accepted.  Thereupon  he  was  commissioned  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the 
Thirty-ninth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  (Yates  Phalanx),  to  date  from  August 
5,    1861. 


570  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

On  June  3,  1862,  Dr.  Clark  was  promoted  to  Surgeon,  vice  Dr.  S.  C.  Blake 
resigned.  He  followed  the  regiment  through  its  long  term  of  service,  and  after 
1862  was  mostly  on  detached  service  as  Brigade  or  Division  Surgeon.  In  April, 
1863,  he  assumed  the  position  of  Surgeon,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  hospital  on 
Folly  Island,  S.  C,  being  an  Operating  Surgeon  during  the  siege  and  occupation 
of  Morris  Island,  S.  C.  On  April  30,  1864,  by  order  of  General  Alfred  H.  Terry, 
he  was  announced  as  Chief  Medical  Officer  of  the  First  Division,  Tenth  Army 
Corps;  on  January  8,  1865,  by  command  of  General  E.  O.  C.  Ord,  was  appointed 
Chief  Operating  Surgeon  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Army  Corps,  and  on  June  18, 
1865,  after  the  surrender  of  General  Lee,  was  appointed  by  General  John 
Gibbons  Surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Army  Corps  Hospital  at 
Richmond,  Va.  On  September  6,  1865,  Dr.  Clark  was  ordered  to  report  at 
Norfolk,  Va.,  as  Chief  Medical  Officer  of  the  District  of  Southeastern  Virginia 
and  Surgeon  of  the  Post  Hospital,  which  also  included  the  military  prison  and 
medical  supervision  of  the  Freedman's  Bureau.  This  position  he  held  until 
the    "mustering  out"  of  his  regiment  on  December  6,   1865. 

At  the  conclusion  of  this  honorable  term  of  service  Dr.  Clark  returned  to 
Chicago  and  made  an  effort  to  secure  the  appointment  of  Surgeon  to  the  Marine 
Hospital,  but  discovered  ofter  visiting  Washington  that  he  did  not  have  the 
necessary  political  influence,    and  so  abandoned  the  idea. 

On  the  twenty-second  of  February,  1866,  he  married  Julia  R.,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Robert  C.  Hamill,  of  Chicago,  and  established  himself  in  practice  in  this 
city.  In  1868  he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  Chicago  Soldiers'  Home,  which 
place  he  held  until  the  institution  was  transferred  to  Evanston,  111.  In  March, 
1872,  death  claimed  his  wife  and  a  few  months  later  his  infant  son;  but  prior 
to  this,  in   1868,  a  daughter  had  been  born,    who  is  now  living. 

In  the  Spring  of  1873,  through  his  friend  C.  H.  Crone,  Assistant  Surgeon 
General,  U.  S.  A.,  he  was  tendered  the  position  of  Assistant  Surgeon  to  serve 
west  of  the  Missouri  River.  Accepting  the  honor,  he  was  ordered  to  Fort 
Larned,  Kan.,  serving  there  some  months.  He  was  then  ordered  to  Fort  Riley, 
Kan.,  to  await  cavalry  recruits  for  Fort  Union,  N.  M.,  and  to  accompany  them. 
After  making  several  changes  of  location  between  Santa  Fe  and  forts  Bascom 
and  Union,  he  remained  at  the  last  named  point  as  Surgeon  until  his 
resignation. 

Returning  to  Chicago  in  1875,  Dr.  Clark  found  that  he  could  not  yet 
content  himself  to  remain  permanently,  and  wandered  away  to  Salina,  Kan., 
where  his  father  and  brother  were  in  business.  Here  he  entered  into  a  successful 
practice,  but  in  1880  returned  to  Chicago  to  again  engage  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession. 

In  January,  1886,  Dr.  Clark  was  again  married  to  Margaret  R.,  daughter  of 
Dr.  R.  S.  King,  of  Port  Robinson,    Ontario.      He  was  a  graduate    of    the    Royal 


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I 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  573 

College,  Dublin,  his  brother,  Dr.  Richmond  King,  being  Staff  Surgeon  in  the 
Royal  Navy  and  a  member  of  the  expedition  which  went  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin. 

Dr.  Clark's  tastes  and  habits  are  thoroughly  domestic,  and  he  has  been  a 
student  and  a  great  reader  all  his  life.  He  prepared  the  lectures  and  clinical 
reports  of  Dr.  Valentine  Mott  in  1868,  from  notes  taken  in  1857,  but  never 
published  them.  He  also  wrote  and  published  the  history  of  the  Thirty-ninth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  in  1892,  and  has  contributed  largely  to  periodical 
literature,  both  professional  and  non-professional. 

Although  thoroughly  enjoying  the  friendship  of  a  limited  circle,  the  Doctor 
is  by  no  means  a  society  man.  In  religion  he  is  nonsectarian,  being,  however, 
a  sincere  believer  in  a  Supreme  Being  and  in  such  morality  as  is  exemplified 
by  the  Golden  Rule. 

"In  1864,"  he  says,  "when  at  Arlington  Heights,  Va.,  the  officers  connected 
with  the  Masonic  order  obtained  a  dispensation  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Illinois  to  organize  a  lodge,  and  I,  with  several  others,  joined  it.  Some  months 
later  all  of  the  officers  of  the  lodge  were  either  killed  or  wounded  and  it  was 
terminated." 

Dr.  Clark  is,  however,  a  member  of  the  G.  A.  R.,  also  of  the  Army  and  Navy 
Medical  Association  of  Illinois. 


ADDISON    HOWARD    FOSTER,   A.   M.,   M.   D. 

Addison  Howard  Foster  was  born  in  Wilton,  N.  H.,  November  13,  1838, 
and  is  descended  from  two  of  the  pioneer  immigrants  to  New  England.  One 
of  them,  Andrew  Foster,  came  to  this  countrv  from  Scotland  and  settled  at 
Andover,  Mass.,  in  1640,  and  the  second,  Samuel  Howard,  had  already  (in  1635) 
come  from  London,  England,    to  become  a  settler  at  Charlestown,  Mass. 

Descendants  of  these  two  pioneers  were  participants  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  and  many  of  them  have  since  been  conspicuous  figures  in  American 
history.  Three  great-grandfathers  of  Dr.  Foster  were  Revolutionary  soldiers, 
two  of  them  Joshua  and  Samuel  Howard,  being  named  in  the  list  of  those  who 
marched  from  Temple,  N.  H.,  to  Cambridge,  on  the  alarm  of  the  nineteenth  of 
April,  1775.  The  other  great-grandfather  rendered  the  most  distinguished  services. 
His  home  was  at  Wilton,  N.  H.,  and  it  was  on  the  farm  handed  down  by  him 
to  his  descendants    that  Dr.  Foster  was  born. 

As  a  boy,  Dr.  Addison  H.  Foster  attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town,  until  he  entered  the  New  Ipswich  Appleton  Academy,  to  fit  himself  for 
college.  After  graduating  from  that  institution  he  entered  Dartmouth  College, 
graduating  therefrom  in  1863.  Already  he  had  determined  to  enter  the  medical 
profession,  but  a  serious  illness  of    typhoid  fever    interfered  for  a  time  with  his 


574  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

plans.  During  his  illness  he  was  drafted  into  the  military  service,  but  furnished 
a  substitute,  and  when  sufficiently  recovered  in  health  began  reading  medicine 
under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  William  D.  Buck,  of  Manchester,  N.  H.  After 
one  year  thus  employed,  he  attended  his  first  course  of  lectures  at  Dartmouth 
Medical  College,  where  he  was  Assistant  and  Acting  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
under  the  late  Professor  E.  R.  Peaslee,  of  New  York  City.  Another  year  of 
private  instruction  followed,  after  which  he  attended  a  course  of  lectures  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York  City,  at  the  same  time  pursuing 
his  studies  and  investigations  in  the  leading  hospitals  of  the  city.  In  March, 
1866,  he  received  his  medical  degree  from  that  college,  and  soon  located  in 
Lawrence,  Mass.,  where  he   began  his  professional  work. 

After  practicing  two  years  in  Lawrence,  he  came  to  Chicago,  where  his 
educational  and  professional  attainments  soon  brought  him  into  prominence, 
both  as  a  physician  and  educator.  When  the  Woman's  Medical  College  was 
organized  in  1870,  he  became  connected  with  the  institution  as  Professor  of 
Surgical  Anatomy  and  Associate  Professor  of  Surgery.  He  retained  his  connection 
until  1876,  when  he  found  it  more  congenial  to  devote  all  of  his  time  to  his 
rapidly  growing  practice. 

With  Dr.  Brackett,  he  was  Visiting  Physician  for  the  West  Division  of  the 
city  for  the  Brainard  Free  Dispensary,  in  1869-70,  they  being  the  first  physicians 
designated  for  this  service;  and  from  1872  to  1888  the  principal  medical 
examiner  for  the  New  England  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  of  Boston, 
Mass.  He  has  been,  since  it  was  founded.  Consulting  Physician  to  the 
Hospital  for  Women  and  Children,  and  for  two  years  was  physician  to  the 
Washingtonian  Home;  but  during  all  of  this  time  has  given  the  greatest  share 
of  his  time  to  private  practice,  in  which  he  has  achieved  a  distinction  for  his 
faithfulness  and  ability. 

Belonging  to  the  class  of  physicians  known  as  "family  physicians,"  his 
practice  has  been  general  in  its  character,  and  there  are  few  Western  practitioners 
that  have  kept  pace  more  fully  with  all  the  developments  of  medical  science. 
A  close  student  of  books  and  a  careful  reader  of  the  periodical  literature  which 
plays  so  important  a  part  in  the  advancement  of  medical  science,  he  is  at  the 
same  time  an  equally  careful  student  of  patients. 

Manifesting  always  that  kindly  sympathy  with  the  patient  which  lightens, 
if  it  cannot  entirely  dispel  the  gloom  of  the  sick-room,  a  courteous  gentleman 
and  a  physician  of  recognized  skill  and  ability,  it  is  needless  to  say  that  he  has 
been  a  successful  practitioner  in  all  that  the  term  implies.  He  is  a  well-known 
contributor  to  medical  literature,  and  was  one  of  the  incorporators  and  directors 
and  for  several  years  treasurer  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Press  Association.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society,    the    Chicago    Medical    Society,    the  Chicago  Pathological  Society,    the 


i 
i 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  575 

Practitioners'    Club,     the  Therapeutical    Club    and    First    Vice-President    of    the 
Gynecological  Society. 

Dr.  Foster  was  married  in    1866,  to  Miss  Susan  Morton  Houghton,  of  New 
Ipswich,  N.  H.,  and  has  three  sons,  two  of  whom  are  married. 


JOHN    ERASMUS    HARPER,   M.  D. 

Dr.  Harper  is  of  an  old  English  family,  whose  members  settled  at  an 
early  day  in  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas.  They  were  unassuming  and  hospitable, 
but  cultured,  supporters  of  all  educational  enterprises  and  some  of  them 
scientifically  inclined. 

Dr.  Harper's  grandfather  was  known  as  "Little  Benny  Harper, "  but  was  a 
good  Revolutionary  soldier  and  a  Virginia  farmer  who  conducted  his  planta- 
tions, not  only  in  a  successful,  but  in  a  scientific  manner  which  was  far  in 
advance  of  his  times.  His  father,  Robert  W^.  Harper,  settled  in  Southwestern 
Kentucky  and  at  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War  was  an  extensive  slaveholder 
in  that  part  of  the  State. 

Here,  in  Twiggs  County,  John  E.  Harper  was  born  on  January  21,  185 1, 
spending  the  two  years  succeeding  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities  in  his  native 
place,  not  far  from  the  scene  of  such  important  engagements  as  Fort  Doneld- 
son,  Belmont  and  Shiloh.  His  father  served  in  Forrest's  Brigade  and  many  of 
his  other  relatives  fought  in  the  Confederate  Army. 

The  family  afterward  removing  to  Indiana,  the  boy  continued  his  primary 
schooling  in  the  institutions  of  Evansville,  graduating  from  the  high  school  of 
that  city.  He  commenced  his  medical  studies  under  Dr.  George  B.  Walker,  Dean 
of  the  Evansville   Medical  College,  beginning  a  regular  course  in  that  institution. 

After  graduating  therefrom  Dr.  Harper  associated  himself  for  practice  with 
Dr.  Wm.  R.  Davidson,  one  of  his  preceptors.  After  three  years  of  professional 
work  he  entered  the  University  of  New  York,  and  graduated  in  1878  with  the 
first  prize  for  the  best  examination  on  the  subject,  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and 
Ear.  As  he  was  the  first  Western  man  to  be  accorded  this  honor,  it  was  an 
honor  mdecd.  During  the  same  year  (1878)  Dr.  Harper  went  to  Europe  to 
pursue  his  specialty  in  the  famous  institutions  of  London,  Paris  and  Vienna. 
Previously,  however,  he  had  been  appointed  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye 
and  Ear  in  the  Medical  College  of  Evansville,  retaining  the  chair  while  abroad 
and  assuming  its  active  duties  upon  his  return  to  that  city  in    1880. 

Upon  returning  to  the  practice  of  his  profession  Dr.  Harper  also  founded 
the  Indiana  Medical  Reporter,  his  associate  being  Dr.  A.  M.  Owen.  Upon 
removing  to  Chicago  in  1882  the  name  of  the  periodical  was  changed  to 
Western  Medical  Reporter,    of  which   the  Doctor  is  still  editor  and  publisher. 


576  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  immediately  called  Dr.  Harper  to 
the  chair  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  and  he  retained  this  professorship 
until  his  resignation  in  June,  1891.  For  five  years  he  was  also  Secretary  of 
that  institution,  and  for  nine  years  Surgeon-in-Chief  to  the  Eye  and  Ear 
Department,  West  Side  Free  Dispensary.  He  has  also  been  prominently 
associated  with  the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  with  the 
St.  Vincent's  Orphan  Asylum,  and  is  at  present  Consulting  Oculist  and  Aurist 
of  the  Oakwood  Springs  Sanitarium,  Lake  Geneva,  and  the  Battle  Creek 
(Mich.)   Sanitarium. 

FELIX   BEHRENDT,    M.   D. 

There  are  few  men  of  twice  his  age  whose  professional  duties  have  taken 
them  to  so  many  distant  parts  of  the  world  as  have  Dr.  Behrendt's.  Born  in 
West  Prussia  on  November  24,  186 1,  his  parents,  John  and  Anna  Behrendt, 
are  still  in  possession  of  a  freehold  which  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  fam- 
ily for  the  past  two  hundred  years.  Felix  received  his  primary  education  in 
the  Royal  gymnasiums  at  Konitz  and  Neustadt.  From  1882  to  1886  he  studied 
medicine  and  the  natural  sciences  at  the  universities  of  Breslau,  Kiel,  Freiburg 
(Baden)  and  Wurzburg,  graduating  at  the  latter  institution  and  serving  as  Assist- 
ant Surgeon  in  the  Dresden  City  Hospital.  Later  he  was  volunteer  of  marines  at 
Kiel  and  after  passing  the  State  examination,  entered  the  Imperial  Marine  Service 
as  a  surgeon.  Next  he  is  seen,  as  a  physician  and  officer  in  the  service  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, recruiting  militia  for  Java,  the  duties  of  his  position  taking  him  to  that 
land  of  spices,  as  well  as  to  Sumatra  and  Ceylon.  After  remaining  in  the  far 
East  about  one  year.  Dr.  Behrendt  returned  to  Germany,  being  nominated  by 
the  Royal  Ministry  as  Physician  of  the  Imperial  General  Consulate,  and  Physi- 
cian-in-Chief  of  the  German  Hospital  at  Zanzibar,  East  Africa.  Here  he 
remained  until  the  termination  of  the  Arabian  insurrection  in    1889-  90. 

Although  his  experience  had  thus  enabled  him  to  see  much  of  the  Old 
World  at  a  comparatively  early  age.  Dr.  Behrendt  now  decided  to  try  his  for- 
tunes in  the  New  World,  in  that  land  of  promise  for  able,  energetic  and  aspir- 
ing young  men,  America.  Furthermore,  he  wisely  decided  upon  the  West  as 
the  section  of  greatest  promise.  He  first  located  in  Milwaukee,  the  beautiful 
and  thriving  city  where  so  many  of  his  countrymen  now  reside  and  prosper. 
Although  he  was  so  fortunate  as  to  form  a  connection  with  Dr.  Joseph  Schnei- 
der, one  of  the  most  skillful  specialists  in  the  country  in  the  treatment  of  dis- 
eases of  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  larynx,  he  soon  decided  to  transfer  his  activities 
to  even  a  wider  field. 

Dr.  Behrendt  remained  in  Milwaukee  for  about  one  year  and  a  half.  In 
1892  he  was  married  to  Marguerite  Weidan,  a  native  of  Mannheim,  Baden,  and 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  ^77 

soon  thereafter  took  his  bride  with  him  to  Chica<:ro  as  his  future  home.  And 
here,  in  the  great  city  of  the  great  West,  with  his  Americanized  countrymen 
crowding  almost  as  thickly  around  him  as  in  his  own  native  land,  thoroughly 
educated,  widely  read,  widely  traveled,  and  a  physician  of  broad  experience, 
there  are  few  in  his  profession  who  bid  fair  to  make  a  more  substantial  repu- 
tation than  Dr.   Behrendt. 


PRUDENCE  B.   SAUR,  M.  D. 

In  this  progressive  age  whose  watchword  is,  "Equal  rights  to  all  irrespec- 
tive of  sex,"  there  are  self-made  women  as  well  as  self-made  men.  One  of 
the  most  notable  examples  of  what  may  be  accomplished  by  wisely  directed 
force  of  character  is  furnished  by  the  life-work  of  Dr.    Prudence  B.    Saur. 

Born  near  Amherst,  Ohio,  she  is  the  daughter  of  Martin  Belden,  a  wealthy 
farmer  and  stock  raiser'  of  that  locality.  The  girl's  ambitions,  however,  far 
exceeded  the  limits  of  her  environment,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  after  com- 
pleting her  primary  education  in  the  public  schools  of  her  native  town,  she  entered 
Oberlin  College,  where  she  paid  all  her  expenses  by  teaching.  Even  at  that 
early  age  her  executive  ability  was  a  marked  trait  of  her  character,  and  for 
that  reason  she  was  enabled  to  command  a  larger  salary  than  was  paid  most 
teachers  of  her  sex. 

Having  determined  that  the  medical  profession  would  offer  broader  oppor- 
tunities than  any  other,  she  entered  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  after  a  full  course  was  graduated  therefrom  in  187 1.  Not  long  after- 
ward she  was  requested  to  take  charge  of  the  Alaska  Street  Hospital  in  that 
city,  and  for  a  year  was  virtually  at  the  head  of  the  institution.  In  this  responsi- 
ble and  arduous  position  Dr.  Saur  conclusively  demonstrated  her  unusual  abil- 
ities, both  executive  and  professional.  As  a  result  of  the  strain  placed  upon  her 
physical  and  mental  constitution,  however,  she  was  compelled  to  resign  after  a 
3'ear's  service,    quite  broken  in  health   but  not  in  spirit. 

It  was  at  first  feared  that  she  had  become  a  victim  of  consumption  and 
she  was  obliged  to  move  into  a  more  congenial  climate  in  order  to  build  up 
her  shattered  constitution.  Returning  to  Ohio,  for  a  time,  she  practiced  her  pro- 
fession in  the  northern  part  of  that  State,  and,  with  returning  health  and  strength, 
sought  a  more  extended  field  of  endeavor  and  usefulness. 

In  1885  Dr.  Saur  selected  Chicago  as  her  home,  and  as  a  specialist  of 
women's  and  children's  diseases  entered  the  successful  career  which  has  marked 
her  work  in  this  city.  She  has  fully  recovered  all  her  former  vigor,  with  her 
old-time  geniality  and  energy  of  body  and  mind. 

"  As  a  medical  practitioner,"  says  one  who  knows  her  well,  "Dr.  Saur  is 
an    enthusiast    in    electrical    treatment    and    make    much  use  of    it  in  her  dailv 


5/8  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

practice.  Twice  each  month  she  holds  chnics  in  Ohio,  which  are  attended  by 
large  numbers  of  her  old  and  new  patients. 

"She  has  also  taken  a  prominent  part  in  woman's  work  in  Chicago  and 
has  come  to  be  held  in  the  highest  esteem  among  advanced  thinkers  in  and 
out  of  the  profession.  She  was  treasurer  of  the  Woman's  Medical  Department 
of  the  Isabella  Association  in  1892-94,  and  belonged  to  the  Woman's  Munici- 
pal Sanitary  Club,  taking  an  active  part  in  its  deliberations  and  in  the  further- 
ance of  its  work. 

"In  fact.  Dr.  Saur's  career  is  one  which  carries  its  own  lesson  to  women. 
She  is  particularly  interested  in  the  progress  of  the  sex,  not  in  the  way  of 
asking  for  it  anything  which  it  is  not  fitted  by  nature  to  assume  and  to  enjoy, 
but  all  along  the  line  of  that  mental  and  moral  independence  which  must  pave 
the  way  for  the  real  emancipation  of  women." 


ALMON    BROOKS,   M  D. 

For  three  generations  Dr.  Brooks'  ancestors  were  seafaring  men.  His 
grandfather.  Captain  Oliver  Brooks,  served  his  country  on  the  waters  during 
the  Revolutionar}^  War,  shortlv  alter  the  termination  of  which,  with  other  mem- 
bers of  the  family,  he  emigrated  to  the  State  of  Ohio,  selecting  the  town  of 
Warren  as  his  home.  Here  was  born  his  son,  Oliver  James  Brooks,  the  father 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  who  afterward  became  a  leading  busmess  man  of 
the  place. 

Dr.  Almon  Brooks  was  also  a  native  of  Warren,  being  born  on  March  22, 
1 84 1.  He  graduated  from  the  high  school  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  imme- 
diately afterward  accepted  a  position  as  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  Thur- 
man  (Mo.)  Academy,  during  his  term  of  service  there  continuing  his  classical 
and  scientific  studies. 

At  twenty-one  years  of  age  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  Richmond, 
Va. ,  and  although  interrupted  by  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  he  finally  matricu- 
lated at  Virginia's  University,  graduating  in  1865.  The  venerable  Professor 
Cabell  ranked  Dr.  Brooks  among  the  most  brilliant  of  the  university's  alumni, 
and  one  whose  abilities  foreshadowed  marked  excellence  as  a  practitioner. 

In  1866  he  married  Mary  A.  Ramsey,  daughter  of  Dr.  Frank  Ramsey, 
Surgeon-General  of  the  Eastern  Department  of  the  Confederacy.  The  same 
year  Dr.  Brooks  opened  an  office  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  and  became  actively 
employed  in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  the  medical  men  of  that  city  having 
soon  to  contend  with  the  cholera  and  yellow-fever  epidemics  of  1867  and  1868. 
Dr.  Bi'ooks  shared  with  them  the  ordeal  of  those  times  that  tests  a  man's  loyalty 


W(/,^,,f,  Co  r.f,:'^<^f 


c^ 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  581 

to  his  profession.      He  served  as  city  and  county  member  of  the  board  of  health, 
acceptin^^  charge  of  an  assigned  district  of  the  city  for  treatment  of  the  indigent. 

Dr.  Brooks'  health  becoming  impaired  by  arduous  labors  during  these  epi- 
demics, he  visited  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  for  recuperation,  where,  foreseeing  the 
opening  of  enlarged  opportunities  for  the  treatment  of  chronic  diseases,  he  located, 
working  without  interruption  or  vacation  many  hours  a  day  for  ten  years.  It 
is  believed  by  good  judges  that  the  fame  of  that  celebrated  watering  place  is 
largely  due  to  the  industry,  aptitude  and  capacity  of  Dr.  Brooks;  certainly  his 
devotion  to  patients  there,  his  adoption  of  remedies  and  the  superior  results 
achieved  have  not  been  without  wide-spread  effect.  But  notwithstanding  that 
his  labors  here  earned  for  him  such  a  reputation  and  a  prosperity  as  are  enjoyed 
by  few.  Dr.  Brooks  decided  to  seek  a  broader  field  for  his  professional  career. 
Locating,  therefore,  in  Chicago,  the  same  qualities  that  had  caused  previous 
success  soon  brought  him  into  prominence  here,  and  for  more  than  twenty  years 
his  name  and  his  practice  have  been  growing  in  substantial  favor.  During  the 
early  portion  of  his  Chicago  career  he  engaged  in  general  practice,  but  from 
this  he  gradually  withdrew  and  now  almost  exclusively  confines  himself  to  office 
work.  Dr.  Brooks  is  still  an  ardent  student  and  he  has  not  failed  to  master 
the  large  additions  to  medical  science  of  the  past  few  years.  From  early  man- 
hood to  the  present  time  he  has  been  a  faithful  worker  in  his  profession,  sat- 
isfied that  it  can  worthily  engage  the  greatest  powers  and  gratify  the  largest 
intellectuality.  It  should  also  be  added  that  he  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  citizen 
and  a  friend,  and  to  those  whom  good  fortune  has  brought  into  closer  acquaint- 
anceship appear  the  spiritual  and  elevating  traits  of  his  character,  side  by  side 
with  the  activity  of  an  unfailing  mind. 

Dr.  Brooks  resides  in  a  beautiful  home  on  Lake  Avenue,  his  family  con- 
sisting of  a  wife  and  six  children.  His  oldest  son  is  a  promising  physician  and 
engaged  in  active  practice. 

AUGUSTUS    FRANK   McKAY,   M.   D. 

The  thoroughly  qualified  American  physician  should  make  a  close  study  of 
the  many  varieties  of  the  nation's  climate,  considered  from  a  medical  and  a 
medicinal  standpoint.  There  are  undoubtedly  thousands  of  cases  in  which 
health  and  life  itself  depend  upon  the  scientific  adaptation  of  constitutional 
weakness  or  acquired  defects  to  special  influences  of  climate.  In  America  the 
field  is  specially  broad  and  alluring,  possessing,  as  she  does,  the  soft  breezes 
and  mellow  sunshine  of  Italy,  the  sweeping,  invigorating  winds  of  Russia, 
the  rare  atmosphere  of  Scotland  and  Switzerland,  the  warm  humidity  of  Eng- 
land and  Ireland  and  the  blood-stirring  commotions  of  Norwegian  wind  and 
wave.      Mountain  and  plain,    vast  forests  and  bodies  of    water,  springs  of  every 


582  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

conceivable  chemical  combination  and  either  boiling  hot  or  icy  cold — Nature 
in  America  is  so  prodigal  of  her  gifts  that  there  are  few  ailments  to  which  flesh 
is  heir  which  may  not  be  alleviated,  if  not  cured,  should  the  patient  be  so 
situated  that  he  can  take  advantage  of  them  under  the  guidance  of  an  intelli- 
gent and  experienced  physician. 

Dr.  McKay  has  been  especially  fortunate  in  the  mastery  of  subjects  con- 
nected with  the  Medico-Climatology  of  the  United  States,  American  health 
resorts  and  modern  methods  of  sanitarium  treatment  in  general.  As  a  specialist 
in  these  lines  he  has  few  superiors,  one  of  the  marked  evidences  of  this  state- 
ment being  the  results  of  the  field  work  which  he  has  accomplished  as  Cor- 
responding Secretary  of  the  World's  Congress  of  Medico-Climatology  since  its 
organization  during  the  World's  Fair  in  1893,  and  published  in  a  volume  entitled 
"American    Climates  and  Resorts." 

The  book  was  published  in  the  Autumn  of  1895,  '^^^^  is  only  an  introduc- 
tion to  the  real  work,  to  the  completion  of  which  Dr.  McKay  expects  to  devote 
at  least  five  years  more.  It  is  seldom  that  a  physician,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
three  and  of  ripe  experience,  is  willing  to  virtually  abandon  his  practice  and 
devote  eight  years  to  acquiring  an  intimate  knowledge  of  a  new  specialty,  but 
this  is  what  Dr.  McKay  is  doing,  and  expresses  the  laudable  ambition  of  being 
the  most  thoroughly  informed  man  in  America  on  "American  Climates  and 
Resorts." 

The  Doctor  is  an  easy  and  ready  writer,  having  contributed  much  to  cur- 
rent literature  on  popular  sanitation  and  allied  subjects.  But,  aside  from  the 
volume  noted  above,  his  only  published  work  is  an  unique  pamphlet  entitled 
"The  Missing  Link,"  which  sets  forth  the  resemblance  in  the  development  of 
commerce  to  the  anatomical  and  physiological  system  of  man.  This  subject 
the  author  has  illustrated  by  a  very  striking  and  ingenious  chart  called  "The 
Man  of  Commerce,"  which  graphically  portrays  the  anatomy  of  man  as  repre- 
sented by  the  arteries  of  commerce  in  North  America.  These  charts  grace  rail- 
road offices  and  depots  in  every  portion  of  the  United  States  and  many  have 
found  their  way  to  Europe  as  curiosities. 

Biographically  retracing  our  steps,  we  find  that  Dr.  Mcl\ay  has  one  of 
those  rare  genealogies  in  this  country  which  has  been  traced  through  the  royal 
line  of  England  and  the  Saxon  princes.  Through  his  paternal  grandmother  he 
is  a  twenty-fourth  cousin  of  Queen  Victoria,  the  line  being  an  unbroken  one  back 
to  Pepin  of  Austrasia,  in  560  A.    D. 

Born  at  Naples,  Ontario  County,  N.  Y.,  on  the  nineteenth  of  July,  1850, 
Dr.  McKay  is  the  son  of  Edward  F.  Mclvay,  whose  vineyards  were  in  his  time 
the  largest  and  most  profitable  in  the  western  portion  of  the  Empire  State — 
the  father  may  in  fact  be  considered  the  pioneer  of  grape  culture  on  an 
extended    scale    in    Western    New    York.      Up    to    his    thirteenth    year  the  boy 


1 


^^ 


$f-  ^"Aa 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  585 

attended  school,  then  saw  four  sessions'  service  as  a  page  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives at  Washington,  was  for  three  years  a  clerk  in  a  drug  store,  and 
when  eighteen  years  of  age  secured  a  government  position  in  the  Treasury 
Department. 

Such  routine  work  as  was  there  required,  however,  was  most  distasteful  to 
his  active  mind,  and  he  therefore  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  under  the 
tutelage  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Thompson,  Surgeon-in-Charge  of  the  Columbia  Hospital 
for  Women  (Washmgton)  and  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Operative  Surgery 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  Georgetown  University.  Although  he  retained 
his  position  under  the  Government  during  the  entire  course  of  his  medical 
studies,  which  covered  a  period  of  four  years,  though  at  that  time  two  was  the 
standard  course,  it  was  doubtless  with  a  sigh  of  relief  that  he  was  graduated 
from  the  university  in  March,  1872,  and  entered  the  active  life  of  a  medical 
practitioner.  Naturally  he  assumed  as  his  special  line  of  work  the  practice  of 
surgery,  first  locating  in  the  coal  regions  of  Pennsylvania  and  later  removing 
to  Mount  Morris,  N.  Y. ,  where  he  remained  for  two  years,  becoming  then  for  a 
time    a  resident  physician  in  the  oil  regions  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 

Ambitious  now  to  extend  his  knowledge  of  sanitarium  practice,  Dr.  McKay 
accepted  a  position  in  New  York  City,  whither  he  removed  in  1881.  He 
remained  in  that  city  for  two  years,  when  in  February,  1883,  owing  to  impaired 
health,  he  moved  to  Fargo,  N.  D.  Two  years  later  he  located  in  Superior,  Wis., 
where  he  was  appointed  Health  Commissioner,  organizing  its  health  department. 

In  1892,  in  order  to  give  his  family  of  children  superior  educational  advan- 
tages and  to  better  fit  himself  for  his  specialty.  Dr.  Mclvay  came  to  Chicago. 
Since  residing  in  this  city  he  has  devoted  himself  to  his  favorite  theme  of 
Medico-Climatology,  having  been  in  the  field,  personally  studying  the  health 
resorts  of    America,  almost  constantly  since  January,  1893. 

Aside  from  his  connection  with  county  medical  societies,  Dr.  Mclvay  has 
not  been  an  active  society  man,  having  found  his  greatest  delight  in  studies 
along  lines  that  are  not  so  commonly  followed  and  in  these  lines  doing 
pioneer  work.  In  former  years  he  was  a  member  of  many  secret  orders,  such 
as  Odd  Fellows,  Foresters,  Red  Men  and  Knights  of  Pythias,  but  of  late  years 
he  has  severed  his  connection  with  them . 

In  1870  Dr.  McKay  was  married,  in  Pittston,  Pa.,  to  Margaret  Ferris, 
the  .daughter  of  Edwin  F.  Ferris.  It  is  a  somewhat  singular  historic  coincidence 
that  Mrs.  McKay's  great-great-grandfather.  Captain  Ransom,  was  an  American 
officer  killed  by  the  Indians  at  Forty  Fort  during  the  Wyoming  massacre,  while 
Dr.  McKay's  great-great-grandfather,  with  his  family,  was  captured  by  the 
savages  at  the  same  time,  being  inmates  of  Fort  Lackawana,  a  few  miles  distant. 
The  Doctor  and  Mrs.  McKay  have  five  children  living,  three  sons  and  two 
daughters — the    oldest  twenty-four  and  the  youngest  ten  years  of   age. 


586  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

Descended  from  an  old  Presbyterian  line,  Dr.  McKay  has  adhered  to  the 
church  of  his  fathers,  and  was  at  twenty-two  years  of  age  made  an  elder 
in  that  church. 

In  politics  he  is  what  might  be  termed  an  Independent,  not  adhering  to 
party  lines  regardless  of  principle.  Being  a  teetotaler  from  principle,  and  believing 
that  it  is  a  very  roundabout  way  to  overcome  an  evil  to  put  its  friends  in  power, 
the  Doctor  has  for  the  last  two  presidential  elections  cast  his  ballot  as  he  talks — 
in  favor  of  Prohibition,  and,  as  he  expresses  it,  he  "hopes  to  live  to  see  the 
day    when    our    Government  will  go  out  of    partnership  with   the  liquor  traffic." 


JOHN    R.   McCULLOUGH,   M.  D. 

Born  at  Point  Fortune,  Province  of  Quebec,  en  the  sixth  of  December, 
1835,  Dr.  McCullough  has,  during  his  residence  of  nearly  ft rly  years  in  the 
East  and  West,  imbibed  the  principles  of  a  true  American  citizen.  Having 
literally  suffered  and  bled  for  the  country  of  his  adoption,  he  appreciates  the 
worth  of  citizenship  and  the  value  and  glory  of  a  united  country,  founded  on 
an  intelligent  franchise. 

Dr.  McCullough's  father,  William,  was  a  native  of  Ramsgate,  England,  a 
graduate  of  Dublin  University  and  a  fine  classical  scholar.  When  only 
twenty-one  years  of  age  he  married  Elizabeth  Stinson  (Stevenson),  teaching 
school  and  continuing  his  studies  notwithstanding  the  cares  of  a  family. 
Emigrating  to  Canada  when  the  country  was  new  and  the  opportunities  and 
advantages  were  meager,  he  at  length  obtained  a  chance  to  continue  his  former 
avocation,  his  design  now  being  to  use  it  as  a  stepping-stone  to  the  ministry. 
Later  he  was  ordained  by  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Conference,  locating  at 
Bytown,  now  Ottawa.  His  duties  often  brought  him  in  contact  with  physicians, 
and  naturally  his  son  John  was  thrown  in  with  the  members  of  the  profession. 
The  boy  often  accompanied  them  in  their  rides  about  the  country,  saw  them 
prescribe  for  their  patients,  and  was  sometimes  sent  to  Apothecaries'  Hall 
to  have  their  medicines  compounded.  Frequently,  not  content  to  be  a  passive 
spectator,  he  would  request  to  do  the  pounding  himself.  It  thus  happened  that 
he  obtained  an  inclination  toward  the  medical  profession  at  quite  an  early  age. 

Until  the  year  1848  young  McCullough  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools,  but  he  then  entered  Victoria  College,  Ottawa,  where  for  three  years 
he  industriously  studied  history,  mathematics,  botany,  chemistry,  Latin  and 
Greek.  His  favorite  branches  were  the  four  last  named,  and  when  accompan};^- 
ing  his  father  on  his  pastoral  calls  he  was  seldom  without  a  book.  Aside  from 
reading  he  most  desired  to  attend  the  sick,  either  person  or  animal,  and 
minister  to  their  comfort  and  recovery. 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  587 

After  leaving  college  he  apprenticed  himself  to  an  apothecary  at  Toronto, 
and  later  obtained  employment  in  a  wholesale  drug  house  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
But  the  Western  fever  soon  attacked  him,  and  in  1856  he  went  to  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  which  was  then  considered  a  town  in  the  wild  West.  Still  determined 
to  become  a  physician,  he  commenced  work  in  a  drug  store,  obtaining  the 
rudiments  of  his  professional  education  out  of  Horner's  and  Gray's  Anatomies 
during  the  spare  hours  which  he  could  snatch  from  business  duties.  After 
three  years  of  this  combined  service  and  study  he  applied  to  his  Alma  Mater 
and  matriculated.  Being  licensed  to  practice  by  the  Toronto  School  of 
Medicine,  he  returned  to  Milwaukee;  but  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he 
abandoned,  for  the  time,  all  ideas  of  a  quiet,  profitable,  successful  professional 
career,  and  in  September  1861,  as  hospital  steward,  joined  the  First  Wisconsin 
Regiment  (Col.   J.    C.    Starkweather)   for  the  Three  Years'  service. 

His  first  year's  experience  was  not  an  eventful  one,  and  it  was  not  until 
October  8,  1862,  that  the  command  with  which  he  had  cast  his  fortune 
enabled  him  to  see  what  actual  war  was  like  in  the  battles  of  Chaplain  Hills 
and  Perryville,  Ky.  For  two  days  the  work  accomplished  by  the  medical 
sta£[  was  immense,  and  its  labors  were  continued  in  a  moderate  degree  for 
more  than  two  weeks,  when  most  of  the  wounded  were  sent  to  Louisville. 
At  Stone  River  the  Confederates  captured  the  hospital  outfit,  steward  and  all, 
but  the  next  morning  the  sick  and  wounded,  including  Dr.  McCullough,  were 
paroled.  The  hospital  which  fell  to  his  charge  at  Chickamauga  was  just  at 
the  head  of  Crawfish  Springs.  "On  the  morning  of  the  twentieth  of  Sep- 
tember, 1863,"  states  Dr.  McCullough,  "General  Mitchell,  commanding  our 
cavalry,  notified  me  to  send  all  wounded  that  could  be  moved  to  Chattanooga 
before  three  o'clock  p.  m.,  as  he  was  aboui  to  evacuate  that  point.  So  that 
by  four  o'clock  p.  m.  we  had  exchanged  commanders,  and  the  whole  force  of 
wounded,  nurses,  stewards  and  surgeons — some  12,000  men — were  in  the  hands 
of  the  Confederates.  On  the  thirtieth  inst.  all  the  wounded  were  paroled  and 
sent  through  the  lines,  while  the  medical  gentry  were  marched  to  Ringold,  Ga. , 
and  put  into  barracks  until  transportation  was  provided  to  Richmond,  Va.  On 
the  afternoon  of  October  i  our  party,  numbering  366,  was  marched  to  the 
depot  and  embarked  on  cattle  cars.  On  the  eleventh  we  arrived  in  Richmond, 
and  from  Libby  were  assigned  to  different  prisons,  my  lot  falling  to  Pember- 
ton.  There  I  remained  until  about  November  5,  when  I  was  transferred  to 
the  hospital,  and  on  the  afternoon  of  December  6  conceived  the  idea  of  play- 
ing dead.  Four  comrades  wrapped  me  in  a  blanket,  carried  me  outside  of  the 
lines  to  the  dead-house  and  placed  me  in  a  coffin.  There  I  remained  until 
dark,  when  I  made  my  escape  and  fortunately  fell  into  the  hands  of  Union 
friends,  who  secreted  me  until  the  excitement  over  my  escape  had  subsided. 
Obtaining  a  pass  from  the  Confederate  Secretary  of    War,    on  the  seventeenth 


588  ,  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

of  December,  with  a  comrade  who  had  escaped  the  same  day,  I  set  out  for  the 
Federal  hnes,  and  after  many  trials,  danji^ers  and  hairbreath  escapes  reached  them 
at  Leonardtown,  Md.      I   arrived  at  Washington  on   Christmas  morning  of   1863." 

Dr.  McCullough  rejoined  his  command  in  May,  and  at  once  took  up  the 
march  with  Sherman  toward  Atlanta  and  the  sea,  engaging  in  all  the  battles, 
including  the  capture  of  Atlanta.  After  its  capture,  the  regiment  being  ordered 
to  Milwaukee  to  be  mustered  out  of  the  Three  Years'  service,  he  found  himself 
again  among  friends.  This  was  in  October,  1864.  But  after  visiting  for  a  few 
weeks  he  was  anxious  to  be  at  the  front,  and,  proceeding  to  Nashville,  he 
received  the  appointment  of  Assistant  Surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  being  assigned  to 
the  general  hospital  at  Chattanooga.  After  remaining  on  the  hospital  service 
one  year,  to  April  16,  1866,  all  work  having  ceased,  he  resigned  his  commission 
and  returned  to  his  home  in  Milwaukee,  carrying  with  him  a  constitution 
shattered  by  arduous  labors,  exposure  and  confinement  in  two  Rebel  prisons, 
as  well  as  wounds  by  bullet  and  shell.  As  he  expresses  it,  he  now  com- 
menced again  the    "civil  life  battle." 

Dr.  McCullough  on  the  second  succeeding  April  (1867)  was  married  to 
Agnes  Culbertson,  at  Mansfield,  Ohio.  In  1872  he  located  in  Chicago,  and 
has  been  in  continuous  practice  ever  since.  He  has  been  too  busy  to  hold  or 
seek  for  public  offices,  the  only  position  of  that  nature  which  he  has  occupied 
being  a  member  of  the  medical  staff  of  Cook  County  Hospital — Attending 
Physician  of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Pathological  Society,  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  and  American  Medical 
Association;  also  Cleveland  Lodge,  No.  211,  of  Masons,  and  last,  but  not  least, 
George   H.   Thomas  Post,    No.    5,    G.  A.  R.,    Chicago,    Illinois. 

Dr.  McCullough's  father  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-five  years  of  cancer  of 
the  stomach,  caused  by  internal  injury.  His  mother,  however,  is  still  living 
and  approaching  her  eighty-fourth  mile-stone.  She  was  the  mother  of  eleven 
children,    seven  of  whom  survive  —  four  sons   and  three  daughters. 

In  his  political  views  the  Doctor  is  a  Republican.  His  religious  tenets 
are  orthodox,  he  being  a  member  of  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago, 
although  reared  under  the  teachings  of  Methodism. 


THOMAS    TELFER    OLIVER,   M.   D. 

Dr.  Oliver  is  of  French-Swiss  stock.  His  ancestors  (named  Ollivier),  politi- 
cal exiles  from  Switzerland,  took  refuge  in  Scotland,  locating  in  what  is  known 
as  the  Black  Forest  District.  The  bearers  of  the  present  name  of  Oliver, 
both  in  Scotland  and  America,  are  believed  to  be  descended  from  the  Olliviers 
above  mentioned. 


""'ipni  A£  Co  Ck^'^'^i' 


-g^-^ 


PROAIINUNT  PR  A  Cl'lTIONEKS.  59 1 

Dr.  Oliver  was  one  of  a  large  family,  his  parents  being  Robert  and  Isabella 
Telfer  Oliver.  He  was  born  on  May  17,  1830,  in  Cromartyshire,  North  Scotland, 
where  his  childhood  was  spent  until  his  seventh  year,  at  which  time  his  family 
emigrated  to  Canada,  first  settling  in  Quebec.  Later,  about  1847,  they  again 
moved  further  west  and  settled  permanently  in  Ontario,  where  he  received  his 
preliminary  education. 

Very  early  in  life  Thomas  had  shown  a  strong  taste  for  scientific  rather 
than  literary  study,  delighting  in  demonstrative  work  rather  than  hypothetical 
conclusions.  In  direct  line  with  his  investigating  and  logical  bent  his  studies 
were  begun  and  persistently  followed  not  only  to  the  end  of  his  educational 
course,  but  all  through  his  subsequent  professional  life.  The  intense  interest 
in  the  phenomena  of  chemistry  based,  as  they  are,  on  natural  and  unchange- 
able law  drew  him  naturally  to  the  study  of  medicine,  while  his  love  of  higher 
mathematics  gave  him,  among  mechanical  pursuits,  an  unusual  aptitude  for 
civil  and  mechanical  engineering.  In  both  these  branches  his  education  has 
been  as  thorough  as  long  and  patient  study  and  congenial  tastes  could  render  it. 

Dr.  Oliver  commenced  his  medical  studies  in  the  office  of  Dr.  N.  E.  Main- 
waring,  of  St.  George,  Ontario,  with  whom  he  remained  two  years.  In  1855  he 
entered  the  Rolph  Medical  School,  of  Toronto,  from  which  he  graduated,  receiv- 
ing his  diploma  in  1858.  Never  robust,  his  close  application  to  study  for  so 
long  a  period  left  him  in  a  most  critical  state  of  health  and  in  no  condition 
to  commence  the  arduous  labors  of  a  practicing  physician,  for  which  in  all  but 
bodily  health    he  was  now  most  completely  fitted. 

The  course  of  study  he  hf  d  pursued  prior  to  his  special  medical  course 
had  fortunately  for  him  at  this  juncture  thoroughly  fitted  him  for  the  pursuit 
of  the  profession  of  a  civil  and  mechanical  engineer,  and  to  this  he  turned  with 
such  ardor  as  to  win  not  only  material  success,  but  a  reputation  as  a  mechanical 
inventor,  which  he  has  retained  through  the  later  years  of  his  life  in  the  medi- 
cal profession. 

Dr.  Oliver's  health  being  recovered,  he  practiced  medicine  for  a  number  of 
years  in  the  South  and  in  Kansas,  removing  to  Chicago  in  1874.  In  this  city 
he  has  since  lived  and  here  he  has  built  up  and  held  a  large  and  constantly 
increasing  general  practice,  not  confined  to  Chicago,  but  expanding  into  the 
surrounding  country.  He  first  located  on  the  South  Side,  his  present  place  of 
residence.  Of  late  years,  although  his  practice  has  been  general,  he  has  given 
special  attention  to  diseases  of  the  lungs,  liver  and  kidneys.  In  these  depart- 
ments he  has  won  eminent  success,  and  stands  as  authority  on  all  points  per- 
taining thereto. 

Dr.  Oliver  has  had  five  children:  Anita,  Thomas  Scott,  Ida  May,  Bruce 
and  Grant.  The  Doctor  is  unassuming,  but  independent  and  self-reliant,  and 
has  won  the  regard  and  respect  of  a  large  circle  of  friends,  which  embraces 
all  who  know  him. 


592  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

ELMER    E.    BABCOCK,  M.  D. 

Elmer  E.  Babcock,  son  of  Justin  Dewayne  Babcock  and  Ruth  L.  (Richards) 
Babcock,  was  born  at  Platteville,  Grant  County,  Wis.,  on  the  eighth  of 
June,  1859.  He  is  of  Scotch-Enghsh  parentage.  His  great-grandfather,  Gideon 
Babcock,  was  an  officer  in  the  war  of  1776,  enhsting  from  Coventry.  He 
traces  direct  hneage  to  Robert  Babcock,  of  Puritan  stock.  His  mother's  father, 
Daniel  Richards,  left  New  York  in  1828,  settling  in  Platteville,  Wis.,  and 
engaging  in  mining  interests.  His  father,  Justin  D.,  was  a^ man  of  considerable 
prominence  in  the  State  and  served  through  the  Civil  War  as  Lieutenant  of 
Company  F,    Third  Wisconsin  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Young  Babcock  attended  the  common  and  high  schools  of  Fond  du  Lac, 
Wis.  He  afterward  engaged  in  farming  in  Kansas  until  he  was  nineteen  years 
of  age,  then  going  to  Lincoln,  Neb.,  where  he  engaged  in  civil  engineering  and 
surveying  until  1881,  when  he  laid  the  transit  aside  and  took  up  the  scalpel 
and  study  of    surgery  under  Drs.  Bowen  and  Hart. 

He  next  attended  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  of  Chicago,  from 
which  institution  he  graduated  on  March  11,  1884.  He  spent  the  next  two 
years  as  Surgeon  in  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  receiving  its  diploma  in  the 
Spring  of  1886,  when  he  commenced  the  private  practice  of  his  profession,  which 
has  grown  to  be  a  large  one.  In  1888  and  1889  he  served  as  lecturer 
of  Surgical  Anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago. 
In  1890-91  he  lectured  on  Surgical  Pathology  in  the  same  college.  In  1891 
he  was  elected  to  the  professorship  of  Surgical  Anatomy  and  in  the  same  year 
was  made  Recording  Secretary  of  the  above  named  institution.  In  1893  he 
was  appointed  Attending  Surgeon  to  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  which  position 
he  now  holds. 

Dr.  Babcock  is  a  member  of  several  medical  societies,  among  them  being 
the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Medico-Legal  Society,  the  Doctors'  Club,  Cook 
County  Hospital  Clinical  Society  and  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Congregational  Church,  and  has  been  since  1880.  He  is 
a  Republican  and,  while  he  believes  in  voting  with  his  party,  he  reserves  the 
right  to  vote  locally  for  the  man  he  thinks  best  fitted  for  the   office. 

Dr.  Babcock  was  married  in  Lincoln,  Neb.,  to  Miss  Ida  A.  Dobson,  on  April 
20,  1886.  Mrs.  Babcock  is  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Isaac  Dobson,  a  prominent  citi- 
zen of    that  place. 

In  person  Dr.  Babcock  is  of  good  height  and  robust  physique,  with  a  refined 
and  scholarly  appearance.  In  manner  he  is  cordial  and  in  disposition  friendly 
and  sympathetic,  qualities  which  easily  command  respect  and  win  friends.  Sin- 
cerit}^  is  one  of   his    most    marked  characteristics  and  is  manifested  in  a  dispo- 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  593 

sition  to  spare  no  pains  to  render  to  those  who  give  to  him  their  confidence  the 
best  and  most  conscientious  service,  whether  professionahy  or  otherwise.  Dr. 
Babcock  is  recognized  as  a  rapidly  growing  man,  studious  and  progressive,  and 
one  who  has  already  acquired  an  enviable  position  in  his  profession,  while  as  a 
medical  teacher  he  uniformly  enjoys  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  his  classes 
and  the  cordial  approbation  of  his  colleagues. 


WALTER  AUGUSTUS  STEVENS,  M.  D. 

Born  in  Richmond,  Ontario  County,  N.  Y. ,  on  the  nineteenth  of  April, 
1830,  Dr.  Stevens  is  still  strong  in  body  and  mind  and  actively  engaged  in 
dental  practice.  Although  of  the  old  school  he  has  kept  abreast  of  all  modern 
improvements,  but  he  mastered  the  working  details  of  his  profession  before 
there  were  any  institutions  in  the  West,  and  only  two  or  three  in  the  East, 
which  were  authorized  to  grant  the  degree  D.  D.  S.  He  received  his  degree 
of  M.   D.   from  Rush  Medical  College,   on  February   15,    1887. 

As  to  Dr.  Stevens'  ancestors,  it  may  be  stated  that  his  grandfather,  Jesse, 
was  a  patriotic  son  of  Massachusetts  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  when 
the  Selectmen  of  the  town  of  Chelmsford  called  for  fifteen  men  for  nine  months' 
service  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  enlist  and  hold  himself  in  readiness  for  serv- 
ice whenever  occasion  should  demand.  In  the  Spring  of  1781  he  went  to  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  and  there  joined  a  company  which  was  ordered  to  Peekskill,  N.  Y. 
At  this  place  he  was  detached,  and  detailed  to  guard  the  cattle  held  as  pro- 
visions for  the  Continental  Army.  This  was  an  humble  duty,  but  he  performed 
it  well,  since  he  was  not  discharged  from  the  service  until  more  than  a  month 
after  Cornwallis  had  surrendered.  In  fact,  at  the  time  of  the  surrender  he  was 
within  two  days'  march  of  both  the  American  and  the  British  armies. 

Dr.  Stevens'  parents,  Walter  and  Lucy  (Osgood)  Stevens,  were  brought  to 
Western  New  York  as  children  when  that  section  of  the  country  was  consid- 
ered as  the  outskirts  of  civilization.  His  father  was  buried  the  day  he  was 
thirteen  years  old,  leaving  a  large  farm  and  a  family  of  seven  children.  The 
eldest  brother  dying  during  the  following  year,  responsibilities  were  thrown  upon 
his  shoulders  which  were  beyond  his  years;  yet,  guided  by  the  counsels  of  an 
honored  mother,  he  stood  bravely  at  his  post  of  duty  until  his  younger  sisters 
and  brothers  had  received  higher  educations  and  were  prepared  to  assume  their 
share  of  the  burden. 

Dr.  Stevens'  early  education  was  acquired  iu  the  district  schools  of  his 
native  county,  in  the  Palmyra  High  School  and  the  Genesee  Wesleyan  Semi- 
nary at  Lima.  While  obtaining  his  higher  education  the  bent  of  his  mind  was 
indicated  in  the  nature  of  his  favorite  studies,  which  were  anatomy,  physiology 


594  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

and  mathematics.  He  even  took  private  lessons  in  mathematics  of  Professor 
Dascom  Green,  subsequently  connected  for  many  years  with  the  Polytechnical 
Institute,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.  In  fact,  although  an  agriculturist  by  accident  of 
birth,  the  tastes  of  the  youth  were  by  no  means  pastoral,  inclining  decidedly 
toward  both  medicine  and  civil  engineering  at  quite  an  early  age.  For  several 
years  after  leaving  school,  however,  circumstances  forced  him  to  work  upon  the 
farm,  the  Winters  being  more  congenially  passed  in  the  pursuit  of  his  favorite 
studies. 

In  1857  Dr.  Stevens  came  West  and  obtained  employment  on  a  railroad 
then  being  constructed  in  Eastern  Missouri  which  afterward  became  a  section 
of  the  Missouri  and  Iron  Mountain  line.  During  the  succeeding  four  years  he 
was  engaged  in  railroad  work,  bridge  building,  piling,  filling,  etc.,  taking  no 
active  part  in  politics;  yet  his  views  for  the  perpetuation  and  exaltation  of  the 
Union  were  known.  Most  of  the  time  his  headquarters  were  at  Birds  Point, 
and  Charleston,  Mississippi  County,  and  for  a  short  time  during  Buchanan's 
administration,  in  1859,  he  was  postmaster  at  the  former  locality,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  River,    opposite  Cairo. 

During  the  latter  portion  of  his  stay  in  Missouri  Dr.  Stevens,  as  a  stanch 
Unionist  and  Northern  man,  found  himself  the  object  of  much  disagreeable 
attention.  In  those  days  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,  a  Democratic  anti- 
Union  organization,  were  quite  as  prominent  in  the  politics  of  Missouri  as  they 
were  in  Illinois.  Dr.  Stevens,  in  common  with  other  Union  men,  received  a 
fierce  notice  to  "quit"  that  section  of  the  country,  which  he  has  preserved  as  a 
personal  memento  and  an  historic  curiosity.  It  is  written  in  rather  a  femi- 
nine hand,  on  common  note  paper,  the  document  being  entrusted  to  the  care 
of  one  Irish  Tim,  an  honest  old  fellow,  who  brought  it  to  Mr.  Stevens  and  said 
he  found  it  "back  of  Dr.  Simpson's  barn."  The  notice  reads:  ''Abolition  Rail 
Road  Stez'c-iis.  You  are  hereby  commanded  to  order  the  above  Individual  to 
leave  at  S,  or  hang  at  12.  ATorfolk-Colmnbus- Charleston  Vigilance  Committee/' 
Below  the  signature  were  two  crude  blood-red  crosses,  between  which  were  the 
words,  "Eternal  Vigilance  is  the  Price  of  Liberty,"  and  still  below  this  motto 
the  initials  K.  G.  C,  enclosed  by  a  circle  of  red.  The  young  Northerner 
received  the  document  in  February,  1861,  and  although  he  did  not  leave  for 
four  months,  neither  did  he  hang  at  high  noon  of  that  momentous  day.  Instead, 
he  remained  until  July  of  that  year,  when  he   permanently  located  in  Chicago. 

Previous  to  this  time  Dr.  Stevens  had  studied  dentistry  in  private,  and 
when  he  settled  in  this  city  he  entered  the  office  of  Dr.  Honsinger,  then  one 
of  the  leading  local  practitioners,  and  commenced  the  systematic  mastery  of 
his  profession.  After  remaining  here  two  years  he  commenced  practice  him- 
self, and  for  a  third  of  a  century,  with  few  interruptions,  he  has  thus  been 
actively  engaged.      During  this  entire    period  he  has    labored  and    lived  on  the 


"Tr^^^ww^^^ 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  597 

South  Side,  and  by  his  industry,  cordiahty  and  skill  has  become  not  only 
prosperous,    but  has  attained  a  high  social  as  well  as  professional  position. 

Since  its  organization  Dr.  Stevens  has  been  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Dental  Society,  and  is  now  President  of  the  State  organization. 

On  the  second  of  September,  1862,  the  year  previous  to  the  commence- 
ment of  his  long  practice,  Dr.  Stevens  was  married  to  Elanora  V.  Richards,  of 
Lenox,  Mass.  They  have  two  children  living.  Genevieve  I.,  their  daughter,  is  a 
young  lady  of  fine  education,  being  not  only  a  graduate  of  the  high  school, 
but  a  student  at  present  of  the  Chicago  University,  having  previously  had  the 
benefit  of  eighteen  months  of  European  travel  and  culture.  Wirt  A.  is  a  stal- 
wart boy  of  seventeen  and  a  pupil  of  the  South  Division  High  School. 

Aside  from  his  professional  and  domestic  life,  there  is  nothing  into  which 
Dr.  Stevens  has  entered  with  more  zest  and  in  which  his  heart  is  more  wrapt 
than  in  the  work  and  pleasure  connected  with  the  Masonic  crder.  Not  only  is 
he  one  of  the  oldest  members  in  the  West,  but  he  is  also  one  of  the  most 
prominent,  and  none  are  more  honored.  He  first  joined  Union  Lodge  45,  of 
Lima,  N.  Y.,  which  never  closed  its  doors  during  the  anti-Masonic  agitation  of 
1826,  becoming  a  charter  member  of  Blair  Lodge,  No.  393,  when  it  was  organ- 
ized in  1864,  and  serving  as  its  Master  for  two  years.  For  three  years  he 
was  High  Priest  of  Chicago  Chapter,  No.  127,  R.  A.  M.,  and  was  Commander 
of  Apollo  Commandery,  No.  i,  Knights  Templar,  for  one  term.  During  a  portion 
of  July  and  August,  1883,  the  commandery  made  a  pilgrimage  to  Europe.  The 
party,  consisting  of  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  Knights  and  ladies,  with 
friends  besides,  embarked  for  Liverpool  on  the  magnificent  steamer  "City  of 
Rome."  Four  itineraries  were  marked  out  for  the  tourists,  embracing  London, 
Paris,  Holland,  Belgium,  the  Rhine,  Switzerland  and  Scotland.  At  the  head  of 
the  commandery  was  Eminent  Sir  Norman  T.  Cassette,  Dr.  Stevens,  as  Gen- 
eralissimo, being  second  in  authority.  The  trip  was  one  continuous  ovation, 
perhaps  the  most  impressive  and  enjoyable  occasion  being  the  reception 
accorded  the  commandery  by  the  Knights  of  the  historic  city  of  York,  England. 
This  included  not  only  a  visit  to  the  ancient  wall  and  other  antiquities  as  well 
as  the  famous  minster,  but  an  exemplification  of  the  English  ritual  and  a  levee 
given  by  the  Lord  Mayor  of  York.  Upon  this  occasion  the  Generalissimo 
delivered  a  speech,  which  was  much  applauded  and  afterward  extensively  cir- 
culated in  printed  form. 

Besides  having  been  Commander  of  Apollo,  Dr.  Stevens  served  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Grand  Consistory  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  A.  O.  S.  R., 
until  1867,  when  all  grand  consistories  in  the  Northern  Masonic  Jurisdiction 
were  discontinued.  He  was  also  for  eleven  years  District  Deputy  Grand 
Master  of  the  First  District  of  F.  &  A.  M.  in  Illinois.  He  is  an  active  mem- 
ber of  Supreme  Council,  S.  G.  I.  G.,  of  the  Northern  Masonic  Jurisdiction,  330, 


598  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

has  been  Grand  Representative  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  North  Carolina,  and 
now  holds  that  position  for  the  Grand  Lodge  of  New  York,  the  Grand  Chap- 
ter of  Nebraska  (R.  A.  M.)    and  the  Grand  Commandery  of  North  Dakota. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  stated  that  although  Dr.  Stevens  is  a  man  of 
convictions,  he  is  a  man  so  eminently  sociable  and  genial  that  he  never  advances 
them  in  a  way  to  give  offense.  He  is  domestic  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word, 
is  open  in  word  and  deed,  and  no  man  stands  higher  in  the  honest,  unassum- 
ing practice  of  his  profession. 

CARL  THEODOR  GRAMM,   M.   D. 

A  native  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  where  he  was  born  about  thirty-four  years 
ago.  Dr.  Gramm  is  qualified  to  practice  either  medicine  or  dentistry,  his  pref- 
erence, however,  being  for  the  latter  specialty.  With  the  intention  of  adopt- 
ing a  theological  career  he  obtained  an  academic  education  at  Central  Wesleyan 
College  of  Missouri  and  an  Episcopal  school  at  Lyons,    Iowa. 

After  abandoning  this  plan,  however,  he  commenced  the  study  of  dentistry, 
entering  into  practice  at  Princeton,  in  the  same  State,  in  1881.  Afterward  re- 
moving to  Keokuk,  for  nine  years  Dr.  Gramm  pursued  his  chosen  calling, 
during  six  years  of  that  period  filling  the  chair  of  Dental  and  Oral  Surgery 
and  Pathology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  As  this  is  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  medical  institutions  in  the  West  the  fact  speaks  for  itself 
as  to  his  professional  standing. 

In  1893  E)^"-  Gramm  received  his  medical  degree  from  the  institution  above 
named,  coming  to  Chicago  in  August  of  that  year.  He  has  continued,  however, 
to  follow  the  profession  of  Stomatology,  in  which  field  he  has  had  a  long  prac- 
tical experience  and  earned  a  well-merited  success. 

Dr.  Gramm  has,  furthermore,  devoted  himself  diligently  to  biological  re- 
searches, and  his  photo-micrographic  work  has  been  highly  esteemed  by  lead- 
ing members  of  the  medical  profession.  For  proficiency  in  this  line  of  work 
he  was  awarded  the  blue  ribbon  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Further,  Dr.  Gramm  is  connected  with  the  dispensaries  of  the  United 
Hebrew  Charities  and  St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  and  has  been  Treasurer,  Professor 
of  Stomatology  and  Histology  and  Director  of  the  Biological  Laboratories  of 
the  Illinois  College  of  Medicine. 


FREDERICK   W.   RICH,   M.   D. 

Like    all    who    are    natives   of    this    region,    Dr.    Rich  finds  it  impossible  to 
permanently  wean  himself  from  it.      He  was  born  in  Chicago,  on  March   24,   1859, 


'.'"'  I 


Oy.f^rd.p,l-hCo- 


-m^'- 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  .  60 1 

his  father,  Arthur  D.  Rich,  being  for  many  years  a  prominent  lawyer  of 
the  city.  His  mother  is  the  daughter  of  the  kite  Judge  E.  B.  Dyckman, 
a  wealthy  lumberman  and  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  M  chigan  State 
Legislature. 

As  intimated.  Dr.  Rich  has  virtually  passed  his  life  in  Chicago,  or  near  the 
city,  receiving  his  fundamental  education  in  her  public  schools,  after  which  he 
received  a  practical  training  in  several  of  her  large  business  houses.  But  although 
his  ability  insured  a  good  position  in  the  mercantile  world,  his  aspirations  were 
for  a  profession,  especially  a  medical  career.  For  several  years  he  earnestly 
pursued  his  studies  during  the  evenings  and  finally  abandoned  his  business  pur- 
suits entirely    in  order  to  take  a  regular  medical  course. 

Entering  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  Medical  College,  Dr.  Rich  graduated  in 
February,  1889,  and  soon  after  removed  to  Savannah,  Ga.  Here  he  at  once 
acquired  a  lucrative  practice,  giving  much  of  his  attention  to  surgery.  As 
assistant  to  one  of  the  most  prominent  surgeons  of  that  region,  as  well  as  an 
independent  operator,  Dr.  Rich  obtained  much  valuable  experience  and  a  sub- 
stantial reputation.  During  his  three  years'  residence  in  Savannah  he  performed 
nearly  all  of  the  gynecological  operations,  some  laparotomies  and  herniotomies, 
and  much  of  the  minor  surgical  work.  Especially  did  he  attend  a  large  number 
of  abnormal  and  complicated  confinement  cases,  his  brother  physicians  being 
usually  content  to  trust  their  surgical  work,  of  whatever  nature,  to  his  good 
judgment  and  skillful  hands.  In  the  midst  of  his  flattering  prospects,  however," 
one  of  his  children  was  fatally  stricken  with  malarial  fever,  which  circumstance 
induced  him  to  seek  a  change  of  climate  for  his  family. 

Naturally  he  turned  his  face  toward  his  native  city  and  settled  in  Engle- 
wood  in  May,  1892.  During  the  following  Winter,  besides  carrying  his  increasing 
practice,  he  attended  clinics  and  lectures  in  several  medical  colleges,  and  in 
December,  1893,  succeeded  to  the  practice  of  Dr.  I.  S.  Hotchkiss,  at  River- 
side, where  he  now  resides  as  one  of  the  leading  physicians  of  that 
locality. 

Although  an  enthusiast  in  his  belief  in  homeopathy  and  aseptic  surgery,  he 
has  confined  himself  to  practical  demonstrations  of  his  faith,  and  has  never 
written  anything  for  publication  setting  forth  his  views.  He  has  also  refused 
several  minor  college  appointments,  preferring  to  devote  his  entire  attention  to 
private  practice. 

Dr.  Rich  is,  however,  a  member  of  the  Southern  Homeopathic  Medical 
Association  and  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy.  As  to  societies  not 
connected  with  his  profession,  he  has  been  for  sixteen  years  associated  with 
the  Royal  Arcanum,  and  within  that  period  has  joined  the  A.  O.  U.  W.  and 
Odd  Fellows,  although  in  these  organizations  he  has  never  held  any  but  minor 
offices. 


6o2  PR  OMINEN  T  PR  A  C  TI TI  ONERS. 

Dr.  Rich  is  in  religious  belief  an  enthusiastic  Swedenborgian,  having  been 
da  cated  f  rom  boyhood  in  the  tenets  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church.  Although 
he  has  never  had  time  or  inclination  to  be  a  politician,  his  leanings  are  almost 
invariably  toward  the  Republican  party. 

Four  living  children,  two  girls  and  two  boys,  are  the  fruits  of  his  union 
with  Miss  Harrietee  Smith,  daughter  of  Willard  N.  Smith,  of  Englewood,  to  whom 
he  was  married  on  the  thirteenth  of    October,   1881. 

A  tendency  and  a  talent  for  the  medical  profession  seem  to  be  inherited 
in  the  family  blood,  since  two  of  Dr.  Rich's  brothers  are  also  practicing  physi- 
cians of  the  homeopathic  school.  Dr.  Frank  Rich,  who  was  Prof.  Laughlin's 
assistant  at  Ann  Arbor  (Mich.)  College  and  is  now  located  at  Manistee,  Mich., 
and  Dr.  Charles  D.  Rich  (now  in  Arizona  for  his  health),  who  for  several  years 
was  Dr.  J.  S.    Mitchell's  assistant,  both  in  his  private  practice  and  college  work. 


A.   D.   TAGERT,   M.   D. 

Dr.  Tagert  is  a  native  of  the  Green  Mountain  State,  where  he  successfully 
practiced  his  profession  for  many  years  before  coming  to  Chicago.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  had  an  invaluable  hospital  experience  under  the  Surgeon-General  of 
the  State,  which,  added  to  his  long  and  honorable  service  as  a  country  practitioner, 
makes  him  peculiarly  fitted  for  general  professional  work  in  a  metropolitan 
community. 

Dr.  Tagert  is  the  son  of  Dr.  Hugh  and  Lucy  A.  Tagert,  and  comes  of  a 
splendid  line  of  Scottish  blood,  in  which  figure  the  names  of  the  Douglases  and  the 
Stuarts.  His  father  was  a  prominent  physician,  and  the  son  often  accompanied  him 
in  his  professional  circuit,  thus  imbibing  a  love  for  the  work  at  a  very  early  age. 

After  acquiring  a  good  common  school  and  academic  education.  Dr.  Tagert 
was  matriculated  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Vermont, 
graduating  therefrom  in  1864.  Upon  the  death  of  his  father,  he  succeeded  to 
his  practice,  and  even  since  coming  to  Chicago  has  kept  in  touch  with  many 
of  his  old  patients,  to  whom  he  is  bound  not  only  by  the  ties  of  professional 
regard  but  by  those  of  personal  friendship. 

Since  locating  in  Chicago  Dr.  Tagert  has  built  up  a  good  general  practice, 
and  has  also  formed  a  large  circle  of  friends.  To  his  attainments  as  a 
practitioner  are  added  a  magnetism  which  is  unusual  and  a  broad,  philosophical 
scholarship  which  includes  the  classics,  the  sciences  and  the  gift  of  several 
ancient  and  modern  tongues.  These  talents,  outside  of  his  professional  abilities, 
have  been  put  to  good  use  by  Dr.  Tagert  in  church  work,  especially  that 
connected  with  the  Biblical  instruction  enjoyed  under  his  guidance  by  many 
members  of  the  Fulton  Street  M.    E.    Church. 


i  "'/^ '% 


C^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^<^  ^ 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  605 

FREDERICK   WENTWORTH    MERCER,   M.  D. 

Frederick  VV.  Mercer  was  born  at  St.  John,  New  Brunswick  on  May  31, 
1838,  and  is  a  descendant  of  the  first  European  settlers  of  this  country,  his 
ancestors  having  been  honored  residents  of  South  Carohna  as  early  as  1762. 
Having  received  an  academic  education,  he  was  fitted  by  a  private  tutor  for 
the  study  of  medicine  and  pursuing  regular  courses  at  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  Boston,  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  he 
graduated  at  the  latter  institution  in  medicine  and  surgery  with  the  class  of 
1861-62.  Directly  thereafter  he  presented  himself  to  the  Medical  Examining 
Board  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  passing  with  honor.  He  served 
with  the  regiments  from  that  State  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  distin- 
guished as  Chief  Medical  Officer  of  Brigade  and  as  an  operator  upon  the  field 
hospital  staff  of  the  Second  Corps.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  received  a 
vote  of    thanks  from  the  Legislature  of    Massachusetts  for  gallant  service. 

Removing  to  the  West,  he  entered  the  employ  of  the  State  of  Illinois  as 
Resident  Surgeon  and  Superintendent  of  the  Soldiers'  Home  Hospital,  and  after 
four  years'  service  resigned  the  position  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  trustees. 
In  September,  1873,  he  was  appointed  Senior  Assistant  Physician  to  the  Illinois 
Southern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  when,  after  six  years'  service,  he  returned  to 
Chicago  and  entered  upon  a  general  practice. 

In  1858  he  made  a  voyage  upon  the  brig  "Gold  Hunter, "  Captain  Chas. 
Robinson,  to  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  the  Windward  Islands,  the  Amazon  and 
Cuba.  In  1877  he  visited  Europe  a  second  time,  devoting  attention  to  scientific 
pursuits.  ■ 

ODELIA  BLINN,   M.   S.,   M.   D. 

Was  born  in  Massachusetts  and  educated  in  the  public  schools  in  and 
about  Boston.  Her  earliest  and  pleasantest  recollections  of  men  are  of  her  first 
two  teachers,  one  in  the  primary  school.  Professor  L.  B.  Monroe,  and  the  other  in 
the  grammar  school,  Mr.  William  H.  Ladd,  late  of  the  Chauncey  Street  School, 
Boston.'  Both  of  these  gentlemen,  by  suggestion  and  precept,  urged  the  necessity 
upon  their  pupils  of  being  thorough  in  whatever  was  before  them  to  do  and  of 
being  truthful,  honorable  and  conscientious  in  all  their  walks  of  life.  Her  life  has 
been  better  lived  because  of  their  mental  and  moral  instruction  in  her  earliest 
school  days. 

When  a  little  girl  she  had  made  up  her  mind  to  be  a  doctor,  and  after 
an  interval  of  a  few  years  after  leaving  the  high  school  an  opportunity  was  offered 
in  the  college  at  Hillsdale,    Mich.,    where    she  not    only  reviewed    some  studies 


6o6  PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS. 

but  took  up  others,  in  order  to  be  better  prepared  for  the  study  of  medicine. 
Introductory  letters  from  Dr.  Marie  E.  Zakrszewska  and  the  late  Dr.  Lucy 
Sewall,  of  the  New  England  Hospital,  Boston,  brought  her  at  once  to  Dr. 
Mary  H.  Thompson,  of  Chicago,  in  1864.  One  year  of  dry  bones,  and  in 
1865  the  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children  was  born  on  the  corner  of  Rush 
and  Indiana  streets,  with  Dr.  Thompson  as  projector.  Resident  Physician  and 
Superintendent,  and  Odelia  Blinn  as  student,  which  position  the  latter  held  satis- 
factoriall}^  for  two  years,  she  being  the  first  woman  student  in  medicine  in  Chi- 
cago. Her  experience  in  hospital  work  thus  early  and  the  benefit  she  derived 
from  it  was  incomparable,  and  always  gratefully  remembered.  Here  she  met 
Drs.  John  Bartlet,  T.  D.  Fitch,  S.  C.  Blake,  Charles  G.  Smith,  W.  G.  Dias, 
William  H.  Byford,  Eugene  Marguerat,  Thomas  Bevan  and  others,  all  grand 
men  and  first-class  physicians  and  teachers.  Every  medical  college  being  closed 
against  women  at  that  time  in  Chicago  and  the  great  Northwest,  Miss  Blinn 
was  compelled  to  remove  to  Philadelphia  to  prosecute  her  studies  further.  She 
entered  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania  and  graduated  therefrom 
with  high  honors  in  1868,  the  students  in  this  college  being  not  only  well  fitted 
in  medicine  and  hospital  life  but  also  in  pharmacy.  After  six  months  more  of 
hospital  and  dispensary  work  in  the  New  England  Hospital,  as  interne,  Dr. 
Blinn  returned  finally  to  Chicago,  and  began  the  practice  of  her  chosen 
profession  by  opening  a  drug  store  at  No.  369  North  Clark  Street.  This  was 
the  first  drug  store  opened  and  conducted  by  women  in  this  country.  But  the 
great  fire,  two  years  later,  swept  out  of  existence  every  vestige  of  it  except 
the  ground  upon  which  it  stood  and  a  memory  of  a  lease  of  the  premises  for 
ten  years. 

A  heartrending  interval  of  seven  months  of  "don't  know  what  to  do,  "and 
then  the  way  opened  for  a  trip  to  Europe.  With  Dr.  Mary  Elizabeth  Black- 
mar  Bruson,  a  colleague  of  Hillsdale  College  and  the  Woman's  Medical  College 
of  Pennsylvania  and  a  tried  friend  of  Chicago,  for  a  companion,  she  started 
for  Liverpool  on  an  English  steamer  in  May  of  1872.  During  six  months  upon 
the  road  in  England  and  Scotland  in  a  basket-pony-phaeton  which  they  purchased 
upon  landing,  they  visited,  by  slow  stages,  the  British  people  at  their  country 
homes,  and  became  acquainted  with  the  inner  lives  of  their  English  cousins  in  a 
manner  which  the  English  and  Scotch  people  themselves  seldom  realize.  They 
visited  lead  mines  in  England,  coal  mines  in  Scotland  and  police  courts  in  both 
countries,  and  were  given  great  opportunities  to  study  the  hygiene  of  the  poor 
and  street  garbage,  as  well  as  the  leprous  spots  wherever  found,  also  the  dis- 
pensaries and  hospitals  of  the  large  cities.  But  in  spite  of  their  common 
speech  these  two  American  women  were  often  taken  for  Gypsies  by  the  people 
they  met  because  they  held  the  whip  and  were  not  accompanied  by  valet  or 
lackey.      Frequently  they  were  denied  entrance    to  inns  on  their  route  because 


»>  Hf.n.  T-.<Lj«  J.     C,-'.-- 


az7u£c^  /^^^-^^^^^z  fh^lM-^, 


PROMINENT  PRACTITIONERS.  '  609 

no  "ladies"  would  ever  travel  alone.  But  they  enjoyed  their  outing  and  in 
October  bid  a  tender  good-by  to  their  pony  and  all  Great  Britain,  and  sailed 
across  Dover's  Strait  to  Paris,  where  they  remained  one  year  and  took  up  another 
course  of  study  with  renewed  energy.  Dr.  Blinn  attended  lectures  at  the 
Medical  College  of  F'rance  at  Paris  and  clinics  at  the  various  hospitals  and 
dispensaries.  Both  lived  in  the  Latin  Quarter  for  convenience,  and  became  good 
comrades  of  the  best  professors  and  students  that  France  ever  had,  or  indeed  any 
country,  their  own  not  excepted.  But  all  dreams  and  all  leisure  come  to  an 
end,    and  Dr.    Blinn  returned  once  more  to  Chicago  and  to  work. 

After  spending  a  very  profitable  six  months  in  the  Water  Cure  and  under 
the  daily  instruction  and  practical  work  of  Dr.  Thrall,  of  New  Jersey,  she 
joined  the  Young  Woman's  Christian  Association  during  the  presidency 
of  Mrs.  E.  G.  Clark,  with  headquarters  at  15 14-16  Wabash  Avenue,  and  at  the 
death  of  Dr.  Fidelia  Baker  became  Superintendent  of  the  Dispensary  which 
was  a  very  popular  branch  of  the  association  work,  holding  that  position  for 
twelve  years,  or  until  the  eve  of  the  World's  Fair.  She  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Physiological  Institute  (Society)  of  Chicago  (the  oldest  daughter  of 
the  Chicago  Woman's  Club),  and  held  the  important  and  onerous  position  of 
Chairman  of  the  Lecture  Committee  for  seven  years,  being  also  an  active  mem- 
ber and  physician  to  the  Protective  Agency  for  Women  and  Children  of  Chicago 
(another  daughter  of  the  Chicago  Woman's  Club)  for  several  years.  She  has 
been  an  active  member  of  the  Illinois  Woman's  Press  Association  from  its 
inception,  being  a  charter  member.  She  served  a  term  of  two  years  as  record- 
ing secretary,  and  gave  a  particularly  good  and  novel  paper  before  that  body 
of  women  in  1889,  entitled  "The  Health  of  Literary  Women,"  which  entailed 
much  labor  and  correspondence,  extending  throughout  this  country  and  Europe. 
In  1 89 1  the  Doctor  joined  forces  with  the  Physicians'  Publishing  Company, 
Dr.  Lucy  Waite,  President,  and  Dr.  Isadore  L.  Green,  Secretary,  the  object 
of  the  company  being  mutual  benefit  and  profit  during  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition.  Out  of  it  developed  the  Isabella  Hotel  Company,  situated  on 
the  corner  of  Sixty-first  Street  and  Oglesby  Avenue,  both  of  which  organiza- 
tions are  still  in  existence. 

Dr.  Blinn  served  time  gratuitously  in  two  epidemics  of  yellow  fever,  and 
turned  her  own  home  into  a  free  hospital  for  many  years.  She  has  given 
much  time  and  thought  to  the  unsanitary  condition  of  Chicago,  writing 
copiously  and  practically  on  school  hygiene  and  street  and  alley  sanitation. 
She  belonged  to  the  band  of  volunteer  street  and  alley  inspectors  who,  during 
an  entire  season  in  the  early  "Eighties,"  assisted  Commissioner  of  Health 
Oscar  C.  De  Wolf  in  the  southeast  section  of  Chicago.  She  was  the  first  to 
dare  write  on  expectoration  in  street  cars,  public  halls  and  thoroughfares, 
and  its  dire  results.      She  has  written  almost  continuously  for  the  press  in  and 


6 1  o  PROMINENT  PRA  CTITIONERS. 

out  of  Chicago,  on  Hygiene  and  other  matters,  ever  since  she  graduated  in 
medicine.  She  was  one  of  the  editors  of  The  Balance,  a  weekly  pubHshed  in 
Chicago  before  the  fire,  it  being  the  first  paper  pubhshed  and  edited  by  women 
in  Chicago  and  the  Northwest.  Dr.  Bhnn  has  also  written  numerous  medical 
papers  which  may  be  found  in  medical  magazines  both  of  the  East  and  West, 
and  has  delivered  many  lectures  both  on  medical  and  secular  topics  in  this 
city  and  other  places. 

Never  belonging  to  temperance  societies  or  clubs,  she  yet  has  done  and  is 
doing  a  most  vigorous  but  quiet  work  against  the  use  of  alcohol  in  any  form  and 
the  use  of  opiates  and  other  narcotics  or  intoxicants  among  her  patients  and  friends. 
Neither  could  she  adopt  the  principles  of  Prohibition.  They  are  homicidal  and 
suicidal.  And  there  never  could  be  built  jails  nor  penitentiaries  sufficiently 
numerous  to  enforce  the  various  laws  that  this  form  of  temperence  (intemperance) 
would  entail  upon  society.  The  never  sought  membership  in  Suffrage  clubs 
nor  Suffrage  Societies,  but  she  has  always  had  full  faith  in  equal  suffrage,  be- 
lieving, however,  that  it  can  only  be  brought  about  through  moderation  of  speech 
and  action  in  private  life  rather  than  on  the  rostrum.  She  is  progressive  and 
patriotic,  long  suffering,  and  true  to  the  people  and  the  principles  she  espouses. 
She  knows  the  pulse  and  progress  of  her  own  country  by  traveling  much,  and 
by  slow  stages  (her  favorite  method),  through  every  section,  from  Maine  to 
California  and  from  Seattle  to  Florida. 

There  have  been  many  pleasures  in  the  many  arduous  duties  that  Dr. 
Blinn  has  been  called  upon  to  experience,  and  only  few  regrets  or  griefs.  But 
being  born  with  a  great  mother  heart,  her  one  great  grief  arose  out  of  the 
necessity  to  give  up  a  boy  she  had  been  led  to  think  she  might  adopt  for  her 
own.  He  was  hardly  six  months  old  when  she  took  the  care  of  him,  and  after 
having  him  four  years  she  was  obliged  to  give  Ralph  over  to  the  chilly 
atmosphere  of  a  stranger. 


SANITARIUMS. 

The  Oakwood  Springs  Sanitarium. 


Located  at  Lake  Geneva,  Wis.,  was  founded  in  1883,  by  Dr.  Oscar 
A.  King  of  Chicago.  In  this  undertaking  he  had  the  active  support  and  ma- 
terial assistance  of  his  personal  friends.  Dr.  Henry  Palmer,  Mr.  Hiram  Mer- 
rill and  A.  A.  Jackson,  Esq.,  of  Janesville,  Wis.,  Mr.  J.  W.  Lyon,  of  Guelph, 
Ontario,    and  Mr.    Hugh  Heron  and  Mr.    Julius  Schneering,    of  Chicago. 

Doctor  King  was  impelled  to  this  undertaking  by  the  fact  that  at  this  time 
there  was  no  private  institution  of  the  kind  west  of  Pennsylvania  and  New 
York,  except  that  founded  and  conducted  by  his  venerable  friend,  Dr.  Ivichard 
J.  Patterson.  Reference  is  here  made  to  Bellevue  Place,  at  Batavia,  111.,  an 
excellent    institution    and    a  delightful    household,     limited,    however,    to   twenty 

patients  and  restricted 
to  the  admission  of  ladies. 
Of  Bellevue  Place  per- 
haps nothing  more  com- 
plimentary need  be  said 
than  that  Mrs.  Lincoln 
wife  of  our  lamented 
president,  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, had  been  one  of  a 
large  number  of  distract- 
ed ladies  restored  to 
reason  within  its  doors. 
In  1882,  Dr.  King 
took  temporary  charge  of 
Bellevue  Place  during 
several  months'  absence 
of  Dr.  Patterson  in  Flor- 
ida, occasioned  by  ill  health.  It  was,  probably,  more  than  to  any  other  one 
force,  due  to  the  encouragement,  it  may  almost  be  said  urging,  of  Dr.  Patterson 
that  the  building  of  Oakwood  was  undertaken,  although  Geneva,  111.,  two  miles 
distant,  only,  from  Bellevue  Place,  was  the  location  favored  by  Dr.  Patterson, 
and  at  first  contemplated  by  Dr.    King. 

During  the  Winter  of  1882-83,  however,  the  State  Board  of  Supervision  of 
the  state  of  Wisconsin — a  body  charged  with  the  duties  and  powers  of  the 
state  boards  of  charities  and  the  local  boards  of  trustees  of  the  great 
charitable    institutions    of    other    states — indorsed    and   procured    the  passage    of 

611  - 


OAKWOOD    SPRINGS    SANITARIUM. 


6l2 


SANITARIUMS. 


an  act  by  the  legislature,  prescribing  a  legal  form  of  commitment  and  pro- 
viding for  exemption  from  taxation,  having  as  an  object  the  encouragement  to  found- 
ing of  such  an  institution  or  institutions  within  the  limits  of  that  State.  In  con- 
sequence  of  this  legislative  act  and  the  encouragement  of  the  State  Board  of  Super- 
vision, a  location  was  sought  in  Wisconsin,  and  Lake  Geneva,  the  most 
beautiful  site  to  be  found  in  this  commonwealth  noted  for  its  healthfulness  and 
lieautv,    was    witliout    difficulty    decided    upon.      In  procuring    this    location  the 

citizens  of  Lake  Geneva  showed  a  pub- 
lic spirit  and  a  generous  enterprise  not 
often  seen  in  cities  of  three  times  its 
size.  Especially  should  be  mentioned 
the  efforts  of  Mr.  James  E.  Heg,  editor 
of  the  Herald  and  now  a  member  of 
the  Wisconsin  State  Board  of  Control, 
He  has  ever  been  active  when  anything 
that  can  be  made  of  benefit  to  the  City 
of  Lake  Geneva  presents  itself.  Six- 
teen hundred  dollars  were  contributed 
by  the  citizens  of  Lake  Geneva  toward 
the  purchase  of  a  site,  and  their 
spirit  and  good  will  have  ever  been  a 
source  of  pride  and  happiness  to  the 
founder. 

A  tract  of  native  woodland,  forty- 
eight  acres  in  extent,  wholly  within  the 
limits  of  the  City  of  Lake  Geneva,  and 
never  before,  since  its  cession  by  the 
government,  used  for  any  purpose  what- 
ever, was  purchased  from  an  estate  in 
whose  possession  it  had  been  since  the 
first  settlement  of  this  part  of  the  state.  This  virgin  tract  of  hill  and  valley, 
in  its  highest  point,  more  than  sixty  feet  above  the  lake,  presents  a  charmingly 
undulating  surface,  and  is  covered,  in  its  entire  area,  by  great  oaks  and  mag- 
nificent forest  trees,  some  of  which  are  more  than  two  hundred  years  old.  Its 
slopes,  while  nowhere  abrupt  and  everywhere  sufficiently  gentle  to  permit  of 
easy  ascent,  yet  lead  to  valleys  of  sufiicent  depth  to  give  the  most  delightful 
variety  and  pleasing  effect  to  the  landscape.  On  the  grounds,  and  available 
for  water  supply,  is  a  large  spring  of  the  purest  water,  which  corresponds,  upon 
anal3^sis,  to  the  famous  Waukesha  springs  a  few  miles  distant,  and  has  a 
similar  local  reputation.  Across  one  corner  of  this  delightful  park  flows  the 
swift  and  sparkling  creek,    or  White  River,  the  outlet  of  the  lake,    which  in  its 


SCENE    ON    LAKE    GENEVA. 


SANITARIUMS.  613 

course,  forms  a  small  lake  bordering  on  the  park,  twenty  feet  in  its  deepest 
soundings  and  covering  an  area  of  fifteen  or  twenty  acres.  This  handsome 
site  is  also  greatly  favored  in  position.  It  overlooks  the  lake  and  city,  afford- 
ing from  the  grounds,  verandas  and  windows  the  most  delightful  and  extensive 
views.  Fronting  upon  the  main  street,  it  extends  northward  more  than  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  and  is  by  the  topography  so  bounded  as  to  render  the  entire  park 
absolutely  private,  affording  patients  the  most  perfect  seclusion  from  observation 
and  at  the  same  time   the  utmost  freedom  of  action  and  enjoyment. 

On  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  June,  1883,  articles  of  association  having  been 
duly  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  above  mentioned  public-spirited 
gentlemen  met  at  Janesville  and  the  organization  of  the  "Wisconsin  Associa- 
tion for  Private  Care  of  the  Insane,"  under  the  above  mentioned  statute,  was  the 
result,  with  a  capital  stock  of  f  100,000.  Dr.  Henry  Palmer,  of  Janesville,  sur- 
geon-general of  Wisconsin  and  professor  of  operative  surgery,  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago,  was  the  first  president.  Mr.  J.  W.  Lyon, 
a  wealthy  publisher  of  Guelph,  Ontario,  was  made  vice-president,  Mr.  Julius 
Schneering,  a  Chicago  merchant,  was  made  secretary  and  Mr.  Hugh  Heron,  of 
Chicago,  another  prominent  publisher,  was  chosen  treasurer.  Mr.  Hiram  Mer- 
rill, a  philanthropic  and  public-spirited  man,  was  made  a  chrector  and  Dr.  Oscar 
A.  King  was  chosen  superintendent.  Mr.  George  H.  Edbrooke,  of  Chicago, 
was  employed  as  architect  and,  with  the  advice  and  assistance  of  the  superin- 
tendent, prepared  a  set  of  plans  which  are  models  of  beauty,  convenience  and 
adaptability.  .  .  .  .     .  . 

The  materials  of  construction  are  principally  fireproof.  The  basement 
walls  are  of  granite,  the  superstructure  of  pressed  brick,  with  trimmings  of 
stone  and  terra-cotta.  The  inside  walls  are  all  of  brick  or  tile,  and  the  floors 
separated  by  thick  layers  of  cement,  so  that  wood  is  avoided  or  protected  in 
the    construction    wherever   possible,    making  the    building    practically  fireproof. 

The  building  contains  numerous  private  parlors  and  dining-rooms  and  the 
arrangements  are  such  as  to  give  to  each  patient  a  room  or  a  suite,  as  may  be 
required.  These  communicate  with  parlors  and  halls,  so  as  to  afford,  in  all 
suitable  cases,  the  utmost  freedom  and  enjoyment  of  house  and  grounds.  Or, 
when  desirable,  many  of  the  most  pleasant  apartments  can  be  isolated  from  all 
others.  By  the  manner  of  construction  of  Oakwood,  therefore,  it  is  possible  to 
permit  the  greatest  freedom  and  at  the  same  time  to  protect  every  patient  in  the 
house  from  annoyance  by  any  other.  Cheerfulness,  comfort  and  safety  have  been 
the  controlling  ideas  in  the  architecture.  Every  window  affords  a  delightful 
view,  and  there  is  scarcely  a  room  in  the  entire  structure  into  which  the  sun  may 
not  shine  at  some  hour  during  the  day. 

The  institution  was  opened  for  patients  on  the  thirteenth  day  of  May, 
1885,    on  which  day  two  patients  were  admitted.      Three  nurses,    two  of  whom 


6i4 


SANITARIUMS. 


were  university  graduates,  were  on  hand  awaiting  their  arrival.  The  first 
matron,  Mrs.  Kate  Wilson,  who  continued  in  that  capacity  for  six  years,  was 
a  lady  of  rare  charms  of  heart.  Her  devotion  to  duty  has  left  a  sweet  memory  of 
kindness  and  comfort  in  the  minds  of  a  vast  number  of  once  distracted  patients, 
and  her  expressed  hope  and  sympathy  brought  confidence  and  cheer  to  the  minds  of 
hundreds  of  their  heart-broken  friends.  The  first  medical  staff  were  Drs.  Oscar 
A.  King,  W.  H.  Byford,  Henry  Palmer,  William  E.  Quine,  William  T.  Belfield, 
John  E.  Harper,  J.  S.  Jewell,  D.  R.  Brower,  A.  Reeves  Jackson,  and  Henry  M. 
Lyman.  Of  these  Professors  Jewell,  Byford,  Jackson  and  Palmer  have  since  died. 
All  of  the  remaining  doctors  are   still  members  of  the  staff. 

In  February,  1887,  Mr.  John  E.  Burton,  of  Lake  Geneva,  that  splendid 
impersonation  of  combined  optimism  and  public  spirit,  then  at  the  height  of  a 
magnificent  success  as  a  leader  in  the  development  of  the  vast  mineral  deposits 
of  Wisconsin,    the  Gogebic  iron  mines,    became  interested  in  Oakwood  and  sub- 


niiT  "mmm 


MANY    SAILS. 


scribed  $40,000  toward  the  erection  of  a  new  building.  To  this  Mr.  Lyon 
added  a  subscription  of  $8,000  to  his  previous  #20,000  and  Dr.  King  added 
#2,000  to  his  previous  #10,000.  Steps  were  then  taken  to  increase  the 
authorized  capital  stock  to  #150,000,  and  during  the  early  summer,  complete 
plans  were  prepared  for  the  new  building.  Mr.  Burton  was  elected  president. 
In  the  meantime,  the  value  of  Gogebic  stocks  fell  rapidly  in  value  and,  most 
unfortunately  for  Oakwood  and  for  Lake  Geneva,  Mr.  Burton's  fortune,  in 
consequence,  suftered  such  impairment  that  early  in  1888  the  cherished  plans 
had  to  be  given  up.  Shortly  afterward,  however,  Dr.  B.  O.  Reynolds,  now 
the  president  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Medical  Society;  Dr.  James  C.  Reynolds, 
state  senator;  Mr.  A.  E.  Tyler,  president  of  the  First  National  Bank,  all  of 
Lake  Geneva;  Gen.  Henry  Strong  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  a  summer  resi- 
dent of  Lake  Geneva;  Dr.  Charles  Warrington  Earle,  professor  of  obstetrics  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  president  of  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege, Chicago;  Dr.  Frank  E.  Waxham,  professor  of  rhinology  and  laryngology 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  Dr.  Louis  Head,  the  then  as- 
sistant physician  at  Oakwood,  all  interested  themselves  in  the  institution,  taking  the 


SANITARIUMS. 


615 


financial  place  relinquished  by  Mr.  Burton.  Dr.  King  was  elected  president 
and  has  continued  in  that  capacity  ever  since.  Mr.  Tyler  was  elected  treas- 
urer and  Dr.    Head  secretary.      Fifteen  acres  were  added  to  the  park. 

The  plans,  however,  were  changed  and  a  large  addition  to  the  first  struc- 
ture was  made  in  place  of  the  erection  of  an  independent  building.  Professor 
Earle  died  after  a  short  illness  in  November,  1894,  ^-i^d  Professor  Palmer  died  sud- 
denly, in  June,  1895.  ^^  ^he  untimely  deaths  of  Professors  Earle  and  Palmer  the 
profession  lost  two  great  men,  Oakwood  two  stanch  supporters  and  living-monu- 
ment builders,  and  Dr.  King  two  steadfast,  pow- 
erful friends.  In  1889,  Mr.  Josiah  Barfield,  cashier 
of  the  First  National  Bank,  was  elected  secretary 
and  treasurer  and  Dr.  B.  O.  Reynolds,  vice- 
president,  which  offices  they  have  held  since 
that  time. 

Dr.  King's  medical  assistants  since  the  open- 
ing of  the  institution  have  been  Dr.  W.  H. 
Wilson;  Dr.  W.  C.  Caldwell,  afterward  profes- 
sor of  materia  medica,  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  Chicago;  Dr.  W.  H.  Laughlin,  a  most 
devoted  hard  worker;  Dr.  Louis  Head,  afterward 
superintendent  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Hospital 
for  Insane;  Dr.  George  A.  Post,  an  excellent  phy- 
sician, with  an  admirably  amiable  disposition,  a 
loyal  friendship  and  conscientious  devotion  to 
duty,  who  was  in  the  service  of  Oakwood  for  six 
years  and  resigned  to  accept  the  place  of  first 
assistant  to  Dr.  Lyman  in  the  Wisconsin  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  Dr.  George  W. 
Johnson,  now  medical  superintendent  of  the  Cook  County  (Chicago)  Hospital 
for  the  Insane,  at  Dunning.  With  the  exception  of  Dr.  Wilson,  all  of  the  above 
mentioned  assistants  were  young  men,  of  whom  Dr.  Laughlin,  Dr.  Head,  and 
Dr.  Post,  each  brought  their  brides  to  Oakwood,  where  were  passed  their  honeymoons. 

Professor  Paul  Ziron  and  Professor  L.  A.  Reitman  served  with  great  suc- 
cess for  some  years  as  teachers  of  the  modern  languages  in  the  institution,  the 
courses  being  carried  on  exclusively  for  therapeutic  reasons. 

It  is  regretted  that  there  is  no  space  here  to  mention  by  name  the  scores 
of  devoted  nurses  and  employes  who  have  served  Oakwood  and  humanity  dur- 
ing the  eleven  years  of  the  institution's  history. 

On  9th  of  August,  1887,  Dr.  King  brought  his  bride,  Miss  Minerva  Guernsey, 
of  Janesville,  Wis.,  to  Oakwood,  whom  it  served  as  a  residence  during  a  most 
delightful  eight    years.      Hundreds    of    suffering    patients,     hundreds    of    grief- 


LAKE   ELBA,  WITHIN   SANITARIUM   GROUNDS. 


6i6  SANITARIUMS. 

stricken  friends,  and  scores  of  loyal  nurses  and  servants  now  and  always  will 
carry  in  their  hearts  the  dearest  memories  and  lovinor  devotion  to  her  who  never 
withheld  her  sympathy  and  practical  succor  to  anyone  following  a  hard  path 
through  a  pain-burdened  world.  Mrs.  King  planned  and  carried  into  effect  the 
numerous  indoor  and  outdoor  entertainments  given  for  the  diversion  and 
amusement  of  patients  during  these  years.  She  also  took  general  direction  of 
the  classes  for  patients  (in  modern  languages,  natural  philosophy,  music,  histo'y 
and  biography)  which  mental  exercises  have  been  employed  as  a  most  important 
adjunct  in  the  treatment  of  mental  disease. 

In  1893,  ^'Ir.  R.  G.  King  and  Mr.  Albert  E.  King,  elder  brothers  of  Dr. 
King,  added  a  small  fortune  to  the  resources  of  Oakwood.  A  new  building  was 
purchased  on  the  lake-shore.  Mr.  Albert  E.  King  was  elected  to  the  directory 
and  Mr.  R.  G.  King  was  made  business  manager.  Of  all  who  had  worked  for 
the  upbuilding  of  Oakwood  in  the  past,  there  have  been  none  to  give  a 
more  loyal,  unselfish  support  in  money  and  personal  effort  than  these  two 
brothers. 

In  1895,  the  burden  of  Dr.  King's  work  had  so  increased  that  he  felt 
obliged  to  resign  the  superintendency,  which  he  had  held  from  the  found 
ing  of  the  institution,  and  Dr.  Darwin  R.  Stockley,  of  Chicago,  was  elected 
superintendent  in  his  stead.  Dr.  Stockley  brought  with  him  a  delightful,  univer- 
sity-educated wife  and  a  quartet  of  bright  and  well-tutored  seven  to  fourteen- 
year-old  youngsters.  Dr.  King  retains  the  presidency  and  continues  his  work  as  the 
regularly  attending  physician  and  neurologist,  but  surrenders  the  details  of  business, 
the  direction  of  the  household,  the  oversight  of  the  nurses  and  the  hourly  de- 
tails of  the  care  of  the  sick.  Dr.  Stockley  is  a  young-hearted  man  of  forty,  and 
a  scholar,  ambitious  to  attain  the  highest  ends  of  practical  scientific  medicine. 
He  is  able  also  to  continue  in  the  institution  the  spirit  in  which  Oakwood  was 
born  and  with  which  it  has  ever  been  imbued  by  its  founder — the  sweet  spirit  of 
humanity,  democracy,  kindness,  love  and  equality  in  the  right  to  be  happy,  of 
every  officer,    patient,    nurse  and  servant  in  Oakwood. 


m- 


*'~    'T'^'j 


K  r-T  ■''■^SgT' 


'V 


^ 


The  Battle  Creek  (Mich.)  Sanitarium. 

Nothing  is  more  important  for  a  medical  institution  than  a  salubrious 
location.  Pure  air,  pure  water  and  a  porous,  well-drained  soil  are  among  the 
most  essential  features  of  a  first-class  location  for  a  sanitarium.  A  happy 
combination  of  these  essential  elements,  found  at  Battle  Creek  and  at  the 
particular    point    selected  for  this  institution,    was  what  led  the  founders  of  the 


\, 


^       ^^ 


# 


m  "f 


*.' 


r.;« 


'itt 


^'      M 


it'  I  "A- 

J    ^ 


i.  Alir-  ■ 


fc  fi 


Bird's-eye  View  of  the  Sanitarium. 

establishment  to  plant  it  here  at  the  inception  of  the  enterprise,  thirty  years  ago, 
after  a  considerable  time  spent  in  looking  about  for  the  most  eligible  and 
advantageous  site.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  overlying  a  bed  of  clean  gravel 
sixty  feet  in  depth.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  slopes  toward  the  Kalamazoo 
River,  a  beautiful  stream  which  courses  along  between  the  hills  sixty  feet  below 
the  site  of  the  sanitarium  and  at  a  distance  of  about  one  hundred    rods. 

The  sanitarium  property  comprises  a  large  main  building,  a  hospital,  an 
annex,  twenty  cottages,  and  other  buildings,  a  lakeside  resort  and  pavilion  at 
Lake  Goguac,    at    the    end    of    the    electric  street  car  line,  just  outside  the  city 

617 


6i8 


SANITARIUMS. 


limits,  and  three  dairy  and  small  fruit  and  garden  farms,  aggregating  about 
four  hundred  acres.  The  main  buildhig  is  three  hundred  and  twelve  feet  in 
length,  with  a  rear  extension  of  one  hundred  feet,  and  is  five  and  six  stories  in 
height  above  the  basement.  The  hospital  building  is  one  hundred  by  sixty  feet, 
five  stories  high.  The  main  building  accommodates  three  hundred  persons;  the 
hospital    one  hundred  beds.      The  cottages  accommodate    two  hundred  or  more 


View  of  the  Front  Drive,  Looking-  North  from  Main  Entrance. 

persons,    while    the    five-story  brick    dormitory    accommodates  a  portion  of    the 
two  hundred  and  fift}^  nurses  in  the  employ  of  the  institution. 

The  ventilation  of  the  institution  is  ample  and  perfect  in  all  its  details,  and 
includes  an  independent  ventilating  shaft  for  each  room.  Each  room  is  there- 
fore supplied  with  fresh  air.  In  Winter  time  it  is  taken  at  a  distance  from  the 
building,  and  at  a  sufficient  height  above  the  ground  to  insure  absolute  freedom 
from  contamination  with  ground  air,  being  received  through  a  mammoth  tunnel 
into  large  rooms,  where,  by  means  of  immense  steam  heaters  placed  in  the 
warming  chambers,  it  is  warmed  and  moistened  to  a  degree  sufficient  to  give  to  it 
the  softness  of  the  air  of    June.      From  the  warming    rooms   it  is  distributed  to 


SANITARIUMS. 


6lQ 


the  building  by   means  of    an  elaborate  system  of  ducts,    through   which   the  air 
is  forced,  when  necessary,  by  two  powerful  fans. 

The  main  building,  hospital  and  some  of  the  cottages  are  lighted  by  the 
Edison  incandescent  system,  thus  avoiding  the  dangers  and  other  inconveniences 
of  gas  or  kerosene  oil.  The  precautions  against  fire  include  not  only  careful 
construction  with  reference  to  danger  from  this  source,  but  safe  and  convenient 
outside  fire  escapes,  easily  accessible   from  every  room. 


.- 


"^-^ 


6CW 


>  % 


^\-m  r"^^ 


\ 


/4i« 


•t. 


The  Gymnasium. 

The  spacious  grounds  about  and  in  front  of  the  main  building  are  laid  out 
in  beautiful  lawns,  studded  with  natural  forest  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs  and 
trees,  including  a  number  of  magnificent  palms  and  other  tropical  trees,  which 
are  housed  during  the  Winter  season  and  two  fine  groves  aflord  a  pleasant  shade 
for  out-of-door  recreation  in  Summer.  In  front  of  the  main  entrance  a  large 
fountain  adds  beauty  to  the  view  and  moistens  and  purifies  the  air. 

This  institution  difi:ers  from  most  sanitariums  in  that  its  central  and 
fundamental  idea  is  the  thought  that  health-getting  is  not  a  matter  of  magic 
or  of  pill-swallowing — neither,  in  most  cases,  one  of  climate,  but  rather  a  matter 


620 


SANITARIUMS. 


of  training  and  education.  The  chronic  invalid  is  sick  usually  because  he  has 
neglected  to  supply  the  conditions  necessary  for  health,  or  because  he  has,  by 
long-continued  violation  of  the  laws  of  health  in  various  unhygienic  practices, 
developed  evil  tendencies  and  morbid  activities  in  his  various  bodily  organs. 
The  cure  of  such  a  patient  must  largely  consist  in  a  course  of  systematic 
training  by  which  he  will  be  educated  out  of  his  evil  ways  into  better  ones — 
by  which  his  abnormal  vital  functions  will  be  trained  to  normal  and  healthful 
activity.      This  course  of  training  necessarily  includes  such  discipline  and  regimen 


A  Wheel-Chair  Social  on  the  Lawn. 

as  will  influence  every  disordered  function.  It  involves  absolute  control  of  the 
entire  life  of  the  invalid.  All  his  habits  of  life  must  be  systematically  conformed 
to  such  rules  and  principles  as  will  ef^ciently  and  curatively  modify  his  disordered 
vital  processes. 

The  managers  have  undertaken  to  make  of  the  Battle  Creek  Sanitarium 
a  thoroughly  scientific  health  establishment,  and  the  case  of  every  patient  who 
visits  the  institution  is  most  thoroughly  and  exhaustively  investigated.  Physi- 
cal   examination    is    carried  as    far    as    rational    means  at  present  known  to   the 


SANITARIUMS. 


621 


profession  will  allow,  and  includes  microscopical  and  bacteriolo<j;ical  investiga- 
tions in  cases  upon  which  such  studies  may  throw  light.  Careful  qualitative 
and  quantitative  analysis  of  the  secretions  is  invariably  made  at  the  first  exami- 
nation of  each  case,  and  as  frequently  afterward  as  the  case  may  require.  A 
thorough  study  of  the  state  of  the  nerves,  muscles  and,  so  far  as  possible,  of 
the  functional  condition  of  every  important  bodily  organ    is  also  made. 

The  methods  of    treatment  include  all  rational  remedies  for  disease,  and  in 
addition    a    great    number    of    means    which    can    best    be    employed    only  in  a 


The  Dining  Room. 

well  equipped  sanitarium,  embracing  the  various  resources  of  hydrotherapy, 
electricity  in  all  forms,  sun  baths,  Swedish  movements,  manual  and  mechanical, 
medicated  inhalations  and  atmospheres,  pneumatic  treatment,  etc.  One  of  the 
late  additions  to  the  therapeutic  resources  of  the  institution  is  the  electric  light 
or  radiant  heat  bath,  which  was  originated  here,  and  which  proves  to  be  a 
wonderfully  effective  agent  in  certain  classes  of  diseases,  its  properties  being 
exhilarating  and  tonic  as  well  as  eliminative,  in  which  respects  it  is  much  superior 
to    the    Turkish,  Russian,    vapor  and  other  forms  of    eliminative  bath,    although 


622 


SANITARIUMS. 


the  latter  are  also  employed.  Special  attention  is  given  to  massage,  with  a 
corps  of  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  nurses  and  attendants,  including  more 
than    fifty  trained  manipulators. 

Facilities  for  exercise  of  every  useful  description  are  afforded  in  the  capa- 
cious gymnasium,  with  trained  instructors,  who  hold  daily  classes  in  Swedish 
gymnastics,  Delsarte,  calisthenics,  etc.,  in  addition  to  apparatus  work,  walking, 
carriage  riding  and  bicycle  riding;  but  before  a  prescription  for  exercise  is  made 
the  patient  is  subjected  to  a  careful  study  of    his  physique  and  the  condition  of 


View  of  Sanitarium  Grounds  and  Landing  at    Lake  Coguac. 

his  muscles.  "Short-winded"  patients  and  those  suftering  from  organic  disease 
of  the  heart  must  then  be  shown  how  to  get  the  benefits  of  exercise  by  slow 
and  moderately  heavy  exercises  executed  without  "strain."  The  aged  and  those 
who  are  permanentl}--  crippled  by  rheumatism  or  gout  must  be  taught  the  same 
lesson  and  must  especially  be  taught  how  to  develop  respiratory  activity  and  to 
increase  their  lung  capacity. 

The  obese,  the  anemic,  the  sedentary  and  those  who  have   become  neures- 
thenic    through  idleness  must  be  made  to  work  out  their  salvation  by  vigorous 


I 


SAN/TAR/UJI/S.  625 

labor  at  the  rowing  machine,  the  pulley  weights,  the  Swedish  gymnastics  and  in 
the  treadmill.  Bed-ridden  patients  have  their  appropriate  active  and  passive 
exercise,     and    also    training    by  the  aid  of    "bed  "and    "wheel-chair"  exercises. 

The  menu  of  the  institution  is  not  that  of  a  fashionable  hotel,  but  such 
as  is  prompted  by  good  sense  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  needs  of  inva- 
lids and  the  dietetic  value  of  the  various  wholesome  foods  and  food  products 
grown  and  obtainable  in  this  part  of  the  world.  Great  attention  is  given  to 
the  subject  of  medical  dietetics.  The  experimental  kitchen,  which  has  been  in 
operation  for  thirteen  years,  constantly  supplies  new  features  for  the  bill  of 
fare,  and  the  diet  kitchen,  supplied  with  every  facility  to  meet  the  wants  of  the 
most  capricious  appetite  and  the  most  obstinate  stomach,  serves  the  same  pur- 
pose in  relation  to  the  diet  prescriptions  that  the  pharmacy  or  a  drug  store  serves 
in  relation  to  medicinal  prescriptions. 

Historically,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  institution  was  organized  in  1866  by 
a  few  persons  interested  in  the  advancement  of  sanitary  reform  and  rational 
medicine.  It  was  regularly  incorporated  as  a  stock  company.  Two  years  later 
the  stockholders  found  the  enterprise  a  pronounced  success  and  it  also  became 
apparent  that  large  demands  would  be  made  for  the  treatment  of  the  worthy 
sick  poor,  and  that  constant  improvements  would  be  necessary  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  developing  work. 

As  the  stockholders  were  persons  of  philanthropic  disposition,  they  were 
easily  persuaded  to  take  such  action  as  would  relinquish  all  claims  upon  the 
earnings  of  the  institution  and  make  the  original  stock  an  endowment,  the 
earnings  to  be  perpetually  used  for  necessary  improvements,  the  treatment  of 
the  sick  poor  and  the  furtherance  of  the  purposes  for  which  the  institution  was 
organized.  All  the  earnings  of  the  institution  have  accordingly  been  thus 
used  from  its  foundation  to  the  present  time  and  will  continue  to  be  thus 
employed. 

In  1887  a  new  main  building  was  erected  and  since  that  year  several  other 
large  additions  to  the  buildings  and  other  facilities  have  been  made  from  time 
to  time.  '  The  institution  has  grown  from  the  small  wooden  building  occupied 
in  1866  to  its  present  proportions,  the  patronage  of  the  institution  reaching 
nearly  four  thousand  persons  annually.  To  care  for  this  great  family  of  sick 
people  and  their  friends  naturally  rec^uires  a  little  army  of  workers.  The  num- 
ber of  physicians,  managers,  nurses,  attendants,  domestics,  electricians,  mechanics 
and  other  workmen  is  never  less  than  four  hundred  and  fiftv  and  durin*:^  the 
busy  months  of  the  year  the  number  is  more  than  six  hundred.  Fourteen 
physicians  devote  their  entire  time  to  the  care  of  the  patients  of  the  institu- 
tion. Several  others  are  engaged  in  the  charitable  work  of  the  institution,  a  free 
dispensary  being  maintained  in  connection  with  the  sanitarium  hospital.  There 
is  also  a  Home  for  Orphans  and  a  Home  for  Aged  People. 


626 


SANITARIUMS. 


The  Sanitarium  Missionary  Nurses'  Training  School  was  organized  in  1884. 
The  classes  now  aggregate  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  members.  The  great 
popularity  of  the  school  gave  the  managers  an  opportunity  to  discriminate 
closely  in  the  selection  of  applicants,  and  in  1889  they  determined  to  employ 
the  resources  of  the  school  solely  in  the  traming  of  missionary  nurses.  The 
course   of  study  is  three  years. 

Further,  the  Chicago  Medical  Mission,  at  No.  42  Custom  House  Place, 
maintains  free  baths,  a  free  laundry,  free  dispensary  and  furnishes  nurses  and 
free  obstetrical  service.  This  work  has  recently  been  extended  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  settlement  at  No.  744  West  Forty-seventh  Street,  where  a  similar 
work  is  done,  and,  in  addition,  there  are  maintained,  for  the  benefit  of  the  better 
classes  of  the  poor,  lectures  upon  health  subjects,  cooking  schools,  mothers' 
meetings,  kindergartens,  kitchengartens  and  other  lines  of  philanthropic  work. 
Besides  the  above  named  charitable  institutions  connected  with  the  sani- 
tarium several  medical  missionary  enterprises  are  supported  in  different  parts  of 
the  United  States  and  in  foreign  countries. 

As  indicative  also  of  the  breadth  of  the  enterprise,  whose  headquarters  are 
at  Battle  Creek,  it  may  be  stated  that  branch  sanitariums  are  located  at  Chicago 
(No.  28  College  place);  Boulder,  Colo.;  College  View,  a  suburb  of  Lincoln,  Neb.; 
at  Guadalajara,  Old  Mexico;  Bale,  Switzerland,  and  at  Cape  Town,  South   Africa. 


The  Cooking  School. 


SANITARIUMS. 


629 


JAMES    WHITE  (DECEASED). 


FOUNDER    OF    THE    SANITARIUM. 


Mr.  White  was  born  in  Palmyra,  Maine,  on  August  4,  1821,  being  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Peregrine  White,  who  was  the  first  child  born  in  the  Mayflower 
colony  after  its  arrival  in  this  country.  He  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  physical 
power,  vigor  of  constitution,  and  an  unusual  degree  of  intelligence  and  sagacity, 
as  his  whole  history  clearly  shows. 

After  completing  his  education  he  engaged  for  some  years  in  teacliing. 
He  then  became  interested  in  the  various  reform  movements  which  were,  at 
that  time,  beginning  to  agitate  the  country,  throwing  his  whole  energy  into 
philanthropic  and  religious  work,  to  which  his  entire  life  was  thereafter  devoted. 
Although  not  a  physician,  Mr.  White  was  greatly  interested  in  medical 
matters,      especially     in     sanitary     reforms     and     preventive     medicine.  He 

stocked  his  library  with  everything  bearing  upon 
these  important  topics,  and  his  pen  was  constantly 
employed  in  contributing  to  the  press  articles  bear- 
ing upon  the  prevention  of  disease  and  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  popular  use  of  patent  medicines  and 
the  habit  of  daily  dosing  of  powerful  drugs  without 
intelligent  medical  advice,  which  was  then  even 
more  common  than  at  the  present  time. 

The  organization  of  the  Battle  Creek  Sani- 
tarium was  chietiy  the  result  of  Mr.  White's  interest 
in  medical  and  sanitary  progress  and  his  agitation 
of  these  subjects,  although  Mr.  White  was  debarred 
l^y  illness  from  participating  in  the  work  of  organ- 
izing the  institution  at  its  beginning,  in  1866.  His 
personal  influence  became  prominent  in  the  insti- 
tution a  year  or  two  after  its  organization  and  in- 
corporation, when  he  undertook  the  task  of  reorgan- 
izing it  upon  the  basis  of  a  self-supporting  charity.  This  he  accomplished  in  a 
satisfactory  manner,  inducing  almost  every  one  of  the  original  stockholders  to 
assign  their  dividends  to  loe  used  perpetually  for  the  improvement  of  the  institu- 
tion and  the  treatment  of  the  sick  poor. 

In  accomplishing  this  important  work  Mr.  White  really  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  the  extensive  scientific  and  philanthropic  enterprise  of  which  the  Battle 
Creek  Sanitarium  constitutes  the  center. 

Mr.  White  contributed  liberally  of  his  means  to  the  financial  foundation  of 
the  institution,  and  during  his  life  labored  earnestly  for  its  upbuilding  and 
development.      He  died  on  the  sixth  of  August,   1881. 


^    .^f^s***^ 


^- 


JAME5  WHITE. 


6  30  SANITARICarS. 

JOHN  HARVEY  KELLOGG,   M.   D., 

Superintendent  of  the  Sanitarium. 

A  son  of  John  Preston  and  Anna  Jeanette  (Stanley)  Kellogg  lineal  de- 
scendents  of  Joseph  Kellogg  of  Northampton,  Mass.,  where  was  the  family 
seat  for  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  years,  Dr.  Kellogg  was  born  on 
February  .36,  i<S52,  at  Tyrone,  Mich.  On  his  father's  side  he  is  of  Scotch 
ancestry;  on  his  mother's,  tracing  his  lineage  to  Lord  Stanley  of  England,  and 
through  his  grandmother  on  the  father's  side,  a  direct  descendant  of  the  May- 
flower settlers.  He  attended  the  Michigan  State 
Normal  School,  but  at  his  father's  request  left 
before  completing  his  classical  course  to  take  up 
the  study  of  medicine,  in  1872;  attended  medical 
lectures  at  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery of  the  University  of  Michigan  and  at  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  under  the  preceptorship 
of  Dr.  Daniel  Lewis,  of  New  York  City,  and  was 
graduated  from  the  latter  institution  in  March, 
1875;  also  had  special  instruction  in  Histology 
under  Arnold  of  New  York;  in  Physical  Diagnosis 
under  Professor  Austin  Flint,  Sr. ,  and  E.  G.  Jane- 
way;  in  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear  under  Henry 
D.  Noyes;  in  Electrotherapy  under  Professor 
George  M.  Beard,  and  in  Microscop}-  and  other 
branches  under  other  specialists. 

Dr.  Kellogg  has  been  twice  abroad,  first  in 
1883  and  again  in  1889.  In  1883  he  divided  his 
time  between  the  hospitals  and  medical  schools  of  London,  Paris  and  Vienna. 
spending  a  considerable  time  in  the  private  surgical  laboratory  of  Billroth  un- 
der the  special  training  of  his  first  assistant,  giving  specialattention  to  Intes- 
tinal Surgery  and  Plastic  Surgery.  He  studied  the  eye  with  Landolt,  of  Paris, 
the  ear  with  Politzer,  of  Vienna,  and  nervous  diseases  under  Charcot,  of  Paris. 
In  1889  he  spent  four  months  with  Lawson  Tait,  as  his  operating  assistant; 
also  observed  Abdominal  Surgery  with  Savage,  of  Birmingham,  and  Thornton, 
of  London. 

Dr.  Kellogg  began  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  in  the 
Summer  of  1875  and  has  made  no  change  in  residence  since.  He  is  a  Life 
Fellow  of  the  British  Gynecological  Society,  Corresponding  Member  of  La 
Societe  Francaise  d '  Hygiene,  a  founder  and  Life  Member  of  the  International 
Periodical  Gynecological  Congress,  permanent  member  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association,    member  of  the  Mississippi    Valley  Medical    Association,    of  the 


JOHN    H.    KELLOGG,    M.    D. 


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a. 


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SANITARIUMS. 


633 


Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  of  Calhoun  County  Medical  Society  (president 
in    1887)    and  of  the  Battle  Creek  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Kellogg  has  been  Superintendent  of  Battle  Creek  Sanitarium  since 
1876  and  Surgeon  to  the  hospital  of  that  institution,  Superintendent  of  the  Chi- 
cago Medical  Mission  since  1893,  President  of  the  Haskell  Orphans'  Home  since 
1 89 1,  President  of  the  James  White  Memorial  Home  for  Aged  People  since 
1 89 1,    and  member  of  the  Michigan  State  Board  of  Health   from    1879  to    1891. 


Interior  Section  of  Sanitarium   Building. 


Dr.  Kellogg  has  done  a  vast  amount  of  literary  and  scientific  work,  includ- 
ing a  series  of  school  text-books  of  physiology,  written  by  request  of  the 
house  of  Harper  Brothers,  who  first  undertook  the  publication  of  the  books, 
now  published  by  the  American  Book  Company. 

A  series  of  ten  colored  wall  charts  illustrative  of  Anatomy,  Physiology  and 
Hygiene  for  use  in  schools. 

A  series  of  investigations  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  existence  or 
non-existence  of    the    so-called   feminine  type  of  respiration.       These  researches 


634  SANITARIUMS. 

include  a  study    of    the    act    of    respiration    in    Chinese,    Mexican,    Swedish  and 
Itahan,  as  well  as  English  and  American  women. 

A  long  series  of  investigations  relating  to  the  influence  of  dietetic  habits,  etc. , 
upon  digestion. 

A  series  of  studies  of  the  human  figure  by  means  of  life-size  outline  tracings 
of  the  body  in  different  positions,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  effects  of 
habits  of  dress,  posture,  etc.,  in  producing  modifications  of  the  figure.  The 
results  of  these  researches  have  been  published  in  a  series  of  twenty-one  out- 
line charts,  two-thirds  life-size,  comprising  one  hundred  and  eighteen  figures, 
which  embody  the  results  of  several  thousand  observations,  embracing  studies 
of  a  number  of  different  civilized  and  uncivilized  races,  including  the  principal 
types  of  the  human  family.  These  charts  are  in  use  in  the  physical  training 
department  at  Yale  University  and  in  other    leading  colleges. 

"The  Relation  of  Static  Disturbance  of  the  Abdominal  Viscera  to  Displace- 
ments of  the  Pelvic  Viscera,"  presented  before  the  Periodical  Gynecological 
Congress  held  at  Brussels,  Belgium,  September,  1892,  and  published  in  the 
proceedings. 

Several  series  of  investigations  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  influence 
of  alcohol  upon  the  human  body.  The  results  of  these  researches  were  pre- 
sented before  the  American  Medical  Temperance  Association  and  were  pub- 
lished in  the  American  Medical    Temperance    Quarterly  during    1893   'ind   1894. 

"The  Correction  of  Uterine  Displacements  by  Alexander's  Operation,"  read 
before  the  International  Medical  Congress,  held  in  Washington,  September, 
1887,  and  several  subsequent  papers  detailing  a  new  method  of  performing  the 
operation  in  which  the  author  has  had  perhaps  a  larger  experience  than  any 
other  surgeon,    having  operated  in  more  than  five  hundred  cases. 

An  extended  series  of  investigations  in  Anthropometry,  which  resulted  in 
the  preparation  of  several  anthropometric  tables,  based  upon  an  accurate  test 
of  the  strength  of  the  principal  groups  of  muscles  in  the  body  in  nearly  a  thou- 
sand men  and  an  equal  number  of  women.  These  were  the  first  systematic 
studies  ever  made  in  this  line  and  were  prepared  by  means  of  a  dynamometer 
invented  by  him  for  the  purpose.  These  tables  are  in  use  in  the  physical 
culture  departments  of  Yale  University  and  are  also  used  in  the  Military 
School  at  West  Point  and  other  leading  educational  institutions.  The  results 
of  these  investigations  were  presented,  by  request  of  the  secretary,  at  the 
International  Statistical  Congress,  held  in  connection  with  the  World's  Fair  at 
Chicago  in  the  Fall  of   1893. 

Among  the  surgical  instruments  devised  by  Dr.  Kellogg  are  :  An  asceptic 
drainage  tube  for  use  in  abdominal  surgery;  a  peculiarly  constructed  snare  espe- 
cially intended  for  the  removal  of  internal  hemorrhoids,  but  also  useful  for  any 
other  purpose  for  which  a  snare  may  be  employed;   a  set  of    instruments,    con- 


SANITARIUMS.    .  635 

sisting  of  hooks  and  retractors,  for  performing  the  operation  of  shortening  the 
round  hgaments  by  a  new  method;  an  improved  apparatus  for  producing  a 
sinusoidal  electrical  current;  the  electrograph,  an  instrument  for  making  a  graphic 
representation  of  variable  electrical  currents;  an  instrument  for  determining 
the  amount  of  CO  contained  in  a  given  quantity  of  air;  an  instrument  which 
he  has  called  a  pneograph,  by  means  of  which  it  is  possible  to  obtain  a  graphic 
representation  of  the  movements  of  the  air  currents  in  respiration;  an  operating 
water-bed,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  shock  from  chilling  of  the  patient  during 
long  operations;  a  vibrating  chair,  vibrating  bar  and  various  other  appliances  for 
the  purpose  of  communicating  mechanical  vibratory  movements  to  the  bod}'; 
various  forms  of  apparatus  for  administering  kneading,  breathing  and  other  forms 
of  passive  exercise  for  therapeutic  purposes;  an  exercise  machine  so  constructed 
as  to  allow  the  weight  lifted  to  vary  simultaneously  with  the  change  in  the 
lifting  ability  of  the  acting  muscles,  in  consequence  of  its  change  in  position  and 
relation  to  the  moving  bones;  a  device  for  testing  the  quickness  and  acuteness 
of  vision;  a  device  for  testing  the  quickness  of  muscular  movement,  and  an 
improvement  in  a  device  for  testing  reaction  time. 

Dr.  Kellogg  is  editor  of  JModcrn  JMcdicinc  and  Bacteriological  Review, 
also  editor,  in  conjunction  with  Drs.  N.  S.  Davis  and  T.  D.  Crothers,  of  the 
American  Medical  Temperance  Quarterly,  the  organ  of  the  American  Medical 
Temperance  Association. 

He  married,  on  February  22,  1879,  Miss  Ella  E.  Eaton,  of  Alfred  Center, 
N.  Y.  They  have  no  children  of  their  own  but  have  a  dozen  little  waifs  whom 
they  have  picked  up  at  various  times  and  places  and  whom  they  are  educating. 


KATE  LINDSAY,   M.   D. 

Born  at  Madison,  Wis.,  on  the  eleventh  of  September,  1842,  Dr.  Lindsay 
is  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Lindsay  and  Catherine  Mclntyre.  Her  parents 
were  both  born  in  Scotland,  being  married  in  Glasgow,  on  June  24,   1841. 

Dr.  Lindsay  graduated  from  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan,  in  1876.  In  1880  she  spent  six  months  in  post-graduate  study  in 
New  York  City.  With  the  exception  of  this  vacation,  she  has  been  in  active 
practice  as  a  member  of  the  Sanitarium  staff  of  physicians. 

Dr.  Lindsay  has  been  especially  interested  and  efficient  in  the  instruction 
of  nurses  in  the  Sanitarium  Training  School  for  Nurses,  the  development  and 
success  of  which  is  largely  due  to  her  personal  efforts.  She  is  a  great  student, 
is  possessed  of  a  remarkable  memory,  and  during  the  twenty  years  in  which 
she  has  been  in  the  medical  profession,  has  acquired  an  unusual  store  of 
medical  knowledge,  which  she  has  had  an  abundant  opportunity  to  make 
of  practical  use  to  humanity. 


636  SANITARIUMS.  . 

In  other  than  strictly  professional  lines,  Dr.  Lindsay  is  interested  in  the 
advancement  of  woman — is  a  pronounced  advocate  of  greater  social  and  civil 
freedom  for  woman. 

While  not  a  voluminous  writer,  Dr.  Lindsay  has  contributed  a  number  of 
excellent  practical  papers  on  various  medical  topics,  particularly  those  relating 
to  the  practical  treatment  of  the  disorders  peculiar  to  women. 

Dr.  Lindsay  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Michi- 
gan State  Medical  Society  and  the  Calhoun  County  Medical  Society. 


The  American  Medical  Missionary  College. 


This  institution  was  incorporated  in  July,  1895,  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of 
Illinois.  Its  object  is  the  education  and  training  of  missionary  physicians.  No 
students  are  admitted  except  those  who  are  under  appointment  by  a  regularly 
organized  missionary  board. 

The  course  of  instruction  is  four  years  ot  forty-five  weeks  each.  The  cur- 
riculum includes  the  full  amount  of  work  required  by  the  best  medical  colleges 
in  this  country  and,  in  addition,  an  extended  course  in  hydrotherapy,  massa- 
theraphy,  electrotherapy  and  medical  physics.  Students  are,  further,  required 
to  do  practical  work  in  the  care  of  the  sick  during  the  entire  course  of  in- 
struction; also  practical  laboratory  work  in  the  analysis  of  the  blood,  and  in 
clinical  microscopy  and  bacteriology.  Excellent  laboratory  and  clinical  advan- 
tages are  afforded,    and  the  instruction   made  highly  practical  in    character. 

The  financial  foundation  of  the  school  was  laid  by  a  gift  of  forty  thousand 
dollars  from  Francis  H.  and  Henry  Wessels,  of  Cape  Town,  South  Africa.  The 
college  is  at  present  conducted  in  a  commodious  building,  located  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Cottage  Grove  Avenue  and  College  Place. 

The  following  are  the  officers  of  the  college: 

Trustees:  J.  H.  Kellogg,  President;  L.  McCoy,  Secretary;  A.  R.  Henry, 
Treasurer;  O.    A.    Olsen,    J.    H.   Morrison. 

Faculty:  J.  H.  Kellogg,  President  and  Professor  of  Surgery  and  Gyne- 
cology; Kate  Lindsay,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women;  W.  H. 
Riley,  B.  S.,  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System;  A.  B.  Olsen,  M.  F.,  Physiology, 
Histology  and  Pathology;  G.  W.  Burleigh,  Bacteriology;  D.  H.  Kress,  Genito- 
urinary Diseases;  W^  A.  George,  Chemistry;  David  Paulson,  Hygiene  and 
Therapeutics;  E.  R.  Caro,  Descriptive  Anatomy  and  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy; 
Loretta  Kress,  Abbie  M.  Winegar,  Ruth  Bryant,  Assistants  in  Obstetrics  and 
Diseases  of  Women. 


Lake  Geneva  Sanatorium. 


The  Lake  Geneva  Sanatorium  is  located  at  Lake  Geneva,  Wis.  It 
is  a  new  institution,  but  lately  organized  and  now  opened  for  the  admission  of 
patients.      It  will    be  conducted  as  a  general    Sanatorium,    open  for  all    suitable 


LAKE    GENEVA    SANATORIUM, 


medical  and  surgical  cases,    except  that  no  cases  of  mental  disease,    drug  habit 
or  inebriety  will  be  admitted  or  treated. 

Among  the  organizers  and  members  of  the  staff   are  : 

Oscar  A.    Kinc.,    M.    D.,    Professor   of     neurology,     psychiatry    and    clinical 
medicine,    and  secretary  of  the   College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago. 

Henry  P.  Newman,   M.  D.,  Professor  of  clinical  g3'necology.  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  and  Professor  of  gynecology,  Post-Graduate  Medical  School. 

John  B.    Murpiiv,    M.    D.,    Professor  of  surgery.    College  of  Physicians   and 
Surgeons  and  Professor  of  surgery,    Post-Graduate  Medical  School. 

637 


6?8 


SANITARIUMS. 


J.  H.  Etheridge,  M.  D.,  Professor 
of  gynecology  and  secretary  of  Rush 
Medical  College,  and  Professor  of  gyne- 
cology, Chicago  Policlinic. 

John  E.  Harper,  M.  D. 
Henry  T.  Bvford,  M.  D.,  Professor 
of  gynecology,  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  Professor  of  clinical 
gynecology.  Woman's  Medical  College. 
Walter  B.  Metcalf,  M.  D.,  As- 
sistant to  the  chair  .  of  practice  of 
medicine,    Chicago  Policlinic. 

Mathew  Corbett,  M.  D.,  Instructor 
in    Gynecology,     College    of    Physicians 
and  Surgeons. 
Frank  Billings,    M.    D.,    Professor    of   practice  of  medicine,    Northwestern 
Medical  School,  Chicago,    and  others. 

Of  Lake  Geneva  it  may  be  said  that  by  the  very  advantages  which  render 
it  a  desirable  site  for  such  an  institution,  it  has  become  the  chief  and  most 
fashionable  summer  resort  of  the  northwest.  The  lake  is  nine  miles  long,  from 
one  to  two  and  a  half  miles  in  breadth,  and  ^neasures,  in  its  deepest  soundings, 
over  three  hundred  feet. 

Its  waters  are  among  the  purest  and  clearest  on  the  continent,  and  so 
transparent  that  the  bed  of  the  lake,  in  its  shallower  portions,  may  be  seen  at 
a  depth  of  thirty-five  feet.  No  slough  holes  or  malarial  pools  are  found  in  or 
about  this  matchless  body  of  water.  No  weeds  of  any  kind  appear  on  the 
surface  at  any  point,  and  none  of  the  numerous  flies  and  insects  so  common 
at  other  lakes  are  found  here.  It  has 
no  marshes,  and  its  shores,  whether 
meeting  the  water  here  by  abrupt  and 
rocky  promontory,  or  there  by  gentle 
slope  or  sand  beach,  are  everywhere 
clean-cut  and  beautiful.  It  has  no  other 
inlet  than  the  perennial  springs  of  pure 
water  which  boil  up  from  the  pebbled 
bottom,  or  burst  from  the  base  of  the 
great  hills  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  and 
no  body  of  water,  short  of  the  sea, 
possesses  greater  beauty  of  coloring  in  its 
ever  changing  tints  of  green  and  blue. 
Its  surface  is  covered  with   pleasure 


SANITARIUMS. 


639 


craft  of  every  description,  including  several  large  public  steamers  and  numer- 
ous private  steam  yachts,  besides  hundreds  of  sailing  and  other  small  pleasure 
boats.  Its  twenty  miles  of  shore  is  lined  with  handsome  villas  and  summer 
residences,  costing,  in  many  cases,  from  fifty  thousand  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars  each,  insuring,  by  the  capital  thus  invested,  the  per- 
manence and    respectability  of    this   most  lovely  of   fashionable  resorts. 

The  entire  region    is  noted    for  its  healthfulness  as  well    as  its  beauty.      It 
is  absolutely  free  from   malaria,    and  is  beyond  the  reach  of    the    damp  atmos- 


an,     which    so    seriously     aftect    invalids    and 


persons  of  weak  lungs  and  sensitive  throats.  It  thus  affords  a  safe  and 
delightful  retreat  for  residents  of  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  other  lakeshore 
cities,  during  the  late  winter  and  early  spring  months,  when  the  cold 
lake  winds  especially  prevail. 

It  is  forty  miles  distant  from  Milwaukee  and  two  hours  from  Chicago,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  frequent  and  first-class  trains. 


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